| 释义 |
▪ I. lag, n.1 and a.|læg|
[Belongs to lag v.2; the origin and mutual relation of the words are obscure.
In some parts of England fog, seg, lag, or foggie, seggie, laggie, are used in children's games as substitutes for ‘first, second, last’ (see Eng. Dial. Dict. s.v. Fog). This suggests the possibility that lag may have originated in the language of sports as an arbitrary distortion of last; but even in that case the word may have coalesced with a homophone of independent origin. The current hypothesis that the adj. is a. Welsh llag (earlier llac), Ir. and Gael. lag, slack, weak, is highly improbable. There is some affinity of sense between lag and lack a. and v. (cf. to come lag and to come lack); the former might conceivably be an alteration of the latter under the influence of words like flag v.1, fag n.2 Cf. further MDa. lakke to go slowly (Kalkar).]
A. n.
1. a. The last or hindmost person (in a race, game, sequence of any kind). Now rare exc. in schoolboy use.
1514Barclay 1st Eclogue in Cyt. & Uplondyshm. (Percy Soc.) p. xii, In the tavern remayne they last for lag. 1567Drant Horace's Ep. B vj, Since eche man bragges, the lagge of vs A shendefull shame him take. 1611Cotgr. s.v. Dernier, Le dernier le loup le mange,..lags come to the lash. 1641M. Frank Serm. vii. (1672) 112 The novissimus virorum, the lag and fag of all a very scum of men. 1687Miege Gt. Fr. Dict. ii, Lag, a School-Word that signifies the last, le dernier. As the Lag of a Form, le dernier d'une Classe. 1700Dryden Iliad i. 337 In threats the foremost, but the lag in fight. 1776Jefferson Writ. (ed. Ford) II. 39 The omission of H― and B― and my being next to the lag [in the nomination of delegates] give me some alarm. 1777Johnson Let. to Mrs. Thrale 25 Oct., How long do you stay at Brighthelmstone? Now the company is gone, why should you be the lag? 1825Sporting Mag. XVI. 310 Ward first mounted the stage and Cannon was no lag. 1859Farrar J. Home iv. 38, I say, Julian, I vote we both try for lag next trials. It'd save lots of grind. 1890A. Lang Sir S. Northcote I. i. 15 Stafford Northcote occupied the undistinguished place of ‘lag’ in his form.
b. Comb.: lag-out (= ‘last out’), the name of a boys' game.
1845in Brasenose Ale 76 No marble in circles on the hall⁓step rolls, We cannot play lag-out, nor yet three-holes.
†2. pl. What remains in a vessel after the liquor is drawn off; dregs, lees. Obs.
15..Regul. Househ. Earl Northumb. (1770) 57 That Vinacre be made of the brokyn Wynes..And that the Laggs be provide by the Clerks of the Hous and markid after thei be past drawing that thei can be set no more of broche. 1594Plat Jewell-ho. iii. 65 Transmutations..of old lags of Sacks or Malmesies..into Muskadels. 1615Markham Eng. Housew. ii. iv. (1668) 116 Laggs of Claret and Sack. 1703Art & Myst. Vintners 21 Muskadel is sophisticated with the Lags of Sack.
†3. The lowest class. (Cf. lag-end.) Obs.—1
1607Shakes. Timon iii. vi. 90 The Senators of Athens, together with the common legge [Rowe (1709) and later editors lag] of People.
4. [from the vb.]
a. The condition of lagging.
1837Fraser's Mag. XVI. 114 When Spaniard meets Spaniard, then comes, not the tug, but the lag, of war.
b. in Physics: the retardation in a current or movement of any kind; the amount of this retardation; more widely in general use: a period of time separating any phenomenon or event from an earlier one to which it is related (causally or in some other way); = time-lag (time n. 60). angle of lag (Electr.), the fraction of a complete cycle, multiplied by 360° or 2π radians, by which a sinusoidal current lags behind the associated sinusoidal voltage; lag of the tide: the interval by which the tide-wave falls behind the mean time in the first and third quarters of the moon. See also jet lag (jet n.3 11).
1855Ogilvie Suppl. s.v., The lag of the tide... The lag of the steam-valve of a steam-engine. 1881Chambers in Nature XXIII. 399 The remarkable lag which takes place in the occurrence of the critical barometric epochs at the more easterly stations. 1886S. P. Thompson Dynamo-Electr. Machinery (ed. 2) xviii. 330, ϕ is called the retardation or angle of lag. Ibid. 331 The retardation will increase with increased speed... There will be less lag therefore if the machine is so designed that it can be driven at a slow speed. 1892Electrical Engineer 16 Sept. 287/1 It is obvious that at the point where B cuts the axis the induction is a maximum; hence if there were no ‘magnetic lag’ and no currents in the iron, this point should occur at the same time as that at which the current is a maximum. 1902Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 42/1 [His] method consisted in measuring the interval which elapses between the application of a potential difference..and the passage of the spark. This lag of the spark, as we may call it, is a very important quantity. 1909Jrnl. Hygiene IX. 240 He found that there is an initial period after inoculation during which growth is almost absent: the length of time of this ‘lag’ varies with the age of the culture used for inoculation and with the species of the bacillus. 1923Glasgow Herald 2 Nov. 12/4 The operation of the ‘lag’ of two months between the period of ascertainment and the months when the wages based on such ascertainment are paid. 1934L. T. Agger Alternating Currents iii. 38 The current goes through all the events in its cycle one-quarter of a period, or 90°, later than the p.d. For this reason it is said to lag behind the p.d. by 90°; or, expressed in another way, the angle of lag of the current is 90°. 1934Cultural lag [see cultural a. 3]. 1940Economist 7 Dec. 707/1 It must not be forgotten that a very considerable lag must occur between the dates when insured losses are incurred and compensation is paid. In the case of certain shipping losses,..this lag may extend for the duration of the war. 1962J. Thewlis et al. Encycl. Dict. Physics VII. 190/1 Lag in a control system may be defined briefly as delayed response of the output to changes of input. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. VII. 153/2 No instrument responds instantaneously to a change in the measurand; the lag is dependent on the natural frequency of the instrument system and its degree of damping.
c. Comb. lag fault Geol., a type of overthrust formed when the uppermost of a series of rocks moves more slowly than the lower ones; lag phase Biol., the period elapsing between the introduction of an inoculum of bacteria into a culture medium (or other new environment) and the commencement of its exponential growth; lag time, the period of time elapsing between one event and a later, related, event, esp. between a cause and its effect; (the extent of) a lag.
1900J. E. Marr in Proc. Geologists' Assoc. XVI. 461 These fissures..would have an outcrop similar to those of thrust-planes or over-faults which approached the horizontal; but they would differ from these, inasmuch as no inversion on a large scale would accompany them. We shall speak of them here as ‘lag’ faults. 1947Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. CIII. 100 There are several lag-faults in the district, but..only in the case of the Tirbach lag-faults is the evidence considered to be conclusive. 1963E. S. Hills Elem. Struct. Geol. vii. 191 Lag faults.—These are low angle faults with normal fault displacement, that originate from the upward movement of the footwall block in a region of general thrusting. The hanging-wall block appears to have lagged behind in the regional movements.
1914Jrnl. Hygiene XIV. 260 A seeding taken during the lag-phase grows with diminished lag. 1944L. E. H. Whitby Med. Bacteriol. (ed. 4) i. 6 Multiplication [of bacteria] passes through four phases: (1) Lag phase—lasting from half an hour to eight hours, during which time there is no increase in numbers..; during this time the organism adjusts itself to its new environment. 1972Biochim. & Biophys. Acta CCLXX. 41 When E. coli cells are exposed to low temperatures, they enter a prolonged lag phase.
1956Nature 24 Mar. 579/1 Fragments of chorioallantoic membrane..support the growth of hæmagglutinating particles, but there is a lag-time of about ten hours. 1962F. I. Ordway et al. Basic Astronautics xiii. 530 (table) Equipment lagtime before response. 1972Times 26 June 12/4 The typical lag times for technological and cultural change. 1973Nature 7 Dec. 327/1 The lag time of four years has been reduced to two at the behest of the governing council.
B. adj.
1. a. † Last, hindmost (obs.); belated, lingering behind, lagging, tardy (now rare). (In early instances only absol. or predicative, and hence hardly distinguishable from the n.) † (to come) lag of: short of, too late for, or in arrear of.
1552Huloet, Lagge and last. 1568Hist. Jacob & Esau v. v. F iv b, Haue not we well hunted, of blessing to come lagge? 1589R. Harvey Pl. Perc. 22 Beshrow him that comes lagge in so good a course. 1594Shakes. Rich. III, ii. i. 90 Some tardie Cripple..That came too lagge to see him buried. 1605― Lear i. ii. 6, I am some twelue, or fourteene Moonshines Lag of a Brother. 1612Two Noble K. v. iv. 8 Beguile The gout and rheum, that in lag hours attend For grey approachers. 1624Sir C. Mountagu in Buccleuch MSS. (Hist. MSS. Comm.) I. 260 Your neighbour will struggle so long for place as he will be cast lagg. a1639T. Carew To Mistresse in Absence 31 There seated in those heavenly bowers, Wee'le cheat the lag and lingring hours. 1678–9Dryden & Lee Œdipus iii. i, Then hell has been among ye, And some lag fiend yet lingers in the grove. 1691Wood Ath. Oxon. I. 594 A fourth person, who comes lagg, as having lately appeared in print..tells us.. he died. 1742R. Blair Grave 731 Even the lag flesh Rests. 1785Burns Address Deil iii, An' faith! thou's neither lag nor lame. 1832–53Whistle-Binkie (Scot. Songs) Ser. ii. 100 Lauchie had looms, but was lag at the weaving.
b. as an exclamation at play (see quot. 1869).
1609R. Armin Maids of More-Cl. C 3 Boy. Now Iohn, i'le cry first. Ioh. And i'le cry lagge. I was in hoblies hole. 1869Lonsdale Gloss., Lag or Lag last is said by boys when playing at pitch and toss, or other games, in order that they may bespeak the last pitch.
2. Special collocations (sometimes hyphened): lag-end, the hinder or latter part, the fag end (now rare); † lag-man, the last man, the one who brings up the rear; † lag-tooth, a wisdom tooth (from its late appearance). Also Comb.: lag-bellied a., ? slow-paced, tardy.
1596Shakes. 1 Hen. IV, v. i. 24, I could be well content To entertaine the Lagge-end of my life With quiet hours. 1599Nashe Lenten Stuffe 37 The Essex calfe or lagman, who had lost the calues of his legs by gnawing on the horslegs. 1611Florio, Sophronisteri, the two teeth which grow last when a man is about twentie yeares ould, lag-teeth. 1624Heywood Gunaik. i. 17 In the lagge end of the same troope were driven a certaine number of faire and goodlie oxen. 1822Hood Lycus the Centaur 62 From the lag-bellied toad To the mammoth. 1857A. Mathews Tea-Table T. I. 204 A shelter..where they may..wear away the lag-end of their madness.
▪ II. lag, n.2|læg|
Also 7 lagg.
[app. a. ON. lǫgg, recorded only in the sense ‘rim of a barrel’ (cf. 1 b); but the Sw. lagg means also ‘stave’, whence laggkärl vessel composed of staves, cask.]
1. A stave of a barrel. Now dial.
1672Hoole Comenius' Vis. World 165 The Cooper..maketh Hoops of Hassel-rods..and Lags of Timber. 1676Burgery of Sheffield 209 For mendyng the church yatis and barrell laggs and nayles 4s. 4d. 1869in Lonsdale Gloss.
†b. (See quot.) Obs. rare—0.
1688R. Holme Armoury iii. 108/1 Lag, is a piece put into the top of a Barrel staff that is broken off at the Grooping.
2. One of the staves or laths forming the covering of a band-drum or a steam boiler or cylinder, or the upper casing of a carding machine.
1847Specif. Sykes' & Ogden's Patent No. 11798 On these bands [in a carding engine] we fix a continued series of lags or small blocks of wood. 1875in Knight Dict. Mech.
3. Comb.: lag-link, a link for holding a lag or bar (Cent. Dict.); lag-machine, a machine for shaping wooden lags (see sense 2); lag-screw, (a) a flat-headed screw used to secure lags to cylinders or drums; (b) U.S. = coach-screw.
1873J. Richards Wood-working Factories 26 Almost any kind of shafting can be hung with safety on wood screws, or lag screws. 1875Knight Dict. Mech., Lag-machine.
Add:[3.] lag bolt N. Amer., (a) a coach screw; (b) a coach bolt.
1893Funk's Stand. Dict., *Lag-bolt. 1963J. T. Rowland North to Adventure ix. 135 The longer lag bolts with which he had fastened it had got a strong grip in the wood. 1975Sci. Amer. July 123/2 Lag bolts screwed into the plug and through the two-by-six boards of the well anchor the pier to the bed of the trailer. 1994Canad. Workshop Sept. 62 Other options, good for heavy-duty applications, are a lag bolt with a shield..or a steel sleeve bolt.
▪ III. † lag, n.3 Obs.
[Of unknown origin; cf. G. lache cleft or mark in a tree. Cf. lag v.5]
A cleft or rift in timber. Also Comb., as lag-clift (unless lagge in quot. 1579 be the adj.).
1579T. Hill Ord. Bees (1608) 24 The stocke thus cut asunder at both the ends, couer with a faire sheete, lest any lagge clifts appeare after the cutting. 1790W. Marshall Midl. Counties II. 333 The ‘lag’..is a cleft, or rift, reaching sometimes from the top to the bottom of the stem, and, perhaps, to near its center.
▪ IV. † lag, n.4 Cant. Obs.
Also 6 lagge.
[Possibly f. lag, lage v. to wash.]
lag of duds: a ‘buck’ or ‘wash’ of clothes.
1567Harman Caveat 86 We wyll fylche some duddes of the Ruffemans, or myll the ken for a lagge of dudes. 1622Beaum. & Fl. Beggar's Bush v. i, If it be milling of a lag of duds. a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Lag-a dudds, a Buck of Cloths. As we cloy the Lag of Dudds, come let us Steal that Buck of Cloths. 1725in New Cant. Dict.
▪ V. lag, n.5 Cant.|læg|
[f. lag v.3]
1. A convict who has been transported or sentenced to penal servitude.
1812J. H. Vaux Flash Dict., Lag, a convict under sentence of transportation. 1828‘Jon Bee’ Living Pict. Lond. 39 A few are ‘returned lags’. 1887Westm. Rev. June 383 It was no uncommon thing to see an old ‘lag’ enlarged for good conduct. 1894H. Nisbet Bush Girl's Rom. 232 As Wildrake was walking along the beach, he met a lag who had got his ticket-of-leave.
2. A term of transportation or penal servitude.
1821D. Haggart Life 84 Another prisoner..under sentence of lag for fourteen stretch. 1896Daily News 13 May 9/5, I have had a look round with another man who did a lag with me.
3. Comb.: lag-fever, -ship (see quots.).
1811Lex. Balatron., Lag-fever, a term of ridicule applied to men who being under sentence of transportation, pretend illness, to avoid being sent from gaol to the hulks. 1812J. H. Vaux Flash Dict., Lag ship, a transport chartered by government for the conveyance of convicts to New South Wales; also a hulk or floating prison.
▪ VI. † lag, n.6 Obs. rare.
? A flock (of geese).
1624Mountague New Gagg, To Rdr., Hee hath stopped the mouths of all Protestants for euer; the proudest of them dare not hiscere hereafter against Himselfe, or any one of his Lagg. Ibid. 180 This Goose the Gagger may put his Gag into the Bils of many of his owne Gaggle, as well as into others Lagges. [1896Eng. Dial. Dict., A-lag, Cum., the sporting term for a flock of geese.]
▪ VII. † lag, v.1 Obs.
[Of obscure origin; cf. dag v.1, clag v.]
1. trans. To daggle, render wet or muddy.
[a1300? Implied in belag v.] c1440Promp. Parv. 283 Laggyd, or bedrabelyd, labefactus, paludosus. Laggyn, or drablyn, palustro.
2. intr. To daggle, become wet or muddy.
1682Bunyan Holy War 230 Let them [your new garments] not lag with dust and dirt.
▪ VIII. lag, v.2|læg|
Also 6–7 lagg, 6–8 lagge.
[See lag n.1 and a.]
1. a. intr. To fail to maintain the desired speed of progress; to slacken one's pace, as from weakness or sloth; to fail to keep pace with others; to hang back, fall behind, remain in the rear. Often with behind adv. or const. after, behind preps.; also with on.
1530Palsgr. 601/1, I lagge behynde my felowes, je trayne... Why lagge you ever behynde on this facion? 1570Levins Manip. 10/23 To Lag, fatigare, fatiscere. 1607Tourneur Rev. Trag. ii. E 1 b, To prison with the Villaine. Death shall not long lag after him. 1622R. Hawkins Voy. S. Sea (1847) 173 The admirall..began to lagge a sterne, and with him other two shippes. 1651Davenant Gondibert iii. iii. xxvi, And lagg'd like Baggage Treasure in the Wars. 1667Milton P.L. x. 266, I shall not lag behinde, nor erre The way, thou leading. 1697Dryden æneid xii. 379 He lags and labours in his flight. 1711Steele Spect. No. 137 ⁋4 His Master..wondered what made the lazy young Dog lag behind. 1748Johnson Van. Hum. Wishes 313 Superfluous ‘lags’ the vet'ran on the stage. 1800Wordsw. Brothers 363 He, at length Through weariness,..lagged behind. 1801M. Edgeworth Knapsack (1832) 298 My poor fellows, how they lag! 1824W. Irving Trav. II. 107 Suffering them [his mules] to lag on at a snail's pace. 1837― Capt. Bonneville II. 46 He grew silent and gloomy, and lagged behind the rest. 1857Hughes Tom Brown ii. iii. (1871) 260 When they had crossed three or four fields without a check, Arthur began to lag. 1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. IV. 492 If the sign is present, the upper eyelids lag, not closely following the movements of the eyeballs.
b. of immaterial things and fig.
1591Shakes. 1 Hen. VI, iii. iii. 34 Fortune, in fauor makes him lagge behinde. a1661Fuller Worthies (1840) III. 498 And this our Gildas [the Fourth]; who laggeth last in the team of his name sakes. 1703J. Savage Lett. Antients vi. 40 We lagg in the care of Things of no kin to us. 1713Swift Cadenus & Vanessa 355 Ideas came into her mind So fast, his lessons lagg'd behind. 1762Foote Lyar iii. Wks. 1799 I. 322 Think how the tedious time has lagg'd along. 1775Burke Sp. Conc. Amer. Wks. III. 44 When we speak of the commerce with our colonies, fiction lags after truth. 1820W. Irving Sketch Bk. II. 94 The vocal parts generally lagging a little behind the instrumental. 1833H. Martineau Fr. Wines & Pol. vi. 84 Business lagged in every department of the administration. 1865Carlyle Fredk. Gt. xvii. ii. (1872) VII. 14 Military preparation does lag at a shameful rate. 1874Green Short Hist. vi. §6. 332 The work lagged for five years in the hands of the bishops. 1892Electrical Engineer 16 Sept. 287/2 The maximum induction lags behind the maximum magnetising force.
2. trans. To cause to lag; to retard, to tire. Obs. exc. dial.
1570[see 1]. 1632Heywood 1st Pt. Iron Age v. Wks. 1874 III. 338 The weight would lagge thee that art wont to flye. 1638R. Brathwait Psalm cli. 298 Thine Armours load, but laggs faint heart, for flight the more unfit. 1876Whitby Gloss., Lagg'd, tired as with carrying a load.
†3. trans. To drag after one.
1530Palsgr. 601/1 He laggeth the dogge at his horse tayle: il trayne le chien a la queue de son cheual.
4. trans. To lag behind.
1930M. G. Malti Electr. Circuit Analysis iii. 26 A curve lags the origin if its zero value..occurs after the point x = 0. 1966L. A. Manning Electr. Circuits iv. 56 The current function lags the voltage by 90 degrees; that is, the current rises to a maximum value a quarter of a cycle later than does the voltage. 1973Nature 21/28 Dec. 444/1 After the time step, Atomic Time will lag ut by 0·7 s.
Hence † lagged ppl. a., delayed, tardy.
1602Marston Antonio's Rev. i. i. Wks. 1856 I. 75 O, I could eate Thy fumbling throat, for thy lagd censure.
▪ IX. lag, v.3|læg|
†1. trans. To carry off, steal. Obs.
1573Tusser Husb. xx. (1878) 54 Some corne away lag in bottle and bag. Some steales, for a iest, egges out of the nest. Ibid. xxxvi. 86 Poore cunnie, so bagged, is soone ouer lagged.
2. a. To transport or send to penal servitude.
1812J. H. Vaux Flash Dict., Lag, to transport for seven years or upwards. 1838Dickens O. Twist xvi, They'll ask no questions after him, fear they should be obliged to prosecute, and so get him lagged. 1870Reade Put Yourself in His Place II. 288 Let Little alone, or the trade will make it their job to lag you.
b. To catch, apprehend.
1847De Quincey Schlosser's Lit. Hist. Wks. 1858 VIII. 58 Aladdin himself only escaped being lagged for a rogue and a conjurer by a flying jump after his palace. 1858A. Mayhew Paved w. Gold iii. i. 252 They tell him adventures of how they were nearly ‘lagged by the constables’. 1891N. Gould Double Event xxxiv, I'm a dead un. You'll never lag me alive, you cur!
▪ X. lag, v.4|læg|
[f. lag n.2]
trans. To cover (a boiler, etc.) with wooden ‘lags’, strips of felt, etc.
1887Ewing in Encycl. Brit. XXII. 488/1 The loss of efficiency due to this cause will therefore be greater in an unprotected cylinder than in one which is well lagged or covered with non-conducting material. 1888in Sheffield Gloss. 1891Labour Commission Gloss., Lagging a boiler, covering a boiler in a steamship with some material to keep in the heat. 1898Dublin Rev. Apr. 423 Lagged outside with layers of felt two centimetres thick.
▪ XI. lag, v.5 dial.
[Cf. lag n.3]
(See quot.)[1570: Levins renders lag v. by fatiscere, which it is barely possible may be meant to express the sense of this vb. along with that of lag v.1] 1881Leicestersh. Gloss., Lag, to crack or split from the centre like wood from heat or hasty drying. 1888in Sheffield Gloss.
▪ XII. lag
see lage Cant. (n. and v.). |