| 释义 |
▪ I. winch, n.1|wɪnʃ|
Forms: 1 wince, 4–7 (9) wynch, (3–5 wenche, 4–6 wynche, 6 winche, 7 wintch, 9 winsh), 7– winch.
[Late OE. wince:—OTeut. *wiŋkjo-:—*weŋkjo-, f. Indo-Eur. root weŋg-, repr. also by wink v.1 (Cf. wink n.2)]
1. a. A reel, roller, or pulley.
c1050Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 416/6 Gigrillus [= girgillus], wince. 1295Acc. Exch. K.R. 5/7 (P.R.O.) In vno velamine empto .vj. li. iiij. d. In Wenches emptis ad idem. iiij s. vj. d. 1384For. Acc. 20 C dorso (P.R.O.), j wynche ferri pro vna petra vertibili. Ibid., j gross[a] wynche ferri pro factura cordarum. 1511–12Act 3 Hen. VIII, c. 6 §1 That the byer of Wollen clothes..shall not..cause to be drawen in lenght..the same clothes..by teyntor or wynche or by eny other meane. 1563Golding Cæsar vii. (1565) 232 With slinges that went wyth wynches [orig. fundis librilibus]..& wyth pellets, they put the Galles in feare. 1611Cotgr., Tournoir,..the vice, or winch of a Presse.
b. spec. An angler's reel.
1662R. Venables Exper. Angler iv. 44 You may buy your Trowle ready made,..onely let it have a winch to wind it up withall. 1760Sir J. Hawkins Walton's Angler 139 note, The winch must be screwed on to the butt of your rod. 1867F. Francis Bk. Angling i. 13 Your winch should hold forty or fifty yards of fine line.
c. Naut. A small machine used for making ropes and spun-yarn; † the quantity of yarn so made.
1640in Birch Charters of London (1887) 220 For a winch of cable yarn..0s. 4d. 1772–84, etc. [see spun-yarn 2]. 1794Rigging & Seamanship I. 90 Winch, to make or twist spun⁓yarn with is made of 8 spokes, 4 at each end, and 4 wooden pins 15 inches long driven through the end of them.
†2. A well-wheel (turned by a crank); hence, a well. Obs. (Cf. dial. winch-well a deep well, and wink n.2, quot. 1886.)
c1440Pallad. on Husb. i. 426 In stede of welle or wenche [orig. fons..aut puteus] haue a sisterne. Ibid. iii. 894 The water cleer Of cisterne or of wynche. Ibid. ix. 120 The wynchis when we delue [orig. in fodiendis puteis]. 1556Withals Dict. (1562) 47 b/1 The wynch or wheele of the well. 1580Hollyband Treas. Fr. Tong, La trieule,..the beame or rounde wood whereabout the cord of a well is winded, some do call it a winch. 1632J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 195 An old well or deepe wintch..boild all the night long.
3. The cranked handle by means of which the axis of a revolving machine is turned.
1660R. D'Acres Water-drawing 11 Winches or Cranks of Wood or Iron are..fitted to mens hands, thereby to make a round motion. 1683Moxon Mech. Exerc., Printing xi. ⁋16 On the Square Pin is fitted a Winch somewhat in form like a Jack-winch. 1774Phil. Trans. LXIV. 390 After about ninety or an hundred turns of the winch. 1787J. Imison Treat. Mech. Powers 46 The wheel is turned by means of a winch fix'd on the axle of a trundle. 1801Strutt Sports & Past. iii. v. 209 One of them turned the winch of an organ which he carried at his back. 1834Fearnside Tombleson's Thames 31 By Pinkle Lock and Weir,..it is necessary for the aquatic tourist to be provided with a winch to open the gates. 1843Penny Cycl. XXVII. 436/1 Winch and axle is a machine constituting a small windlass. 1874Hardy Far from Madding Crowd xx, I'll turn the winch of the grindstone.
4. a. A hoisting or hauling apparatus consisting essentially of a horizontal drum round which a rope passes and a crank by which it is turned.
1577Googe tr. Heresbach's Husb. 11 b, The smaller sort [of husbandry necessaries]..Hammers, Chippe Axes, Winches, Pulleys, Wheeles [etc.]. 1674Blount Glossogr. (ed. 4), Winch, a pulling or skrewing Engin. 1688Holme Armoury iii. xviii. (Roxb.) 139/2 A Hand screw, or screw engine: or Ghynne or Wynch. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Winches, a kind of Engine to draw Barges, &c. up a River against the Stream. 1769Falconer Dict. Marine (1776), Winch, a cylindrical piece of timber, furnished with an axis,..turned about by means of an handle resembling that of a draw-well. 1820Scoresby Acc. Arctic Reg. II. 233 An apparatus called a ‘winch’,..for heaving the lines into the boat after the fish is..killed. 1838J. M. Wilson's Tales Borders IV. 253/2 By the assistance of the wynch, the jib again rose to its former place. 1905Times Lit. Suppl. 25 Aug. 268/1 The value of steam applied to winches and capstans.
b. In the navigation of the river Thames, a revolving apparatus at the river-side, round which a rope was wound to haul craft through difficult places; a toll levied for the use of this (abolished by the Thames Conservancy Act of 1866).
1623Act 21 Jas. I, c. 32 §5 For that the sayd passage from Bircot aforesayd, to the sayd Citie of Oxford, is against the streame, the Barges..must..bee haled vp by strength of men, horses, winches [etc.]. 1694Act 6 & 7 Will. & Mary c. 16 Preamble, For the..convenience of the Navigation [of the Thames and Isis] there..are diverse Lockes Weares, Buckes Winches..and other Engines. 1754Extr. Navig. Rolls Thames (1772) 19 The Owner of every Winch, belonging to every Lock below Reading. 1795Jrnls. Ho. Comm. L. 125/1 Tolls..payable at the Old Locks, Weirs, and Winches. 1864Thames Navig., Tables of Tolls July 1 Tables of Tolls (Including Old Lock Dues and Winches), which will be taken on and from July 1, 1864.
5. Dyeing. = wince n.2 2.
1791Hamilton Berthollet's Dyeing I. i. ii. ii. 159 For the pieces of stuff, a winch or reel is used. 1799G. Smith Laboratory I. 385 Stir it well about, and..put in your stuffs:..turn it on a winch, till you see the colour is to your mind. 1822Imison's Sci. & Art II. 185 The stuffs..are drawn through them [sc. the baths] by a winch, or reel. 1876Encycl. Brit. IV. 688/1 Mounted on a strong frame⁓work over the trough [of the dye vat] is the winch.., which by its revolutions..keeps the cloth moving down and up continuously into and out of the trough.
6. attrib. as winch-bit, winch-gear, winch-handle, etc.; winchman, (a) a man who operates a winch; (b) a man lowered by a winch from a helicopter, esp. to rescue people from shipwrecks, etc.
1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., *Winch-bitts, the supports near their ends. 1893Westm. Gaz. 28 Feb. 10/3 Kemp was standing against the winch-bit.
1875Knight Dict. Mech., *Winch-capstan, a combination in which winch-heads are arranged on top of the capstan.
1881E. Matheson Aid Bk. ii. 362 The lifting power in a crane is generally obtained by ordinary *winch-gear.
1825J. Nicholson Oper. Mech. 229 So that the power must act in like manner as if it were applied at a *winch-handle. 1894S. R. Bottone Electr. Instr. 171 It is mounted upon an iron spindle..at one end of which is a winch-handle.
1847T. T. Stoddart Angler's Comp. 44 The triple gut casting-line..is intended..to be appended immediately to the *winch-line, by the trout-fisher.
1824R. Stevenson Bell Rock Lighthouse vi. 329 A *winch-machine, with wheel, pinion and barrel, round which last the chain was wound. 1946A. J. Hall Stand. Handbk. Textiles iv. 169 The winch machine is essentially a vat..above which is mounted a horizontal winch.
1882Standard 26 Aug. 3/7 A man should have watched the case and given orders to the gangwayman, who, in turn, ought to have given orders to the *winchman. 1894Times 5 Feb. 3/3 The winchman and the bullrope man..in assisting to unload the vessel. 1958Times 23 June 6/1 The girls..were brought up into the helicopter by winchman Sergeant Jim Gilpin. 1977R.A.F. News 27 Apr.–10 May 1/4 Along with winchman FS Roger Lynn he airlifted a two-ton cabin into the garden of a Durham man so that a kidney machine could be installed. 1979Globe & Mail (Toronto) 15 Aug. 1/2 (caption) Winchman on a rescue helicopter hangs over a crew member from yacht Ariadne.
1883W. C. Russell Sea Queen II. ii. 30 The tiny clink of *winch-pawls.
1902How to make useful things 10/1 A few inches from the lower end of the butt a recess is made sufficiently large to take the *winch-plate.
1831–3Encycl. Metrop. (1845) VIII. 528/2 When one or more pieces of goods are to be dyed the *winch-reel is employed.
▪ II. † winch, n.2 Obs. rare.
[f. winch v.1]
1. A ‘turn’ or ‘twist’ in argument.
1549Gardiner in Foxe A. & M. (1563) 804/1, I thinke there was neuer man had more playne euident matter to alledge, then I haue, without winches or arguments or deuises of wit.
2. = wince n.1 2.
c1738J. Skinner Christmas Ba'ing xix, Poor Petrie gae a weary winch.
▪ III. winch, v.1 Obs. exc. dial.|wɪnʃ|
Forms: 3 wenche, 4–6 wynche, 6 winche, (7 whinch, 9 dial. winsh), 6– winch.
[a. AF. *wenchier, *wenchir = OF. guenchier, -ir intr. to turn aside, trans. to avoid, a. Teut. *weŋkjan (OHG., MHG. wenken, OS. wenkean):—*waŋkjan, f. waŋk- (whence OHG. wank side movement, return, OHG., G. wanken, ON. vakka, OE. wancol wankle a.): weŋk- (whence winch n.1, wink).]
1. intr. To start back or away, recoil, flinch; to wince.
a1225Ancr. R. 98 Auh for alle onsweres, wendeð ou ant wencheð frommard him. a1400Morte Arth. 2104 Qwarelles qwayntly swappez thorowe knyghtez With iryne so wekyrly, that wynche they neuer. a1500Peblis to the Play xiii, He stert till ane broggit stauf, Wincheand as he war woode. 1540Palsgr. Acolastus Prol. B iv, Thou begynnest to wynche or to startle on this facion. 1553Respublica i. iii. 284 He that ones wincheth shall fele the waite of my fiste. 1595Shakes. John iv. i. 81, I will not stirre, nor winch, nor speake a word. 1628Robin Goodfellow (1841) 41 Sluts and slovens I doe pinch, And make them in their beds to winch. 1634W. Wood New Eng. Prosp. ii. viii, Beate them, whip them, pinch them, punch them, if they resolve not to whinch for it, they will not. 1687Dryden Hind & P. iii. 133 Yet seem'd she not to winch, though shrewdly pain'd. 1718Cibber Non-juror v, You must not winch nor stir too soon, at any Freedom you observe me take with him. 1878Cumbld. Gloss., Winsh, wince.
†b. fig. To recoil in fear or disgust (at). Obs.
1605Marston Dutch Courtezan iii. i, He must nere winch, that would or thriue, or saue, To be cald Nigard, cuckold, Cut-throat, Knaue. 1637Heylin Antid. Lincoln. Pref. A 6 b, A long studied discourse in maintenance of sitting at the holy Sacrament, which good Master Burton never winched at. 1680H. More Apocal. Apoc. 23 They shall..severely rule them, so that they shall not be able to whinch but at their own peril. 1709Steele Tatler No. 76 ⁋8 A general Representation of an Action, either ridiculous or enormous, may make those winch who find too much Similitude in the Character with themselves to plead Not Guilty.
†2. Of a horse: To kick restlessly or impatiently; = wince v.1 1. Obs.
1483Cath. Angl. 420/1 To Wynche, calcitrare. 1510Stanbridge Vocabula (W. de W.) C v, Recalcitro, to wynche agayne, or kyke. a1529Skelton Col. Cloute 182 Let se who that dare Sho the mockysshe mare; They make her wynche and keke. 1575Gascoigne Weedes, Green Knt. 87 He winched still alwayes, and whisked with his taile. 1591Greene Farew. Folly B 3 b, Sylenus asse neuer sawe a wine bottle but he would winch. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), To Wince or Winch,..properly to throw out the hinder Feet, as a Horse does.
b. In allusive and proverbial phr., esp. with reference to the ‘wincing’ of a ‘galled’ horse.
1493Festivall (W. de W. 1515) 173 b, As a galled horse whiche is touched on the sore he wyncheth & wryeth. c1520Skelton Magnyf. 2023 Remembre the tourne of Fortunes whele, That wantonly can wynke, and wynche with her hele. 1548Udall Erasm. Par. Ep. Ded. {fatpara}2, Who so wyncheth and kicketh at the ghospell. a1566R. Edwards Damon & Pithias (1571) B iv b, I know the galde horse will soonest winche. 1566Drant Horace, Sat. v. D 2 b, Synce you agaynst these churchly rites so longe and sore dyd wynche. 1615R. Brathwait Strappado (1878) 109 Yet do not winch (good iade) when thou art gall'd. 1626W. Fenner Hid. Manna Ep. Ded., The will of it self, the more reason it hath to be turned, the more it is wilful, it hinches and winches, and snuffes against it. 1693Congreve Old Bach. v. xiii, Aram. Bless me! What have you done to him? Belin. Only touch'd a gall'd beast till he winch'd. 1718Cibber Non-juror ii. i, Sir, you cannot conceive the wonderful use of Clamour, 'tis so teizing to a Ministry, it makes them winch and fret.
†c. trans. To kick (a person) out of. rare.
1623Fletcher & Rowley Maid in Mill ii. i, A galled Jennet that will winch him out o' the Saddle.
Hence ˈwinching vbl. n.1 and ppl. a.1
1525Stanbridge's Vocabula (W. de W.) C v b, Sternax, a wynchynge horse. 1577Hanmer Anc. Eccl. Hist. 205 A certaine shamefull winching & repining. 1593G. Harvey Pierce's Super. Wks. (Grosart) II. 246 Not such a powting waspe in Ramme-ally, or such a winching iade in Smithfield. 1631[Mabbe] Celestina iii. 40 [Women] are all of them ticklish, and skittish; the whole generation of them is given to winching and flinging. 1664H. More Myst. Iniq. 101 That they might, without any ones whinching, decree..what-ever would tend to the encrease of their own honour and wealth.
▪ IV. winch, v.2
[f. winch n.1]
1. trans. To hoist or draw up, etc. with or as with a winch.
1529Dunmow Churchw. Acc. lf. 10 (MS.) To fett a gabull to wynche up the tymber. 1530Palsgr. 408 b/2, I wynche or wynde vp with a wyndlasse or a crane... You shall neuer get this stryng in to the nocke but you wynche it vp. 1599Hakluyt Voy. II. i. 128 He..was winched vp in that chaire, and fastened vnto the maineyard of a galley. 1633J. Fisher Fuimus Troes ii. ii, I'le winch vp thy estate. 1909E. Suffolk Gaz. 12 Jan. 3/7 All slack line must be winched in. 1913Conrad Within the Tides, etc. (1915) 219 It was she who winched up that infernal machine, and it was she too who lowered it that night.
2. Dyeing. = wince v.2
1831–3Encycl. Metrop. (1845) VIII. 514 The silk should be winched through a copper of water at the heat of 160°. 1855Abridgm. Specif. Patents, Bleaching, etc. (1859) 565, I..keep the liquor to the boiling point for about one hour and twenty minutes, during which time the cloth should be winched as before. 1883R. Haldane Workshop Rec. ii. 40/1 For ungumming, the piece is simply winched backwards and forwards.
Hence ˈwinching vbl. n.2 and ppl. a.2
1875H. R. Robertson Life Upper Thames 19 The tightening of the bolts before tying them is called winching..: two stout pieces of wood are used which are called the levers, and are connected by a strong cord passed round the bolt. 1902Daily Record & Mail 6 Aug. 3 The winching-away men and sweepers and screwers. |