| 释义 |
▪ I. withe, with, n.|wɪθ, wɪð, waɪð|
Forms: 1, 3 wiððe, wiþþe, 4–9 wyth, 5– 6 wythe, (4 withthe, wyþþe, 5–6 wythth(e, 5 witthe, whythe, 6 wethe, 7 wieth, Anglo-Ir. whitt; dial. 5 wyffe, 6 wifte, wyft, 7, 9 wift, 9 wiff, weef, wef), 6– with, withe.
[OE. wiþþe, corresp. to OFris. withthe, witte, MDu. wisse (WFlem. wisse, Du. wis, wisch), MLG., LG. wedde, OHG. with, widh, wit (MHG. wit), OHG. withî, widî, (MHG. wide), also in OHG. khunawithi (cf. OE. cynewiþþe), ON. við (gen. viðjar), viðja (Sw. vidja, Da. vidje):—OTeut. *wiþjôn-, *wiþi-. Other Teut. variants are represented by MLG. wîde, OHG. wîda (MHG. wîde, G. weide) willow, Goth. wida in kunawida chain, ON. víðir willow, OE. wíþiᵹ withy, q.v. (The variant forms with f are mainly Kentish.)
Outside Germanic cognate words of similar meaning from Indo-Eur. weit-, wit- are:—Zend vaêti- willow, Gk. ἰτέα willow (:—*ϝειτεϝᾱ), ἴτυς felloe, L. vītis vine, Lith. výtis wand, OPruss. witwan willow, OSlav. vĕtvĭ branch, OIr. féith ‘fibra’ (:—*weiti). According to a widely accepted view weit- is a derivative of wi-, which is represented also by L. viēre to plait, wire n., and perh. wough, wall.]
1. a. A band, tie, or shackle consisting of a tough flexible twig or branch, or of several twisted together; such a twig or branch, as of willow or osier, used for binding or tying, and sometimes for plaiting.
c1000ælfric Hom. I. 594 Egeas..bebead ðam cwellerum ðæt hi hine mid wiððum handum and fotum on ðære rode ᵹebundon. c1100in Wr.-Wülcker Voc. 105/9 Circus, uel circulus, wiðþe. Funiculus, uel funis, rap. Ibid. 183/16 Loramentum, uel tormentum, wiððe. c1200Ormin 15813, 5 Þe Laferrd wrohhte an swepe þær all alls itt wære off wiþþess, To tacnenn þatt hemm ȝarrkedd wass stranng pine i defless wiþþess. c1205Lay. 25973 Þat weore twælf swine iteied to-somne Mid wiðen swiðe grete y-wriðen al to⁓gadere. a1400Sir Perc. 423 Brydille hase he righte nane;..Bot a wythe hase he tane, And keuylles his stede. c1440Promp. Parv. 531/1 Wythe bonde..boia. 1520MS. Acc. St. John's Hosp., Canterb., Paed for wyft & Roddis for the [thacker] v d. 1523–34Fitzherb. Husb. §15 The fote-teame shall be fastened..with a shakyll, or a withe to drawe by. 1553Eden Treat. Newe Ind. C ij, Vnbrideled hauinge neither withe nor coller aboute theyr neckes. 1555― Decades 271 Theyr shyppes..are tide togyther..with cordes and wyththes. 1570Foxe A. & M. (ed. 2) 2165 They found..a casket locked with a padlocke, and so cutting the wifte [printed wiste] thereof, opened it. 1592Nashe P. Penilesse 16 Two Calues..that were coupled together by the neckes with an Oken With. 1600Hakluyt Voy. III. 192 The manner of their hanging vp of their fish and flesh with withes to dry. 1611Bible Judges xvi. 7 If they binde me with seuen greene withs [Great Bible withes], that were neuer dried, then shall I be weake. 1617Moryson Itin. iii. 181 These Rogues..girding their swords to them by a with. 162.Toke (Kent) Estate Accts. (MS.) For 300 of wifts. 1639T. de Grey Compl. Horsem. 271 They haue taken a withe and put it through the hole of the said stone. a1660Contemp. Hist. Irel. (Ir. Archæol. Soc.) I. 241 Tyinge rope and whitts to either end thereof. 1693Evelyn De la Quint. Compl. Gard. II. 166 We tie up first with Osier withs, and afterwards..we..wrap up with long Litter..some Spanish Cardons. 1712E. Cooke Voy. S. Sea 270 For making of these Bridges, they twist Withes together, like Ropes. 1805R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. II. 674 Proper wyths for tying them together. 1844H. Stephens Bk. Farm II. 281 In fir rims, the wooden withes of the bottom are passed through splits. 1863Kingsley Water-Bab. v. 180 A round cage of green withes. 1876Voyle & Stevenson Milit. Dict., Withes, twisted rods for securing the web of a gabion. 1877W. Jones Finger-ring 383 A..massive gold mourning-ring formed of two knotted withes twisted together. 1881Leics. Gloss., Wiff, var. pron. of ‘withe’, ‘willow-wiffs’. 1885M. Ross & Stonehewer-Cooper Highl. Cantabria 335 Rounded stones..with grooves around them, where the withe would have been twisted, to form a handle for its manipulation. 1887Kentish Gloss. s.v. Wiff, The large kind of fagot, which went by the name of kiln-bush, was bound with two wiffs.
b. gen. A pliant twig or bough.
1817Jas. Mill Brit. India ii. vi. I. 245 As he rises from sleep, a Brahmen must rub his teeth with a proper withe. 1833M. Scott Tom Cringle xii, The fork of the tree, from which the withe depended. 1881Mrs. C. Praed Policy & P. vii, A trailing withe of orange begonia.
†c. A willow wand or garland carried into the sovereign's or a nobleman's house at Easter; hence, the ceremony or festivity itself. Obs.
1465Mann. & Househ. Exp. (Roxb.) 509 Item, on Ester day my master gaff to John Kooke to the wythe, xxd. 1467Ibid. 393 Item, on Estyr day, my mastyr gaffe to the wyffe in the Kenges howse, vj. s. viij. d. 1537Privy Purse Exp. Princ. Mary (1831) 24 Geuen to the Kinges Cookes to thayr wythe at Eastr..xl s. 1559MS. Acc. Bk. Butchers Co. London, Payd for xii men for y⊇ brynging in of y⊇ Quynes wythe. 1598Stow Surv. 72 In the weeke before Easter had yee great shewes made for the fetching in of a twisted Tree, or With,..out of the woodes into the kinges house.
d. With allusion to the story of Samson in Judges xvi. 7 (see sense 1, quot. 1611).
1835Faber Lett. (1869) 39 My soul arose..and cracked in scorn the chains of darkness, like the green withs of the strong man. 1866Mrs. Gaskell Wives & Dau. xiv, I know that if I choose to exert myself, I can break through the withes of green flax with which they try to bind me. 1876Blackie Songs Relig. 29 Strong by thee, like feeble withes he snapt The bonds of custom.
†2. A halter, properly one made with withes. Obs.
c1205Lay. 22833 Doð wiððe an his sweore & draȝeð hine to ane more. 1303R. Brunne Handl. Synne 11551 Aboute þy nekke hanggeþ a wyþþe, Þat haþ þe departed fro Goddys gryþþe. 1340Ayenb. 135 Þe þief..yproued and y-nome and mid mo þanne an hondred misdedes þet heþ nieȝ þe wyþþe ine þe nykke. 1583Golding Calvin on Deut. xviii. 21–22. 681/2 Who walked about the streetes as it were with a with about his necke. 1612Beaum. & Fl. Coxcomb iii. i, A wyth take him. 1625Bacon Ess., Custom & Educ. (Arb.) 371 That he might be hanged in a With, and not in a Halter, because it had beene so vsed, with former Rebels. 1675T. Brooks Gold. Key Wks. 1867 V. 441 [He] was condemned to the fire with others, only he should have the favour of going to the stake without a wyth. 1694S. Johnson Notes Past. Let. Bp. Burnet i. 1 If the Highest Censures will not do it, we must do as is done in like Cases, we must Take a Wyth.
3. a. A willow. Now dial.
c1340Nominale (Skeat) 671 Wyth, brome, and quincetre. 1569Surrey & Kent Sewers Comm. (L.C.C. 1909) 31 To Cut vppe the Wythes by the Banck syde. 1572Ibid. 130 To cut vp his wethes & share his bankes throw his groundes. 1696–1864 [see water-withe]. 1741Compl. Fam.-Piece ii. ii. 330 A Rod..made of Red Sallow, Withe or Hazle. 1777Robertson Hist. Amer. iv. I. 328 The root of the curare, a species of withe.
b. The creeping plant Heliotropium fruticosum, of Jamaica, the stems of which are used for making baskets.
1657R. Ligon Barbadoes 87 Worse then all weeds, Withs, which are of a stronger grouth then the Canes. 1740New Hist. Jamaica (ed. 2) 316. 1847 Gosse Birds Jamaica 373 The gradual predominance of marsh plants, sagittaria,..bulrush, and black-withe.
4. technical. (See quots.)
1688Holme Armoury iii. 360/2 A Glovers With..is a square Iron, writhen (as it were) like a Wreath..: Upon this they do use to rub and fret their Leather Skins to make them soft and plump; which kind of work from the name of the Instrument, they term Withing. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. 736 With, an iron instrument fitted to the end of a boom or mast, with a ring to it, through which another boom or mast is rigged out and secured. Also, in mechanics, the elastic withe handles of cold chisels, set-tools, &c., which prevent a jar to the assistant's wrist. 1880Encycl. Brit. XI. 437/2 A blacksmith's chisel held in a hazel withe, and used for hot iron. 1892Labour Commission Gloss., Withes, iron hoops or bands used for binding bales of cotton or rags.
5. attrib. and Comb. as withe axe, withe handle, withe patch; withe-woven adj.; withe-rod, a deciduous shrub, Viburnum nudum, native to North America and bearing clusters of small white flowers; also, a thin flexible twig from this or a similar shrub.
1776G Cartwright Jrnl. 19 Oct. (1792) II. 215 The people came down from the lodge, and brought..a bundle of white-rods [sic]. 1819Keats Let. 5 Sept. (1958) II. 156 At the days end his thoughts will run upon a withe axe if he ever had handled one. 1839T. T. Stoddart Songs & P. 21 The withe-woven pannier. 1846G. B. Emerson Rep. Trees & Shrubs growing in Forests Mass. 364 The Naked Viburnum. Withe Rod... A slender, erect shrub. 1865Tylor Early Hist. Man. viii. 199 Axes made..by grinding the edge of a suitable pebble, and fixing it in a withe handle. 1866Treas. Bot. 1235/2 Withe-rod, Viburnum nudum. 1902Cornish Naturalist Thames 85, I once turned out a dozen water-hens, a brown owl, a woodcock, and a water-rail, from one little withe patch. 1943R. Peattie Great Smokies 265 We recognize the..withe rod..and wintergreen.
▪ II. withe, v. Now dial. and U.S.
Also 4 wyþe, 5 weþe, 8 wythe, 9 with.
[f. prec.]
1. trans. To twist like a withe. Also fig.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. cxliv. (MS. Add. 27944) Þey breketh nouȝt but þey beeþ ymade strengere with wyþynge [Bodl. MS. weþing] and wyndynge as þreede is with twynynge. 1523Fitzherb. Husb. §15 The horses..must haue..holmes withed about theyr neckes. 1809J. Barlow Columb. ix. 621 Bacon..Withes Proteus Matter in his arms of might.
2. To bind with a withe or withes; U.S. to take (deer) with a noose made of withes.
c1630Bp. Hall Def. Cruelty Wks. 1634 II. 424 Stay but a while, and yee shall see him with'd, and halter'd, and stak't, and baited to death. 1732Ellis Pract. Farmer 133 Others..will drive in one Stake, and wythe it about the Tree. 1836Haliburton Clockm. Ser. i. xvi, If their fences..ain't [good], they ought to stake 'em up, and with them well. 1839C. F. Hoffman Wild Scenes I. xix, What, Linus, you are not a-going to withe the deer? 1841J. F. Cooper Deerslayer vi, Isn't it enough that I'm withed like a saw-log, that ye must choke too?
3. technical. (See prec. 4, quot. 1688.)
▪ III. withe
var. with n. |