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Winchester|ˈwɪntʃɪstə(r)|
[Proper name.]
I. The name of a city in Hampshire, the capital of Wessex and later of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom: used attrib. in specific designations.
1. a. (a) Winchester measure: dry and liquid measures the standards of which were orig. deposited at Winchester. Also fig. So (b) Winchester bushel, Winchester gallon, for which (c) Winchester is used for short (in druggists' use = Winchester quart); in mod. use (see quots. 1959, 1972); also Winchester bottle.
(a)c1550Skelton's Ghost 23 in S.'s Wks. (1843) II. 154 Full Winchester gage We had in that age. 1670Act 22 Chas. II, c. 8 §1 The Standard marked in his Majestyes Exchequer commonly called the Winchester Measure containing Eight Gallons to the Bushell. 1680Alsop Misch. Impos. xiii. 94 The Advice to those in Communion with the Church, was short and sweet, but the Dissenters shall now have it by Winchester measure. 1682Warburton Hist. Guernsey (1822) 114 The Guernsey bushel, great measure, contains about 6 gallons, Winchester measure. 1688Holme Armoury iii. 337/2 An Halfe Peck, of old it contained 5 Quarts, but by Winchester Measure to which by the Statute of the Land all others now conforme, is but 4 Quarts and a Pint. 1846McCulloch Acc. Brit. Empire (1854) I. 215 An acre has been known to yield 300 bushels (Winchester measure) of early potatoes for the first crop. 1860All Year Round No. 70. 479 A runlet (two gallons, Winchester measure).
(b) [1603G. Owen Pembrokeshire vii. (1891) 55 Theire bushell beinge more then doble winchester.] 1702Act 1 Anne Stat. 2. c. 3 §6 A Bushel according to the Standards remaining in the Custody of the Chamberlains of Her Majesties Exchequer commonly called..by the Name of the Winchester Bushel. 1737Act 10 Geo. II, c. 30 §2 All Oysters which shall..be imported from France.., shall..be rated at seven Pence per Bushel strike Measure, according to the Winchester Corn Bushel. 1768Ann. Reg., Chron. 92 The lords of the manor of Tetbury..were convicted..for not using in the public market a brass Winchester bushel. c1790Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) V. 102/2, 268·8 cubic inches to the Winchester gallon. 1835Act 5 & 6 Will. IV, c. 63 §6 Be it enacted, That from and after the passing of this Act the Measure called the Winchester Bushel, and the Lineal Measure called the Scotch Ell,..shall be abolished.
(c)1702T. Brown Lett. fr. Dead ii. (1707) 68 Seal'd Winchesters of Three-penny Guzzle. 1722E. Ward Wand. Spy ii. 67 [They] Call'd for full Winchester's of Stout. 1758Borlase Nat. Hist. Cornw. 87 Bay-salt..is sold to the husbandman from four-pence to six-pence a winchester. Ibid. 88 Each bushel three winchesters, or twenty-four gallons. 1862Chemist & Druggist 15 Feb. (Advt. sect.) 37/1 Druggists' Bottles... Winchester, 100 oz. 1880J. Dunbar Pract. Papermaker 66 The ‘Winchester’ is duly labelled. 1905Wastell & Bayley Hand Camera 145 note, A ‘Winchester’, or ‘Winchester Quart’, is a bottle holding eighty ounces. 1959Gloss. Packaging Terms (B.S.I.) 28 Winchester, a term applied to round, narrow or wide-mouth bottles usually used for the distribution of chemicals or pharmaceutical products. 1963Pharm. Jrnl. CXCI. 59 The author suggests that the Winchester bottle was thus named by the druggists who utilised it for supplying the [Winchester] hospital's drug orders. 1972Bottlers' Year Bk. 1972–73 423 Winchester, a large bottle of variable capacity used for soluble essences, etc., usually containing from about 6 to 10 lb. of the product.
b. Winchester quart: (a) a quart (2 pints) in Winchester measure; (b) Pharm., 4 Imperial pints, i.e. 80 fluid ounces (in quot. 1870, 100 fl. oz.); also, a bottle holding 4 pints.
See Pharm. Jrnl. (1963) CXCI. 59 for an argument that in sense (b) it is properly 85 fl. oz., a quarter of the new barn gallon of 21/8 Imperial gallons.
1742W. Ellis Mod. Husbandman July x. 61 At our Country Towns, they sell a Winchester Quart of Milk..for a Penny. 1758Rep. Comm. House of Commons Weights & Measures 39 Standard weights and measures in the possession of the Hall-keeper of the Guild-Hall... 1 corn half peck marked 1601. 1 Winchester quart ditto. 1 ditto pint ditto. 1816P. Kelly Metrology 89 The Coal Bushel holds one Winchester quart more than the Winchester bushel [sc. 2150.42 cubic inches]; it therefore contains 2217.62 cubic inches. 1870Pharm. Jrnl. XI. 650 Omagh is said to take about 400 Winchester quarts (equal to 250 gallons) [of methylated ether] yearly. 1874Ibid. 2nd Ser. V. 442/1 A Winchester quart (four pints) is first half filled with infusion. 1880J. Dunbar Pract. Papermaker 65 Fill a ‘Winchester quart’ bottle with this test acid. 1897Chemist & Druggist 5 June 891/1 The questions on which we should like information are—What is a Winchester quart the fourth of, or how it came to designate a half-gallon? and whether it and the Winchester pint were ever recognised measures? 1963Pharm. Jrnl. CXCI. 60/1 The Winchester quart's success was due, one suspects, to the fact that it is the largest bottle which can conveniently be held in one hand.
†2. Winchester goose: see goose n. 3.
3. Winchester school, a southern English style of manuscript illumination of the 10th and 11th cent., originating at Winchester. Also Winchester manner, Winchester style.
1892J. H. Middleton Illuminated MSS. Classical & Mediaeval Times vii. 101 Another very fine example of the Winchester school of illumination is the manuscript Charter which King Edgar granted to the new minster at Winchester in 966. Ibid., In artistic power this tenth century Winchester school of illuminators appears, for a while at least, to have been foremost in the world. 1910G. F. Warner in Warner & Wilson Benedictional of Saint æthelwold p. xl, It is an example of Canterbury modification of Winchester style. 1928E. G. Millar Eng. Illuminated MSS XIVth & XVth Cent. ii. 14 The Anglo-Saxon outline draughtsmen of the Winchester and related schools. 1954M. Rickert Painting in Britain: Middle Ages ii. 42 But it is not until the second half of the tenth century that the full force of Carolingian art under æthelwold's sponsorship of the production of manuscripts resulted in the development at Winchester of the famous Winchester style. 1970Oxf. Compan. Art 559/1 Winchester School... Though some splendid manuscripts came from Winchester, books decorated in the ‘Winchester’ manner were certainly made in other southern English monasteries.
II.
4. a. The name of Oliver F. Winchester (1810–80), an American manufacturer, used as the designation of a breech-loading rifle having a tubular magazine under the barrel and a horizontal bolt operated by a lever on the underside of the stock.
1871Standard 1 Feb., The arms..being the Remington and the Chassepot, with some few Winchesters. 1891C. Roberts Adrift Amer. 163 He rushed over to his house and brought out a 17-shot Winchester. 1897Hinde Congo Arabs xi. 185 About fifteen Winchester expresses, and the same number of ordinary Winchesters.
b. Computers. Used attrib. and absol. with reference to a hermetically sealed storage device incorporating one or more high-capacity hard discs with heads and sometimes also a drive unit. [So called because the original device was intended to contain two 30 megabyte discs and its IBM number would have been 3030, the same as that of a famous Winchester rifle (which used a 0·30 calibre cartridge containing 0·30 grains of powder).]
1973Modern Data July 60/1 The ‘Winchester’ Disk... The product of the so-called ‘Winchester’ project, the eventual nature of the 3340 has been the subject of rumors reported in the trade press. 1976Computer Weekly 26 Aug. 16/6 There are also special cabinets for the Winchester type of disc module—a recording medium that is expensive in itself irrespective of the data stored on it, and that requires extremely careful handling. 1978IEEE Trans. Magnetics XIV. 201/1 An example of the current state of the art in fixed head designs utilizing Winchester technology are the fixed heads used in IBM's 3340 and 3350 disc drives. 1980Sci. Amer. Aug. 117/2 It is now known generically as Winchester technology, that being the code name under which the device was developed at IBM. A Winchester disk memory has one or more rigid disks, either eight or 14 inches in diameter. 1985Which Computer? Apr. 61/2 One machine has twin floppies, the other has a 10MB Winchester.
Hence † Winˈchestrian a. (see sense 2).
a1637B. Jonson Underwoods, Execr. Vulcan 142 And this a Sparkle of that fire let loose That was lock'd up in the Winchestrian Goose. |