| 释义 |
kulak|ˈkuːlæk|
Also † koolack, koulak.
[Russ. kulák fist, tight-fisted person, pl. kulaki, f. Turki ḳul hand.]
In pre-Revolution Russia, a well-to-do farmer or trader; in the Soviet Union, a peasant-proprietor working for his own profit. Also transf.
1877D. M. Wallace Russia (ed. 2) I. vii. 159 Not a few industrial villages have thus fallen under the power of the Kulaki—literally Fists—as these monopolists are called. 1886Encycl. Brit. XXI. 84/1 The enrichment of a few ‘kulaks’. 1921Contemp. Rev. Jan. 26 ‘Kulaks’..a nick⁓name for the close-fisted village traders, usurers, and rich peasants. 1925P. Gibbs Unchanging Quest xiv. 109 These peasants think the Duma will..kill all the Koulaks, or Jewish moneylenders. 1929[see collective A. 2 f]. 1931M. Hindus Red Bread iv. 66 Legally, a koolack is a man who indulges in some form of exploitation, employs hired help or derives an income from rent or interest or the operation of an agricultural or industrial machine. Actually, however, a koolack is a successful farmer as success is measured in Russia. 1934G. B. Shaw On Rocks 164 They [sc. the Soviet government] also proscribed the kulak, the able, hardheaded, hardfisted farmer who was richer than his neighbors. 1951G. Mikes Down with Everybody 48 He was a kulak, a spy and an enemy agent, but now he had realised his mistake—namely that it was a mistake to be a kulak, a spy and an enemy agent. 1952R. Campbell Lorca 7 Lorca was by birth a landowning ‘kulak’. 1957Observer 10 Nov. 5/8 The peasants [in China] have been ‘voluntarily’ collectivised..but there has been no Russian-style campaign for the ‘elimination of the kulak as a class’. 1970New Scientist 1 Jan. 15/1 The improved grain husbandry..may favour the rise of ‘kulaks’ or ‘improving landlord’ groups. |