| 释义 |
▪ I. † wite, n.1 Obs.
Forms: 1 wita, wiota, weota, wuta, 3 weote, wite, 4 wete; 8 pl. (Hist.) wites.
[OE. wita wk. masc. (also ᵹewita witness) = OFris. wita, OS. gi-wito (MLG. wete) witness, OHG. wiȥo (giwiȥo witness), Goth. -wita (in fullawita, unwita):—OTeut. *witon-: see wit v.1]
1. A wise man, sage; a councillor; spec. one of the witan, q.v.
c900tr. Bæda's Hist. v. xix. (1890) 454 To freondscipe..Bonefatius archidiacones, se wæs eac swylce wita & ᵹe⁓þeahtere þæs apostolican papan. c950Lindisf. Gosp. Luke vii. 30 Legis periti, æs wuto. c1000ælfric Saints' Lives xiii. 131 Ne bið se na wita þe unwisliche leofað. c1200Ormin 8762 All bilammp þatt widdwe þa swa summ þe wite seȝȝde. c1315Shoreham i. 631 Wet hys mystyke ne mey non wete Be no þynge a-founde.
1701Cowel's Interpr., Wites, Witen, the Title among our Saxon Ancestors for their chief Lords or Thanes, their wise and their noble Men. 1762Hume Hist. Eng., Jul. C. to Hen. VII, I. App. i. 144 Besides the prelates and aldermen, there is also mention of the wites or wise men.
2. A witness.
c900tr. Bæda's Hist. Pref., Nalæs mid anes mannes ᵹe⁓þeahte ac mid ᵹesæᵹene unrim ᵹeleaffulra witena. c950Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xxvi. 60 Lycce witnesa vel wutu. c1225Ancr. R. 204 Beon waite [v.r. weote] & witnesse þerof.
▪ II. wite, wyte, n.2 Obs. exc. Hist. and dial.|waɪt|
Forms: 1– wite; also 3, 5 wijt, 4–6 witte, 4, 6–7 wyt, 3–4, 6, 8 wit (4 wyȝte, witt, wijtte, 5 wijte, wytte, 5–6 wyght, 6 wyit, wycht, wight, quhyt, 7 weit, wayt, waite, 7–8 white), 4– wyte.
[OE. wíte = OFris. wîte, OS. wîti (MLG. wîte, Du. wijte), OHG. wîȥi (MHG. wîȥe), ON. víti: see wite v.1]
†1.
a. Punishment; penalty; pain inflicted in punishment or torture, esp. the torments of hell. (Cf. OE. helle-wíte, etc.) Obs.
c825Vesp. Psalter xxxviii. 11 Awend from me witu ðin. c888ælfred Boeth. xxxvii. §3 Ne þearf nænne wisne mon tweoᵹan þæt ða yflan næbben eac ecu edlean hiora yfles; þæt bið ece wite. a1000Cædmon's Gen. 2542 Þa ic sendan ᵹefræᵹn..sweartne liᵹ werum to wite, weallende fyr. a1175Cott. Hom. 219 Þa wile ȝearcode se almihti sceappende him and his iferen helle wite. c1200Ormin 3295 Swa þatt he ȝæn þe Kaserrking ne felle nohht i wite. a1225Ancr. R. 202 Þe Vox of ȝiscunge haueð þeos hweolpes: Tricherie & Gile, þeofðe, Reflac, Wite, & Herrure strencðe. a1300Cursor M. 6714 Þis beists lauerd þan sal bi quit Of alkin oncall, and oþer wijt. Ibid. 15802 He þat smitand es wit suerd, O suerd sal ha þe wite.
b. In Anglo-Saxon law, a fine imposed for certain offences or privileges; often as second element in compounds, as bloodwite, ferdwite (see ferd n.1 4), fyhtwite (see fight n. 7), lairwite. Now Hist.
c890Laws ælfred ix, Sie þæt wite lx scill. c1205Lay. 5118 Þat al comen to Lundene uppe wite of feowerti punden. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) II. 95 Fightynge wyte, amersement for fightynge. 1473Stonor Papers (Camden) I. 130 That they schol noȝt pay no ale wytys to me.
1614Selden Titles Hon. 262. 1628 Coke On Litt. 127. 1872 E. W. Robertson Hist. Ess. ii. vi. 64 The lesser wite or ordinary fine of the Hundred-Court. 1897Maitland Domesday Bk. & Beyond 102 In any case their lord is to have their wites.
2. Blame, reproach; blameworthiness, fault. Now Sc. and north. dial.
Phr. to have the wite, to put the wite in, to put (a person) in wite, to give (one) the wite (of), to lay the wite on.
a1225Ancr. R. 4 Cleane schir in wit, wiðute wite of sunne. c1250Gen. & Ex. 2035 Ðe wite is hise, ðe right is hire. a1300Cursor M. 5667 He said til him þat bare þe wite, ‘How dare þou sua þi broþer smite!’ c1386Chaucer Can. Yeom. Prol. & T. 400 And but I do, lat me han the wite. ― Wife's Prol. 806 That I haue doon it is thy self to wyte. c1400Melayne 555 Þ⊇ wyte is all in the. c1403Lydg. Temple of Glas 166 Some also þat putten ful grete wite On double louers. c1440Generydes 869 What cause haue ye to putte me in this witte? c1449Pecock Repr. iii. xvi. 386 Sithen hise successouris ben not ȝit founde in wijte or defaute. Ibid. 515 This gouernaunce deserueth not bi hir wijt to be kut away. c1450Holland Howlat 68, I se be my schadowe my schape has the wyte. 1470–85Malory Arthur ii. x. 88 Kynge Pellinore bare the wytte of the deth of kynge Lott. 1528More Dyaloge Heresyes iv. xii. (1529) 116 b, Our mother Eue layd the wyght of her synne to the serpent. 1550Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 104 The witte salbe imputt to him as accordis. a1578Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) II. 157 They gif ȝow the haill quhyt..that they ar persewit be the quene. 1583Leg. Bp. St. Androis 1063 George Gipsones Iskie bae Had all the wyte he womit sae. 1596Spenser F.Q. vi. iii. 16 Sith his own thought he knew most cleare from wite. 1600Holland Livy viii. xxxiv. 306 The posteritie hereafter should lay the waite and blame..in the Tribunes. 1637–50Row Hist. Kirk (Wodrow Soc.) 409 The Bishop,..crying to the people, That he had no wyt of the matter. 1674Ray N.C. Words 53 You lean all the white off your sell. 1722Ramsay Twa Cut-purses 34 Ye canna lay the Wyte on me. 1787Grose Prov. Gloss. s.v. White, You lean all the white off yourself. 1818Scott Hrt. Midl. xxxii, This is a' your wyte, Miss Jeanie Deans. 1823Galt R. Gilhaize xli, About seven months after he left the town twa misfortunate creatures gave him the wyte of their bairns. 1886Stevenson Kidnapped xix, But now it's done, Alan; and who's to bear the wyte of it?
†b. The source or origin of blame; the person or thing that is to blame. Sc. Obs.
1513Douglas æneid i. Prol. 366 Quhilk in sum part is the caus and the wite, Quhy that of Virgillis vers the ornate bewtie Intill our toung may nocht obseruit be. 1560Rolland Seven Sages (Bann. Club) 75, I am the wite now of hir deid doutles. c1560A. Scott Poems (1902) 94 Ȝour twa fair ene is wycht of all my wo. 1725Ramsay Gentle Sheph. iv. i, She abusing first, was a' the wyte Of what has happen'd.
†3. transf. Offence, trespass; wrong. Obs.
c1175Lamb. Hom. 15 Ne do he þe neure swa muchelne teone ne wite on þisse liue ne beo þu nefre ene wrað þer fore. a1300Cursor M. 4586 Þou sal god office haue ful tite, And all forgiuen þe þi wijtte. Ibid. 10393 Iesu crist was tan, And don on rode for our wite. 13..Guy Warw. (A.) 304 He wald anon mine heued of smite,..for that wite. 1390Gower Conf. II. 89 Of tomoche or of tolyte Ther is algate founde a wyte. c1412Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 2720 Þat haþ I-do þe tres-pase, or the wyte.
4. attrib. and Comb., as (sense 1 b) wite-exacting, wite-free adjs.
1897Maitland Domesday Bk. & Beyond 87 A tract over which a lord has..a *wite-exacting power.
1205Rot. Chart. (1837) 153/2 Wrecfri et *witefri et lestagefri. 1278[see lovecop]. 1395[see lastage n. 7]. 1672Cowel's Interpr., Wite... Hence Wite or Witfree, one of the terms of Priviledge granted to our Portsmen.
▪ III. wite, wyte, v.1 Obs. exc. Sc. and north. dial.|waɪt|
Forms: 1 witan, 2–4 witen, 2–7 wite, 3–5 (6 arch.) wyten, 4–7, 8–9 Sc. wyte (3 hwite?, 4 wytte, pa. tense and pa. pple. wijt, wit(t, 4–6 wit, 4–7 white, 4–8 chiefly Sc. wyt, 5 wytt, wiyte, wijte, wyet, wyth, 6 wiht, Sc. wyit, veit, vyit, 7 Sc. pa. tense wate).
[OE. wítan, pa. tense *wát, witon (superseded by weak inflexions in ME.), also ætwítan (-wát, -witon, pa. pple. -witen, ME. pa. tense atwiste, pa. pple. atwist) atwite v.1, edwítan (pa. pl. -witon, and weak -wítte, Vesp. Ps.) edwite v.: = OS. wîtan, MLG., MD. wîten (Du. wijten), OHG. wîȥan (MHG. wîȥen, G. verweissen to reproach), Goth. -weitan in fraweitan to avenge; f. Teut. wīt-: see wit v.1 The sense-development is paralleled in L. animadvertere to observe, consider, censure, blame, punish.]
1. trans. To impute the guilt or lay the blame of (something) to or upon a person (his action, conduct, or character) or a thing, condition, or event (orig. dat., later also with to, on, upon).
Beowulf 2741 For ðam me witan ne ðearf waldend fira morðorbealo maᵹa. c893ælfred Oros. vi. iv, Romane witan Claudiuse þone hunger. a1225Ancr. R. 304 Ȝif þu witest eni þing þine sunne bute þi suluen, þu ne schriuest þe nout. a1250Owl & Night. 1249 Schal he his mishap wite me? 13..K. Alis. 1725 Thou konst no gode; Y wyt hit all thy yonge blode. c1320Sir Tristr. 369 Her sorwen and her care Þai witt þat frely fode. c1386Chaucer Monk's T. 456 Allas Fortune..Thy false wheel my wo al may I wyte. ― Miller's Prol. 32 If that I mysspeke or seye Wyte it the Ale of Southwerk. a1400Leg. Rood (1871) 134 His wo I wyte hit sinne. c1400Beryn 2016, I may wit it þe, þat I have lost my siȝte. 14..Sir Beues (M.) 1893 Thou sholdiste on me be awreke And not wite on hym the gilte. c1430Hymns Virgin (1867) 35 Y wiyte my silf myne owne woo! c1436Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 148 White thi owne falsnes alle thi myschance. 1481Caxton Godfrey xx. 51 This felonnye that this fewe dyde was wyted alle the hoost. c1500Melusine 308 It shal not be wytted me to haue a brother of myn a monke. 1571Golding Calvin on Ps. xl. 9 After the miseries which he abydeth are wyted vppon his owne fault. 1587― De Mornay xii. (1592) 181 They..reteine the faultines of that first fault, and cannot wit it vpon any other than the first Man. 1826Galt Last of Lairds xxx. 268 He wyted it a' on the liberty and equality speerit o' the times.
†b. To impute as guilt; also in neutral sense: To impute. Obs.
1382Wyclif Judges iv. 9 In this while victory shal not be witid to thee [Vulg. non reputabitur tibi]. 1382― Rom. v. 13 Synne was not wyitid, [gloss] or rettid, whanne lawe was not. c1460Towneley Myst. x. 332 Wyte thou no wyrkyng of Werkys wast, She hase consauyd the holy gast. 1533tr. Erasm. Playne Expos. Com. Crede 31 b, Vnto it is to be wihted or imputed what so euer thynge..hathe ben done..vertuosly.
2. To impute the guilt or fault to, blame (a person).
a1000ælfred's Boeth. Proem, Þæt he..him ne wite ᵹif he hit rihtlicor onᵹite þonne he mihte. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 67 He [sc. Christ] setteð þe synfulle on his lifthalf, and witeð hem þat hie bi here lif daȝes ne wolden him quemen. a1300Cursor M. 17445 If ani man yow witte, We sal yow saue and mak yow quite. c1320Sir Tristr. 619 Þe porter gan him wite And seyd:—‘Cherl! go oway’. c1386Chaucer Merch. T. 933 And though þat I be Ialous, wyte me noght. c140026 Pol. Poems xvii. 119 And þou be lost, whom wiltow wyte? c1449Pecock Repr. i. i. 5 The errouris..bi which holding thei vniustly..wijten and blamen the clergie. 1469Paston Lett. II. 348 And they myght pulle downe the howse on our hedys, I wyet hem not. c1500Melusine 310 He..blamed & wytted hym self. 1530Palsgr. 783/1 Why wyte you me, and I am nat to blame? 1590Spenser F.Q. ii. xii. 16 Scoffing at him, that did her iustly wite. 1721Ramsay Prospect of Plenty 133 Nor can we wyt them, since they had our Vote. 1721Kelly Sc. Prov. 357 Wite your self if your Wife be with Bairn. 1818Scott Rob Roy xxvi, It wasna my faut; he canna wyte me. 1826Galt Last of Lairds xviii. 161 She had got an injury and wyted me.
absol.1340Ayenb. 69 Zuo hit is huanne god his..chasteþ, and maugre hy wyteþ. c1430Chev. Assigne 136 Moche mone was therfore but no man wyte moste.
†b. Const. obj. and inf. (see to prep. B. 8): To blame a person for doing so-and-so. Obs.
c1449Pecock Repr. ii. iv. 155 Wijting..vsers of ymagis to be gilti of vntrewe feith. 1500–20Dunbar Poems lxxxiv. 20 Quha sould thame wyte To serue thair beistlie lust? c1560A. Scott Poems (S.T.S.) xi. 51 To lufe ȝour ladeis quho can wyt ȝow? a1585Montgomerie Cherrie & Slae 759 Quhat tyme he wytit Will To be maist cause of his mischeif.
c. Const. of, later for, with, that in respect of which blame is incurred.
c1290Beket 2087 in S. Eng. Leg. 166 Non oþur gulti nis of þat ȝe witez me. a1300Cursor M. 17772 He o mani plight was wijt [Gött. witt]. 13..E.E. Allit. P. C. 501 Wyte not me for þe werk þat I hit wolde help. c1374Chaucer Anel. & Arc. 110 Ther nas no lacke with wiche he myght her wite. 1481Caxton Reynard viii. (Arb.) 17 None shal wyte me therof. 1533Gau Richt Vay (S.T.S.) 90 Lat vsz noth veit the deuil..of ony aduersite quhilk cumis to vsz. 1549Coverdale, etc. Erasm. Par. Rom. ix. 19–26 Nothyng had Pharao to wyte God withal. c1550Rolland Crt. Venus Prol. 197 Thay say it is fals destenie And wyitis Fortoun of thair misgouernance. 17..Gil Morrice xxv. in Child Ballads II. 273 Neir wyte a man for violence That neir wate ye wi nane. 1816Scott Bl. Dwarf ix, A' the wrang he can wyte me wi.
3. To lay the fault or blame upon (a thing). † Also with const. as in 2 c.
a1300Cursor M. 27769 He wites werd [MS. wend] and waris his time. c1520Skelton Magnyf. 2304 Alasse, my wyckydnesse, that may I wyte! 1528Tindale Obed. Chr. Man Prol. 22 To wite Gods worde and the true preachers of all the mischeve which their lying doctrine is the very cause of. 1549Compl. Scot. iv. 64 Allace i vyit ȝour tua fayr ene. 1596Spenser F.Q. v. xi. 57 Albe he earst did wyte His wauering mind. a1598D. Ferguson Scot. Prov. (S.T.S.) 12 All thing wytes that well not faires. 1603Philotus clxx, Wyte ignorance that I did not invent.
4. to wite was freq. used predicatively in senses 2 and 3 = to blame, blameworthy, in fault, culpable.
a1300Floris & Bl. (Camb. MS.) 723 Of al þis gilt ihc am to wite. 13..E.E. Allit. P. B. 76 More to wyte is her wrange, Þen any wylle gentyl. 1390Gower Conf. I. 116 Ha fol, how thou art forto wyte. a1425Cursor M. 876 (Trin.) Þat þou hast þus don þis mis Þi seluen is to wite [Cott. þiself þou wite þi wa]. c1480Henryson Test. Cress. 134 O fals Cupide, is nane to wyte bot thow.
Hence ˈwiter, ˈwiting vbl. n.1
c1449Pecock Repr. ii. ii. 143 Alle such ouerhastie iugers and wijters God amende. Ibid. ii. iv. 155 Thilk doom and thilk wijting..is vntrewe. 1825Jamieson, Witer, one who blames another Clydesd.
▪ IV. † wite, v.2 Obs.
Forms: 1 witan, 2–4 wite (3 witte, imp. wit), 3–4 wyte (4 white); pres. 3rd sing. 2–3 wit; 3 wat, wot; pa. tense 2–4 wiste, 3–4 wuste (4 wist, wust, wste); pa. pple. 3–4 iwust, 4 iwist.
[OE. witan, usually in compound bewitan (pres. -wát, pa. tense -wiste) biwit v.; cf. OFris. wita, OHG. wiȥȥên in giwiȥȥên, irwiȥȥên to be observant, watch, Goth. witan (pa. tense witaida): f. Teut. wit-: see wit v.1 In ME. dialects where the inf. ending -ie(n is not preserved, this verb is indistinguishable from witie v.2 Some ME. forms point to OE. wítan.]
1. trans. To keep, keep safe, guard, preserve, defend. Also refl.
c1000Sax. Leechd. III. 154 Þæt bið god swefen, wite þu þæt ᵹeorne on þinre heortan. c1175Lamb. Hom. 79 [He] brohte him to an hors huse, and bitahte hine þe hors horde to witene. Ibid. 85 Meiden þet hire meiden-hat wit. a1200Moral Ode 84 in O.E. Hom. I. 165 He wit and waleð alle þing. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 29 Witte wel hwat þu hauest. Ibid. 31 Herdes..wittende here oref. Ibid. 137 To witen him of alle flesliche lustes. c1205Lay. 21302 Nu him is al swa þere gat þer he þene hul wat [c 1275 wot]. c1230Hali Meid. (1922) 16 Ȝef ha wit hire wiðute bruche. c1275Passion our Lord 18 in O.E. Misc. 37 Yf we vs wyteþ from heued⁓sunne. a1300X Commandm. 34 in E.E.P. (1862) 16 Wit þe fram licheri. a1300Floris & Bl. (Camb. MS.) 756 His engin whan þu hit wite, Þe betere wiþ oþere þu miȝt þe wite. c1320Cast. Love 168 Two lawen Adam scholde i-wis Witen and holden in paradis. 1362Langl. P. Pl. A. x. 67 Bote þei witen hem from wantounesse, whil þat þei ben ȝonge. a1400Pol. Rel. & L. Poems 255 Ley þou þi fet to my pappe, And wite þe from þe colde. c1430Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 33 Voydyng slaundre, wyte the of gelousye. c1440Pallad. on Husb. i. 546 This wol from the wesel wite hem well.
Illustration of pa. tense and pple.
c1175Lamb. Hom. 43 An meiden.. þet wel wiste hire licome in alle clenesse. c1205Lay. 1693 Brutus..hine wel wuste. a1225Ancr. R. 48 Wite wel þine heorte, uor soule lif is in hire, ȝif heo is wel iwust. 13..St. Alexius (Trin. MS.) 102 Hy þoȝte on crist day and nyȝt And wiste [Laud MS. kepte] here fro senne. a1325MS. Rawl. B. 520 lf. 32 That eueriche contreie..ben so i wuste þat [etc.]. c1350Will. Palerne 172 Ȝhe wist it as wel or bet as ȝif it were hire owne.
2. Const. clause: To take care, see (that).
a1000Sec. Laws Cnut lxxv, Wite se oðer..þæt he hit bete. c1000Sax. Leechd. III. 154 Wite þæt þin ᵹeþanc ne losiᵹe. c1175Lamb. Hom. 11 Wite ȝe þet ȝe ȝemen þenne halie sunnedei. Ibid. 53 Witeð eow þet ȝe ne beo noht þe foaȝe neddre.
3. To see, observe. Also intr. to look on.
c1320Cast. Love 1256 Hose wt þe swerd smite, Two kuynden he miȝte sen and wite [rime smite]. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 15860 Þat non ne scholde hem se ne wite [rime lite]. 13..Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 2050 Þe wyȝe wynnez hym to, & wytez on his lyre.
Hence † witing vbl. n.2, keeping, custody.
a1225Ancr. R. 418 Of swuche witunge is i-kumen muchel vuel.
▪ V. † wite, v.3 Obs.
Forms: 1 witan, 2–5 wite, 4 wit(t, 4–5 wyte, 5 witte. pa. tense 3 wot, 4–5 wat; 4 wited, 5 wyted, wit. pa. pple. 3 Orm. witenn, 4 wite.
[OE. wítan (rare), usually ᵹewítan i-wite v.2, q.v.]
intr. To go, go away, depart; to perish, vanish away.
a1000Boeth. Metr. xxiv. 52 Nylle ic æfre hionan ut witan. a1175Cott. Hom. 239 Witeð into ece fer. c1200Ormin 8222 Affterr þatt Herode king wass witenn ut off life. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 109 Abacuc, þe wunede on þis weorlde and eft þerof wot. Ibid. 123 Hider he cumeð on wowe and heðen wit on wowe. a1300Cursor M. 8968 Hu all þis werld sal wite awai. Ibid. 10551 Quen þis angel a-wai was wite. Ibid. 11262 Þir angels wited þam ewai. a1340Hampole Psalter Prol., All gladnes & delite of erth..wytes til noght. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints xxxii. (Justin) 229 As a reke away he wat. a1400Morte Arth. 708, I may noghte wit of this woo. c1400St. Alexius (Laud 622) 191 Þe kniȝttes waten on & on To her owen cuntre. c1420Prose Life Alex. 90 Bi þe son settynge þay wyted a-way in-to þe erthe agayne. c1425Wyntoun Cron. cxii. 1187 Quhen þis wes said he wit away. c1425Thomas Erceld. 327 Whene a tree rote es dede The leues fadis þane & wytis a-waye. c1480Henryson in Poems Gray MS. vi. 65 (S.T.S.) 56 Full oft Is sene thir emotis in ane hillok ay Rinnand oute befor þin ene; with litill weit þai wit away.
▪ VI. wite
obs. f. wight, wit v.1 |