| 释义 |
reluctance|rɪˈlʌktəns|
[f. reluctant: see -ance, and cf. F. réluctance (rare and objected to by purists), It. reluttanza.]
1. a. The act of struggling against something; resistance, opposition. († Also pl.) Now rare.
1641M. Frank Serm., Call. Peter (1672) 483 The body itself..by continual reluctances against it [the soul], and perpetually throwing off the commands of it..seems to wish it gone. 1660Milton Free Commw. Wks. 1851 V. 448 The Reluctance, I may say the Antipathy, which is in all Kings against Presbyterian and Independent Discipline. 1667― P.L. ii. 337 What peace can we return, But, to our power, hostility and hate, Untam'd reluctance, and revenge..? 1764Mem. G. Psalmanazar 68 In spite of all reluctance from pride and self-love. 1882–3Schaff Encycl. Relig. Knowl. III. 2094 Thus only can we understand the reluctance of the latter against the traditional system.
b. The property, in a magnetic circuit, of opposing to a certain extent the passage of the magnetic lines of force. (Cf. resistance.) Also attrib.
1888O. Heaviside in Electr. Papers (1892) II. xxxix. 168, I would suggest that what is now called magnetic resistance be called the magnetic reluctance; and when referred to unit volume, the reluctancy (or reluctivity). 1893A. E. Kennelly Electro-Dyn. Machinery I. iii. 25 Reluctance is thus the analogue, in the magnetic circuit, of resistance in the galvanic. 1896Bedell Princ. Transformer 249 The co-efficients of induction vary inversely as the reluctance; their ratios are independent of the reluctance. 1967Kurrelmeyer & Mais Electricity & Magnetism xii. 291 An air gap of 0·1 mm has the same reluctance as 1 m of iron of permeability 10,000. 1968New Scientist 11 Jan. 63/2 The reluctance motor is a synchronous machine; its speed is determined entirely by the frequency of the ac supply. 1977Gramophone Aug. 366/1 The moving-iron (variable reluctance) principle is used with a larger than usual fixed magnet.
2. a. Unwillingness, disinclination. Freq. in phr. with (or without)..reluctance. († Also rarely pl.)
1667Decay Chr. Piety viii. ⁋50 With what dismal reluctances shall we come to pay for these, of which we have made no advantage? 1710in Somers Tracts II. 247 'Tis not without Reluctance that he consents to part with some Persons. 1712Addison Spect. No. 512 ⁋1 There is nothing which we receive with so much Reluctance as Advice. a1740Waterland Wks. (1823) IX. 383 Lay we aside all inveterate prejudices and stubborn reluctances, as soon as ever we have light enough to see that we have been in an error. 1777Priestley Philos. Necess. Pref. 31 Like Dr. Hartley, I gave up my liberty with great reluctance. 1825Jefferson Autobiog. Wks. 1859 I. 108 This silenced my reluctance, and I accepted the new appointment. 1875Stubbs Const. Hist. xiv. II. 115 Their reluctance delayed proceedings for nearly a year.
b. Const. at, to, and with inf.
1740Cibber Apol. Ded., Your reluctance to put the vanity of an author out of countenance. 1759Robertson Hist. Scot. v. Wks. 1813 I. 367 He discovered a reluctance at undertaking that office. 1788A. Hughes Henry & Isabella IV. 136 The lady to whom these proposals were directed, appeared to feel no reluctance to the thought of accepting them. 1844H. H. Wilson Brit. India II. 281 The Governor-General's reluctance to the restoration of the Raja. 1871R. W. Dale Commandm. i. 38 Our strange reluctance to have to do with God is not an accident.
c. Recoil from something. rare—1.
1871Howells Wedd. Journ. 110 This absurd reluctance from facts.
†3. A struggle or qualm of conscience. Obs.—1
1666Pepys Diary (1879) III. 402 My nature..will esteem pleasure above all things, though yet in the middle of it, it has reluctances after my business which is neglected.
¶4. Regret, sorrow. (Cf. reluctancy 4.) Obs.
A misuse, through association with L. luctus grief.
1706Hearne Collect. (O.H.S.) I. 266 His untimely Death happen'd to y⊇ great Reluctance of all good and learned Men. 1710Ibid. II. 369 He died at Rome..to the great Reluctance of all that knew him. |