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▪ I. landscape, n.|ˈlændskeɪp| Forms: α. 7 lan(d)-, landtschap, lantschape, landt-shape, landscap, -skap, (lantskop, land-scept), 7–8 landskape, -schape, -shape, -chape, 7– landscape. β. 6–8 (9 arch.) landskip; also 6 launce-skippe, 7 lan(d)tskip, lantsc(h)ip, lanscippe, land-, lantskipp. [a. Du. landschap (= OE. landscipe masc., OS. landscepi neut., OHG. lantscaf, mod.G. landschaft fem., ON. landskap-r masc.), f. land land n.1 + -schap (see -ship). The word was introduced as a technical term of painters; the corrupt form in -skip was according to our quots. a few years earlier than the more correct form.] 1. a. A picture representing natural inland scenery, as distinguished from a sea picture, a portrait, etc. α1603Sylvester Du Bartas i. vii. 13 The cunning Painter..Limning a Land-scape, various, rich, and rare. 1605B. Jonson Masque Blackness Wks. (1616) 893 First, for the Scene, was drawne a Landtschap, consisting of small woods. 16..A. Gibson L'Envoy in Guillim's Heraldry (1660), As in a curious Lant-schape, oft we see Nature, so follow'd, as we think it's she. 1683Dryden Life Plutarch Ded. 18 Let this part of the landschape be cast into shadows that the heightnings of the other may appear more beautiful. 1821Craig Lect. Drawing v. 271 If..you paint your landscapes in oil-colours. 1841–4Emerson Ess., Art Wks. (Bohn) I. 145 In landscapes, the painter should give the suggestion of a fairer creation than we know. 1899L. Cust in Nat. Gallery Brit. Art 8 The landscapes exhibited on this occasion by Constable. β1598R. Haydocke tr. Lomazzo iii. i. 94 In a table donne by Cæsar Sestius where hee had painted Landskipes. 1615G. Sandys Trav. 154 Vallies such as are figured in the most beautifull land-skips. 1648Bury Wills (Camden) 216, I give alsoe vnto her Lapp, the landskipp inamiled vpon gold which is in the Dutch cabinett in my closett. 1698Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 83 Such a Troop as went to apprehend our Saviour, dressed after the same manner we find them on old Landskips. 1702Eng. Theophrast. 116 The perfections of a fine Landskip decrease, when you behold it at a close view. 1718J. Chamberlayne Relig. Philos. (1730) III. xxv. §29 A noble Landskip of Men, Trees, Flowers..and such like. 1725Watts Logic ii. iv, As a Painter who professes to draw a fair and distinct Landskip in the Twilight, when he can hardly distinguish a House from a Tree. †b. spec. The background of scenery in a portrait or figure-painting. Obs.
1656Blount Glossogr., Landskip, Parergon, Paisage or By-work, which is an expressing of the Land, by Hills, Woods, Castles, Valleys, Rivers, Cities, &c. as far as may be shewed in our Horizon. All that which in a Picture is not of the body or argument thereof is Landskip, Parergon, or by-work. 1676Beale Pocket-bk. in H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) III. 134, I gave Mr. Manby two ounces of very good lake..in consideration of the landskip he did in the Countess of Clare's picture. c. As adj. = oblong a. 1 c. Also as adv.
1932Sayers & Smart in W. Atkins Art & Pract. Printing I. xii. 139 The frontispiece..may be printed either upright (termed portrait) or broad way (termed landscape). If a full-page illustration be printed landscape, the inscription or caption beneath must read from foot to head. 1951D. Bland Illustration of Books ix. 146 The landscape plate is always a problem. It is unfortunate that the tall narrow format which is so suitable for a page of type does not lend itself to the average photograph. 1956H. Williamson Methods Bk. Design iii. 16 The same formats can..be used for landscape or oblong books. 1966G. Hamilton-Edwards In Search Ancestry ii. 24 This can be done by buying the full quarto size exercise book..and asking a printer to cut it in half, wide-ways, or ‘landscape’... This gives you two booklets of 8{pp} × 5{pp}. 2. a. A view or prospect of natural inland scenery, such as can be taken in at a glance from one point of view; a piece of country scenery. α1725Pope Odyss. iii. 630 O'er the shaded landscape rush'd the night. 1742Young Nt. Th. vi. 773 Sumptuous Cities..gild our Landschape with their glitt'ring Spires. 1750Gray Elegy 5 Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight. 1876Mozley Univ. Serm. v. 99 There are no two more different landscapes than the same under altered skies. 1877Black Green Past. ii. (1878) 11 What could be a fitter surrounding for this young English girl than this English-looking landscape? β1632Milton L'Allegro 70 Streit mine eye has caught new pleasures Whilst the Lantskip round it measures. 1635A. Stafford Fem. Glory (1869) 86 As terrible to them as a Lanscippe with a May-pole in it. 1697Addison Ess. Georg. in Dryden Virg. sig. ⁋4 It raises in our Minds a pleasing variety of Scenes and Landskips. 1712― Spect. No. 411 ⁋2 Scenes and Landskips more beautiful than any that can be found in the whole Compass of Nature. 1748Anson's Voy. ii. i. 111 Thus we coasted the shore, fully employed in the contemplation of this diversified landskip. 1855Bailey Mystic 107 Where bright Herat, city of roses, lights With dome and minaret the landskip green. 1894Crockett Raiders (ed. 3) 29 The hues of the landskip and the sea. b. A tract of land with its distinguishing characteristics and features, esp. considered as a product of modifying or shaping processes and agents (usually natural).
1886A. Geikie Class-Bk. Geol. i. 2 The surface of a country is not now exactly as it used to be. We notice various changes of its topography going on now,..the accumulated effect of which may ultimately transform altogether the character of landscapes. 1896Rep. 6th Internat. Geogr. Congr. 1895 749 We thus have six ranks of units: (1) The form-element. (2) The fundamental form [sc. land form]. (3) The group of forms or landscape. [Etc.]. 1922L. Mumford in H. E. Stearns Civilisation in U.S. 4 West of the Alleghanies, the common, with its church and school, was not destined to dominate the urban landscape. 1925Univ. Calif. Geogr. II. 37 The works of man express themselves in the cultural landscape. There may be a succession of these landscapes with a succession of cultures. They are derived in each case from the natural landscape, man expressing his place in nature as a distinct agent of modification. 1937Wooldridge & Morgan Physical Basis Geogr. p. ix, Geography cannot dispense with geomorphology, for a real understanding of the characters and development of the physical landscape is an indispensable preliminary to the study of the cultural landscape and of regions. 1944A. Holmes Princ. Physical Geol. xi. 191 In the Grampian Highlands an old peneplain, now dissected into a landscape of late youth or early maturity (though modified by glaciation), is easily recognised by the even skyline. 1954W. D. Thornbury Princ. Geomorphol. xiv. 364 Two contrasting ideas have developed regarding the ability of glaciers to modify by erosion the landscapes over which they move. 1971I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth vii. 100/1 (caption) Two photographs of the lunar crater Tycho.., whose ramparts rise 5 400 m above the level of its floor, though only 1 600 m above the level of the surrounding landscape. 1974H. F. Garner (title) The origin of landscapes: a synthesis of geomorphology. 3. In generalized sense (from 1 and 2): Inland natural scenery, or its representation in painting. α1606Dekker Sev. Sinnes Ded., A Drollerie (or Dutch peece of Lantskop). 1747Hoare in Phil. Trans. XLIV. 570 These Pictures shew, that the Antients understood Perspective and Landschape. 1795Coleridge Lines on Climbing Brockley Coomb, What a luxury of landscape meets My gaze! 1844Ruskin Mod. Paint. (1851) I. Pref. to ed. 2. 25 The true ideal of landscape is precisely the same as that of the human form. 1873Pater Renaissance 142 The feeling for landscape is often described as a modern one. β1602Dekker Satiromastix C 2, Good peeces of lant⁓skip, shew best a far off. a1649Drummond of Hawthornden Poems 104 Like imagin'd Landskip in the Aire. 1667Milton P.L. v. 142 The Sun..Discovering in wide Lant⁓skip all the East Of Paradise and Edens happie Plains. 1678Cudworth Intell. Syst. i. v. 855 Landskip in Picture. 4. In various transf. and fig. uses. †a. A view, prospect of something.
1612W. Parkes Curtaine-Dr. (1876) 22 In my mentall and priuate Peregrinations, taking a view and land-scape..of all the famous Courts and Cities of the world. 1658R. Franck North. Mem. (1821) 195 Come, then, let us break the heart of these hills, and bless our eyes with a landskip of the Lowlands. 1698Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 3 Too great a distance to take a perfect Landschap, it being only discernible to be Land. a1711Ken Serm. Wks. (1838) 155 The Love of God..presented Daniel with a clearer land⁓scape of the Gospel than any other prophet ever had. †b. A distant prospect: a vista. (Cf. 2 b.)
1599Nashe Lenten Stuff Wks. (Grosart) V. 204, I care not, if in a dimme farre of launce-skippe, I take the paines to describe this..Metropolis of the redde Fish. a1613Overbury Charac., Whore (1616), The sins of other women shew in Landscip, far off and full of shadow; hers in Statue, neere hand, and bigger in the life. 1643T. Fuller Serm. Reform. (1875) 6 The Jewes..saw Christ presented in a land-scept, and beheld him through the perspective of faith. 1654H. L'Estrange Chas. I (1655) 62 These storms appeared as Land-skaps and aloof. 1698Norris Pract. Disc. IV. 221 Nothing which this visible World can set before us is worthy our regard, especially when at the End of the Landskip the Invisible Glories of Heaven Solicit and Court our Love. †c. The object of one's gaze.
1659Lady Alimony ii. v. C 4, There is a Caranto-man with all my heart! must Beauty be his Land-skip on the seat of Justice? 1664Ld. Falkland Marriage Nt. i. i. 4 At distances she is a Goodly Landskip. †d. A sketch, adumbration, outline; occas. a faint or shadowy representation.
a1649Drummond of Hawthornden Irene Wks. (1711) 168 Imaginary and fantastical councils, landskips of commonwealths. 1650Charleton Paradoxes 69 Every single entity containes..an adumbration or landskip of the whole Vniverse. a1680Charnock Attrib. God (1682) 420 This is but a small Landskip of some of his Works of Power, the outsides or extremities of it. 1692Bentley Boyle Lect. x. (1715) 366 This short but true Sketch and faithful Landskip of Popery. 1709Mrs. Manley New Atal. (ed. 2) II. 57 A Feint, a distant Landshape of immortal joys. †e. A compendium, epitome.
1656in Clarendon Hist. Reb. xv. §113 That Landskip [MS. lantskipp] of iniquity, that Sink of Sin, and that Compendium of baseness, who now calls himself our Protector. a1670Hacket Abp. Williams ii. (1693) 59 London..is..our England of England, and our Landskip and Representation of the whole Island. 1679C. Nesse Antid. agst. Popery 104 To give but a scantling and landskip of some of them. Ibid 197 This scantling landskip or compendium. [1826Scott Woodst. xxv, That landscape of iniquity, that sink of sin,..Oliver Cromwell.] † f. A bird's-eye view; a plan, sketch, map.
1642Howell For. Trav. (Arb.) 21 Some have used to get on the top of the highest Steeple, where one may view..all the Countrey circumjacent..and so take a Landskip of it. c1645― Lett. (1726) 87 If you saw the Landskip of it [viz. a house] you would be mightily taken with it. 1657R. Ligon Barbadoes (1673) 2 The weather clearing up, the Master and Mates drew out several plots and Landscapes: which they had formerly taken upon the Coast of France and England. a1700Frost of 1683–4 (Percy Soc.) p. xiv, There was first a map, or landskip, cut in copper, representing all the manner of the camp. 1723Pres. State Russia I. 306 It rather resembles a Landskip of many Boroughs than a City. †g. The depiction or description of something in words.
1681–6J. Scott Chr. Life (1747) III. 119 Precepts and Discourses of Virtue are only the dead Pictures and artificial Landskips and Descriptions of it. 1689Burnet Tracts I. 5, I will not describe the Valley of Dauphine, all to Chambery, nor entertain you with a Landskip of the Country, which deserves a better Pencil than mine. 1704Addison Italy Pref. (1733) 12 To compare the Natural Face of the Country with the Landskips that the Poets have given us of it. 1712― Spect. No. 416 ⁋5 In this case the Poet seems to get the better of Nature; he takes indeed the Landskip after her, but gives it more vigorous Touches. h. Other transf. and fig. uses.
1952G. Sarton Hist. Sci. I. x. 256 Let us return again to Athens and try to consider the intellectual landscape from the point of view of a well-educated man. 1953A. Huxley Let. 31 Oct. (1969) 687 The jewelled palaces..may..be actual choses vues—items in the ordinary landscape of certain kinds of people. 1963Listener 7 Mar. 405/1 The landscape of international politics is now very different from what it was only two or three years ago. 5. attrib. and Comb., as landscape art, landscape book-plate, landscape draughtsman, landscape-lover, landscape-work; landscape architect, a practitioner of landscape architecture; landscape architecture, the planning of parks or gardens to form an attractive landscape, often in association with the design of buildings, roads, etc.; landscape-gardening, the art of laying out grounds so as to produce the effect of natural scenery; so landscape-garden, (also as vb.) landscape-gardener; landscape lens, a lens used in photographing landscape; landscape marble, a variety of marble which shows dendritic markings resembling shrubbery or trees; landscape mirror, = Claude Lorraine glass (Cent. Dict.); landscape-painter, one who paints landscapes, a landscapist; so landscape-painting; † landscape-worker, a landscapist.
1874R. Tyrwhitt Sketch. Club p. vii, A series of papers on *Landscape Art—that is to say on all works of art in which landscape is concerned.
18636th Ann. Rep. Board of Commissioners Central Park (N.Y.) 1862 between pp. 60–61 (Map), Olmsted and Vaux, *Landscape Architects. 1879Chicago Tribune 3 May 1/3 (Advt.), H. W. S. Cleveland, Landscape Architect. 1890C. Eliot Let. 3 Dec. in C. Eliot: Landscape Architect (1924) xv. 273 Landscape gardening is that part of the landscape architect's labor which is directed to the development of formal or natural beauty by means of removing or setting out plants. 1927T. H. Mawson Life & Work Eng. Landscape Architect xiv. 160 A young and able landscape architect..had heard me lecture in England. 1967G. Collens in A. E. Weddle Techniques Landscape Archit. ii. 33/1 The employer should start by setting out his requirements as a basis for discussion with the landscape architect. 1972Times 15 Sept. 2/1 For decades..landscape architects' services were not sufficiently appreciated.
1840J. C. Loudon in H. Repton Landscape Gardening & Landscape Archit. of H. Repton (new ed.) p. vii, These writings [sc. of Gilpin and Price] are full of the most valuable instruction for the gardener, relative to the general composition of landscape scenery, and *landscape architecture. 1865F. L. Olmsted Let. 1 Aug. in F. L. Olmsted: Landscape Architect (1928) II. vi. 74, I am all the time bothered with the miserable nomenclature of L.A. Landscape is not a good word, Architecture is not; the combination is not—Gardening is worse. 1891C. Eliot in C. Eliot: Landscape Architect (1924) xx. 366 We cannot avoid seeing behind the fair figures of Gardening and Building a third figure of still nobler aspect..the art which, for want of a better name, is sometimes called Landscape Architecture. 1915S. Parsons Art of Landscape Archit. p. vi, The study of nature assisted by the best examples is the proper field for the study of landscape architecture. 1967A. E. Weddle (title) Techniques in landscape architecture.
1880Warren Book-plates vi. 52 The *landscape book-plate..was rather the lineal descendant of the Chippendale than of the Jacobean style.
1861Thornbury Turner I. 50 Dayes, the *landscape-draftsman and geographical artist.
1806J. Dallaway Observ. Eng. Archit. 245 Detached pieces of architecture are essential in creating a *landscape garden. 1836F. A. Kemble Let. 1 Mar. in Rec. Later Life (1882) I. 45 Adam and Eve landscape-gardened in Paradise, you know. 1891W. Morris News from Nowhere iii. 17 The other day we heard that the philistines were going to landscape-garden it [sc. the place]. 1941E. Wilson Wound & Bow ii. 119 When the transfer [of the land] had been effected, Mrs. Kipling set out to landscape-garden it. 1974‘M. Innes’ Appleby's Other Story i. 5 You don't care, Tommy, for wild nature tamed and landscape-gardened?
a1763W. Shenstone Works (1764) II. 139, I have used the word *landskip-gardiners; because in pursuance of our present taste in gardening, every good painter of landskip appears to me the most proper designer. 1788A. Seward Let. 14 Oct. (1811) II. 172, I should suppose nobody has ever been so well qualified as yourself [sc. H. Repton] for the profession you purpose to assume, that of landscape gardener. 1827H. Steuart Planter's G. (1828) 386 Useful to the General Planter, as well as to the Landscape Gardener. 1870Lowell Study Wind. (1886) 333 The landscape-gardeners of literature give to a paltry half-acre the air of a park.
a1763W. Shenstone Works (1764) II. 125 Gardening may be divided into three species—kitchen-gardening—parterre gardening—and *landskip, or picturesque-gardening: which latter..consists in pleasing the imagination by scenes of grandeur, beauty, or variety. 1788H. Repton in D. Stroud Humphry Repton (1962) ii. 37, I mean in this place to keep an account of the time employed and expenses incurr'd in this service at the same rate as if employ'd in my profession of Landscape Gardening. 1805H. Repton (title) Observations on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening. 1861Delamer Fl. Gard. 5 A park in the Brownean style of landscape-gardening. 1938New Statesman 8 Jan. 56/2 In Andrew Young there are touches of a lesser, a more landscape-gardening Frost. 1946R. Macaulay They went to Portugal 137 Landscape gardening always showed him [sc. William Beckford] at his most likeable. 1975Garden History III. ii. 1 Mavis Batey's essay on Goldsmith, ‘An Indictment of Landscape Gardening’, is the clearest and best exposition we have had of that frequent eighteenth-century occurrence, the destruction of villages and hamlets to further the creation of landscape gardens.
1890Anthony's Photogr. Bull. III. 179 A fairly good camera and a single *landscape lens.
1882Tennyson To Virgil ii, *Landscape-lover, lord of language.
1816R. Jameson Min. II. 196 It resembles in many respects the *landscape marble. 1883Encycl. Brit. XV. 529 The well-known landscape marble or Cotham stone.
a1763W. Shenstone Works (1764) II. 129 The *landskip painter is the gardiner's best designer. 1779T. Blaikie Diary Scotch Gardener (1931) 159 Those Gardens are Layd out under the Derections of Mr Robert one of the first Landskape painters in France. 1793A. Murphy Tacitus (1811) I. p. lxii, What landskip painter can equal the description [etc.]. 1842Tennyson Ld. of Burleigh 7 He is but a landscape-painter, And a village maiden she. 1861Thornbury Turner I. 22 Most true, yet most poetic of landscape-painters. 1937Discovery July 211 The greatest of English landscape painters. 1974B. Massingham Turn on Fountains iv. 65 They met a landscape painter..who confessed that he ‘could do nothing with Connemara’.
1706Art of Painting (1744) 406 He understood *landskip-painting and perform'd in it to perfection. 1841W. Spalding Italy & It. Isl. II. 402 Landscape-painting..may be said to have owed its origin to Titian.
1632Sherwood, *Landskip worke (in painting), païsage, grotesques.
1598R. Haydocke tr. Lomazzo iii. i. 94 Barnazano, an excellent *Landskip-worker. ▪ II. landscape, v. [f. the n.] 1. trans. To represent as a landscape; to picture, depict.
1661B. Holyday Surv. World To Rdr., As weary travelour..oft..Landskippes the Vale, with pencil; placing here Medow, there Arable [etc.]. 1868Browning Ring & Bk. i. 1352 Putting solely that On panel somewhere in the House of Fame, Landscaping what I saved, not what I saw. 2. To lay out (a garden, etc.) as a landscape; to conceal or embellish (a building, road, etc.) by making it part of a continuous and harmonious landscape. Also transf. So ˈlandscaping vbl. n.
1927[implied by landscaped ppl. a.]. 1930N.Y. Times 9 Feb. xi. 2/1 Suburban developers and home owners are paying more attention to landscaping today. 1930Publishers' Weekly 15 Feb. 858/2 Landscaping is about to become the topic of smart conversation, with the result that garden books should sell as never before. 1943Forshaw & Abercrombie County of London Plan vii. 103 Landscaping must play an important part in the layout of these open spaces particularly those which provide a setting for the houses and blocks of flats. 1957Listener 13 June 949 The planners intend to plant trees round the perimeter and generally landscape the whole area. 1959Motor 22 Apr. 410/1 New Roads..are ‘landscaped into the countryside and not stuck on it’. 1962Daily Tel. 23 May 21/1 Some aspects of road landscaping were still not fully accepted in Britain. 1966Mrs. L. B. Johnson White House Diary 11 Jan. (1970) 350 The check would be given to landscape the new automobile entrance of the National Zoo. 1974Country Life 17 Oct. 1095/1 The National Trust has landscaped the island. |