| 释义 |
▪ I. kipper, n.1 and a.|ˈkɪpə(r)|
Forms: (1 cypera), 4 kypre, 6–7 kypper, 6–8 kepper, 6– kipper.
[Etymology uncertain; it is also doubtful how sense A. 2, which goes with kipper v., is connected with 1, and indeed whether it is the same word.
At the approach of the breeding season, the lower jaw of the male salmon becomes hooked upward with a sharp cartilaginous beak known as the kip, which is used as a weapon by the fish when two or more fight for the same female; from this ‘kip’, the name ‘kipper’ is currently explained; but this is not compatible with the identity of kipper and OE. cypera, ME. kypre, which, itself, though phonetically unobjectionable, is also unproved, since the exact sense in which these words were used does not appear from the context. Moreover, in the quots. of 1376 and 1533–4, in B. 1, kipper appears to include both sexes.]
A. n.
1. A name given to the male salmon (or sea trout) during the spawning season. (The female is then called a shedder.)
Some recent writers give as the meaning ‘the male salmon when spent after the spawning season’, thus making the term equivalent to kelt; but this is not borne out by the earlier instances, which, when clear, evidently relate to the time when the fish is full of milt, and needs protection on account of its breeding value; nor does it harmonize with some later authorities, e.g. Jamieson, who says, ‘kipper, salmon in the state of spawning’; it is directly challenged by some (cf. quot. 1879); and it seems to have arisen from misapprehension of such qualifications as ‘unseasonable’, ‘not wholesome’, really applied to fish from the approach of the spawning season. For this Pennant seems largely responsible: see quot. 1766 in B. 1.
a1000Boeth. Metr. xix. 12 Hwy ᵹe nu ne settan on sume dune fiscnet eowru, þonne eow fon lysteð leax oððe cyperan. c1567Surv. Warkworth in Hist. Northumbld. (1899) V. 151 The salmon fishing mainteyned, no kipper slayne alonge the water of Cockett. 1581Lambarde Eiren. iv. iv. (1588) 450 Any Salmons or Trouts, out of season, that is being kippers or shedders. 1597Sc. Acts Jas. V §72 (ed. Skene) heading, Of slauchter of redde fish or Kipper. 1624in N. Riding Rec. (1885) III. ii. 228 For killing salmon in time of kipper. 1705Act 4 & 5 Anne c. 21 The old Salmon or Kippers, which, during that Season [1 Jan. to 10 Mar.] are out of kind, and returning to the Sea. 1848Chambers' Inform. for People I. 687 The adult fish [salmon] having spawned, being out of condition, and unfit for food..are..termed kelts; the male fish is sometimes also called a kipper, and the female a shedder or baggit. 1861J. Brown Horæ Subs. Ser. ii. 243 The poaching weaver who had..leistered a prime kipper. 1879T. T. Stoddart in Academy 30 Aug. 151/2 On the banks of our Scottish salmon rivers, the designation kipper is applied to the male fish before parting with its milt, when the beak is fully developed. After spawning, it shares along with the female fish the term kelt. 1898Westm. Gaz. 14 Oct. 7/2 The heaviest salmon..was a fine ‘kipper’, weighing close on 30 lb., which he captured on Saturday last [8th Oct.].
2. A kippered fish (salmon, herring, etc.); now esp. a herring so cured: see kipper v.
(It is doubtful whether the quots. from the Durham Acc. Rolls belong here; they may relate to the fish in sense 1, without reference to any particular mode of preparation.)
1326Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 15 In 11 Kypres emp., 3s. 4d. 1340Ibid. 37 In 6 kypres emp. et 1 salmone salso, 2s. 2d. 1769De Foe's Tour Gt. Brit. III. 336 Preserving Salmon by making it into what they call Kipper: This is done by dividing it in the Middle from Head to Tail, and drying it slowly before a Fire. 1815Scott Guy M. v, Ye're no eating your meat; allow me to recommend some of the kipper. It was John Hay that catcht it. 1824Carlyle in Froude Life (1882) I. 263 His heart..is as dry as a Greenock kipper. 1837M. Donovan Dom. Econ. II. 231 Some people, in order to give the kipper a peculiar taste..carefully smoke it with peat-reek or the reek of juniper bushes.
3. a. A person, esp. a young or small person, a child. slang.
1905Daily Chron. 30 Mar. 4/7 The expression ‘giddy kipper’, which Mr. Charles Brookfield has introduced to Mr. Justice Darling's notice. 1907Punch 10 Apr. 254/2 Half-a-dozen dreadfully common young bicyclists were commenting on her discomfiture with delighted exclamations of ‘Giddy old Kipper’, ‘Sweet Seventeen’, ‘Cheero, Maudie—you'll win!’ 1923M. M. Gibb Hetherington's Affinity xx. 175 If you're enterprizing enough to climb one of the trees christened by usage ‘The Kipper's Tree’, which hardly needs to be translated into plainer terms. 1959I. & P. Opie Lore & Lang. Schoolch. ix. 170 A chap who has got duck's disease is most often labelled ‘Tich’... Alternatively: ankle biter,..kipper, microbe, midge, [etc.].
b. An Englishman, an English immigrant in Australia. Austral. slang.
1946R. Rivett Behind Bamboo 397/1 Kipper, Englishman. 1946Sunday Sun (Sydney) 8 Aug. Suppl. 15 An able seaman on a kipper warship called the Eagle. 1963Times Lit. Suppl. 24 May 370/2 Quite often they [sc. English immigrants in Australia] are referred to as Kippers. 1967K. Giles Death & Mr Prettyman ii. 57 You kippers—no guts and two faces—are only strong under the armpits... What about the east of Suez caper, eh?
4. a. Naut. slang. A torpedo. Cf. fish n.1 1 h.
1953A. Mars Unbroken iii. 74 As she was only crawling along I aimed my first ‘kipper’ just a fraction ahead of her bows. 1959G. Jenkins Twist of Sand v. 86, I evaluate its firing power at eighteen torpedoes—I think kipper is a distressing piece of naval slang—in thirty minutes.
b. kipper kite R.A.F. slang (see quot. 1943); kipper tie [see quot. 1969], a gaudy and very wide neck-tie.
[1941L. Walmsley Fishermen at War ix. 138 Kipper, I discovered, was airman's slang for a fishing boat. The chief function of this particular station was the escorting of convoys and fishing fleets, and the section which had the latter duty to perform was known as the ‘Kipper Patrol’.] 1942Gen 1 Sept. 14/1 A Coastal Command plane is a ‘kipper kite’. 1943Hunt & Pringle Service Slang 42 Kipper-kites, aircraft engaged on convoy escort duties over the North Sea and usually giving protection to the fishing-vessels. 1966Daily Tel. 20 Jan. 15/6 Neckties are slightly wider and pointed, though not yet as floppy as London's Carnaby Street kipper ties. 1969Guardian 16 Sept. 9/4 Michael Fish [sc. a London designer of mens⁓wear]..can..take credit for popularising the wide tie, named ‘kipper’ after him. 1973Times 30 May 18/3 He had come from his Suffolk home wearing a kipper tie and black and white patterned shirt, full of energy and ideas.
B. adj. (attrib. use of n.)
1. Said of a male salmon (or sea trout), at the breeding season: see A. 1. In quots. 1376 and 1533–4 ‘kipper’ appears to include both sexes.
[1376Rolls Parlt. II. 331/2 Qe null Salmon soit pris en Tamise entre Graveshend & le Pount de Henlee sur Tamise en temps q'il soit kiper: C'est assavoir, entre les Festes de l'Invention del Crois, & le Epiphanie.] 1533–4Act 25 Hen. VIII, c. 7 That no maner of persone or persones..frome the feaste of the exaltation of the holy crosse to the feaste of Seynt martyn in wynter..kyll or distroye any Salmons not in season called kepper Salmons. 1558Act 1 Eliz. c. 17 §1 Any Salmons or Trouts, not being in Season, being Kepper-Salmons or Kepper-Trouts, Shedder-Salmons or Shedder-Trouts. 1603Owen Pembrokeshire (1891) 118 In wynter, when..they are found kipper, leane and vnhole⁓some. 1653Walton Angler vi. 136 The He Salmon..is more kipper, & less able to endure a winter in the fresh water, than the She is. 1766Pennant Zool. (1769) III. 242 After spawning they [salmon] become very poor and lean, and then are called kipper.
2. transf. Shaped like the lower jaw of a kipper salmon: see etymological note above.
1822Hogg Perils of Man II. ii. 50 Tam and Gibbie, with their long kipper noses, peeping over his shoulder.
C. attrib. and Comb., as † kipper-time, the period of close-time for salmon.
1706Phillips, Kipper-Time, a Space of Time between the Festival of the Invention of the H. Cross May 3d. and Twelfth-Day; during which, Salmon-fishing in the River Thames was forbidden by Rot. Parl. 50 Edw. 3. [See quot. 1376 in B. 1.] 1894Hall Caine Manxman iii. xii. 171 The ould kipper-box rolling on a block for a boat at sea—do you mind it? 1899Daily News 27 Oct. 2/3 At Great Yarmouth, where there are some 350 boats and some 4,000 fishermen and kipper-girls engaged in the great herring fishery..some 800 girls are curing the enormous catches for the Continental and the other markets of the world.
▪ II. ˈkipper, n.2 Austral.
[Native name.]
A young Aboriginal who has been initiated and is admitted to the rights of manhood.
1841C. Eipper Statement German Mission to Aborigines 8 With these weapons the natives invest their young men at the age of from fourteen to sixteen years... These young men are then called kippers, and for the first time enjoy the privilege of taking an active part in the fight. 1853H. B. Jones Adventures Austral. 126 Around us sat ‘Kippers’, i.e. ‘hobbledehoy blacks’. 1885R. C. Praed Austral. Life i. 24 A ceremony at which the young men..receive the rank of warriors and are henceforth called Kippers. 1966W. S. Ramson Austral. Eng. vi. 129 Bora, ‘a rite of initiation’, kipper, used of a youth who has passed through such a rite, and boyla and koradji, ‘an aboriginal medicine-man or witchdoctor’, are used only in their original and specific senses.
▪ III. kipper, v.
[? f. kipper n.1
If really derived from the n., it seems most reasonable to infer that this process was originally used for the preservation of ‘kipper’ salmon; but no direct evidence has been found.]
trans. and intr. To cure (salmon, herring, or other fish) by cleaning, rubbing repeatedly with salt and pepper or other spice, and drying in the open air or in smoke. Also transf. and fig.
1773[see kippered below]. 1835Southey in C. Southey Life VI. 281 Salmon which he had kippered the preceding night. 1848Life Normandy (1863) II. 56 [Salmon out of season] are..more frequently kippered; that is to say, they are cured with salt, sugar, and spice, and then dried in the smoke. 1885Times (weekly ed.) 2 Oct. 15/1 Smoking and kippering them [mackerel] for winter use. 1894Kipling Seven Seas (1896) 36 The Leevin' God, That does not kipper souls for sport or break a life in jest. 1909R. Beach Silver Horde 129 He's an awful spender. I'm half kippered [= drunk] myself. 1924Glasgow Herald 28 Jan. 10 Oily cotton-waste was picked up at the gates of yards and factories, and our hands were duly kippered over smoking lumps of this stuff. 1930R. Campbell Adamastor 20 Hang him up to kipper in the sun. 1963Times 14 May p. ii/3 (Advt.), Central heating designed to prevent the average household from being kippered on one side and frozen on the other. 1969Daily Tel. 30 Dec. 6/5 On the last day of addiction, smoke twice or thrice as many cigarettes as normal. The next morning you should feel sufficiently kippered as to see the sense of your new plan.
Hence ˈkippered ppl. a.; ˈkippering vbl. n.
1773A. Grant Lett. fr. Mount. (1807) I. ii. 20 We had..kippered salmon. 1795Statist. Acc. Scot., Stirlings. XVI. 122 The kippering of salmon is successfully practised in several parts of the parish. 1863in Tyneside Songs 91 A cask o' the best kipper'd herrins. 1885Pall Mall G. 11 June 9/2 A large kippering establishment at Stornoway. 1892E. Reeves Homeward Bound 31 Fisher-girls..at Grimsby, splitting herrings for kippering, seven a minute. |