| 释义 |
kettle|ˈkɛt(ə)l|
Forms: 1 cetel, -il, (cit-, cytel), 4 ketil, 4–6 -el, 5 -ill, -yl(l, 5–7 kettell, (6 -yl, -yll), 6 ketell, ke(a)tle, catell, kyttle, (7 kittle), 6– kettle. Also 3–5 chetel, -ill: see chetel.
[Com. Teut.: OE. cętel (W. Sax. ciętel) = OS. ketel (in comb. ketel-kôp; MDu. and Du. ketel) OHG. keȥȥil (MHG. keȥȥel, G. kessel), ON. ketill, Goth. katils, prob. a. L. catillus, dim. of catīnus a food-vessel (or ad. L. catīnus itself).
W.Germ. katil regularly gave (through *cætil, *ceætil, *ceatil) W.Sax. ciętel (with palatal c), whence ME. chetel, found from Kent and E. Anglia to Devonsh. The Mercian and Northumb. form was cętel (palatalization either absent or lost): cf. Mercian *cæf, cæster, *cælc = southern ceaf, ceaster, cealc. Hence northern and general Eng. ketel, kettle. (The k is by some referred to Scandinavian influence.)]
1. a. A vessel, commonly of metal, for boiling water or other liquids over a fire; a pot or caldron (cf. camp-, fish-, gipsy-kettle); now esp. a covered metal vessel with a spout, used to boil water for domestic purposes, a tea-kettle.
a700Epinal Gloss. 168 Caccabum, cetil. c1000Sax. Leechd. II. 44 Wermod ᵹesodenne on wætere on niwum cytele. Ibid. 87 ᵹenim þonne tyn-amberne cetel. a1100Gerefa in Anglia IX. 264 Lead, cytel, hlædel. a1300E.E. Psalter cvii. 10 [cviii. 8] Moab ketel of mi hope is. a1350St. Anastasia 84 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 26 Pottes and pannes & oþer slyke Als ketils, crassetes, to kechin like. c1440Promp. Parv. 273/2 Ketyl, or chetyle, or caudrone, cacabus, lebes. 1527Andrew Brunswyke's Distyll. Waters A ij, Take for the erthen cappell a copper cappell or kettyll with a copper pype as before is fygured. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. i. 393 She..boils in Kettles Must of Wine. 1740Pineda Sp. Dict., Sartèn..We say, The Kettle called the Pot Black-Arse. 1755Johnson s.v., In the kitchen the name of pot is given to the boiler that grows narrower towards the top, and of kettle to that which grows wider. 1866R. M. Ballantyne Shift. Winds i. (1881) 1 The family kettle..was singing on the fire.
b. A bowl- or saucer-shaped vessel in which operations are carried out on low-melting metals, glass, plastics, etc., in the liquid state.
a1817[see potash kettle (potash n. 4)]. 1892P. Benjamin Mod. Mechanism 803 A rendering and refining kettle for making..fancy toilet soap. 1895E. L. Rhead Metall. xv. 214 The ore is ground to a pulp in the mill, or arastra, and transferred to kettles with bottoms made of copper. 1929Industr. Chemist V. 487/1 A Pfaudler, all cast-iron, glass-lined, 300-gallon, reaction kettle or chemical still. 1940H. L. Hind Brewing II. xxiv. 576 The vessel[s] in which the mash is boiled..are usually known as kettles in America. 1952M. R. Mills Introd. Drying Oil Technol. iii. 48 Oleo-resinous varnishes are commonly produced in portable kettles of 450–3,000 lb...capacity. 1953Archit. Rev. CXIV. 187/1 The raw materials used in the former process [sc. the manufacture of synthetic resins] are highly inflammable, and it was desirable that the ‘kettles’ in which this process is carried out should be in a separate building. 1955Kirk & Othmer Encycl. Chem. Technol. XIV. 653 Stationary open kettles are used to polymerize large batches of oil. 1967J. D. Gilchrist Extraction Metall. x. 259 Softening—at 750°C, in a wide, open hearth furnace or in the open saucer-shaped lead ‘kettle’ which presents a very large surface for oxidation, Sb, Sn and As are slowly oxidized out with air or litharge.
2. Phrase. a kettle of fish.
a. On the Tweed, etc. A kettle of fish cooked al fresco, at a boating excursion or picnic; hence, applied to the picnic itself. Also simply kettle.
1791T. Newte Tour Eng. & Scot. 394 It is customary for the gentlemen who live near the Tweed to entertain their neighbours and friends with a Fete Champetre, which they call giving ‘a kettle of fish’. Tents or marquees are pitched near the flowery banks of the river..a fire is kindled, and live salmon thrown into boiling kettles. 1824Scott St. Ronan's xii, The whole company go to the water-side today to eat a kettle of fish. 1881A. Carter in Picturesque Scot. 111 A ‘kettle’ in Berwick parlance is a picnic party with this specialty about it that fish is the chief thing consumed, and this fish is salmon taken out of the river..and cooked upon the spot.
b. Usually with adj. ironically, as pretty kettle, fine kettle, nice kettle, rare kettle († also simply a fine kettle): A mess, muddle, disagreeable or awkward state of things. Also, a different or another kettle of fish: a different state of affairs, a different matter altogether.
1742Richardson Pamela III. 308 He has made a fine Kettle on't—han't he! 1742Fielding J. Andrews i. xii, ‘Here's a pretty kettle of fish’, cries Mrs. Tow-wouse. 1749― Tom Jones xviii. viii, Fine doings at my house! A rare kettle of fish I have discovered at last. 1800Wellington Let. to Close 2 Oct. in Gurw. Desp. (1837) I. 245 If so, we shall have a fine kettle of fish at Seringapatam. 1820Lady Granville Lett. 7 Oct. (1894) I. 184 Ministers are in a nice kettle of fish, to be sure. 1854Dickens Hard T. i. iv, Your training schools, and your whole kettle-of-fish of schools. 1937Discovery Nov. 353/1 H. S. Thompson's ‘Garnet in Flight’ is another kettle of fish. 1938R. Warner Professor vi. 141 Professor..you're very good at thinking out schemes—brainwork, I mean..if you understand what I mean; but that's only half the battle you know, in fact a different kettle of fish altogether. 1942E. Waugh Put out More Flags iii. 172 Until now the word ‘Colonel’ for Basil had connoted an elderly rock-gardener on Barbara's G.P.O. list. This formidable man of his own age was another kettle of fish. 1959J. L. Austin Sense & Sensibilia (1962) ii. 14 Looking..at a distant village on a very clear day across a valley, is a very different kettle of fish from seeing a ghost.
3. a kettle of hats: a quantity of hats dyed at the same time in a dye-kettle.
1789Trans. Soc. Arts I. 184 Upon dying a Kettle of hats of twenty-four dozen. 1900[Still in use in the trade].
4. transf.
a. ‘The brass or metal box of a compass’ (Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. 1867).
b. Sc. Mining. A kind of shallow tub or kibble in which miners descend and ascend the shaft, or in which material is brought to the surface.
1894Daily News 9 May 7/7 Four pit-sinkers were being drawn up a shaft..when the ‘kettle’ on which they were standing..swung from one side of the shaft to the other and three men fell off. 1894Labour Commission Gloss., Kettle, a Scotch mining term for the basket or kibble which takes the place of a cage in shafts not provided with ‘guides’..It is like a half-barrel attached to the winding-rope.
c. A deep circular hollow scoured out in a rocky river bed, or under a glacier, etc.; a pot-hole. Cf. giant's kettle (giant 6), also hell-kettle. Also (now the usual meaning in Geomorphol.), a kettle hole (see sense 6 b).
1866Smithsonian Contrib. Knowl. No. 197. 3 To form an idea of the appearance of the ‘potash kettle’ country, we may imagine a region of drift moraines inverted, and..occupied by cavities of irregular size and depth. Ibid. 4 On the north of the Peshattego river..the ‘kettles’ are very numerous. 1874J. Geikie Gt. Ice Age (1894) 431 Everyone who has visited the Glacier Garden at Lucerne will remember the fine display of ‘kettles’ seen there. 1877T. C. Chamberlin Geol. Wisconsin: Survey of 1873–79 II. ii. v. 206 The peculiar feature of this range..consists of numerous depressions in the drift variously known as ‘Potash Kettles’, ‘Kettles’, ‘Potholes’, ‘Pots and Kettles’, ‘Sinks’, etc. Those which have most arrested popular attention are circular in outline, and symmetrical in form... Large numbers of these depressions are not perfectly circular, but rudely oval, oblong or elliptical, or are extended into trough-like, or even winding hollows. Ibid. 214 If masses of the ice became incorporated within the drift,..their subsequent melting would give rise to a depression constituting one form of the kettles. 1893Northumbld. Gloss., Kettle, a pot-hole or circular hole, scoured out in a rocky river bed by the swirling action of pebbles. 1896T. G. Bonney Ice-Work i. i. 34 These ‘kettles’, when first discovered, were filled with débris, and still contained the large rounded boulders by which they had been mainly excavated. 1926Jrnl. Geol. XXXIV. 315 The ice blocks that formed the kettles in pitted out-wash varied in size from a few yards to several miles in diameter. 1942C. A. Cotton Climatic Accidents xxiv. 328 Both bowl-like round pits and elongated trench-like kettles are common. 1970R. J. Small Study of Landforms xi. 384 A bare tract of boulders, gravels and sand separates the two glacier snouts, and is pitted by numerous circular water-filled hollows (‘kettles’) marking small masses of ice that calved from the glaciers, became trapped in the debris, and subsequently melted.
d. A watch. slang (chiefly Criminals').
1889Barrère & Leland Dict. Slang I. 516/2 Kettle (thieves), a watch; red kettle, gold watch. 1931[see groin n.2 4]. 1935G. Ingram Cockney Cavalcade xiv. 234, I pinched his ‘kettle’ what those two blunderers left behind. 1936J. Curtis Gilt Kid xxv. 244 Next buckshee kettle that comes my way I'll just stick to it. 1960‘A. Burgess’ Doctor is Sick xvi. 122 Edwin, student of philology, knew what kettles were, cheap smuggled watches guaranteed to go for a day or two. 1970Brewer's Dict. Phrase & Fable (rev. ed.) 603/2 A tin kettle is a silver watch and a red kettle a gold one.
†5. Short for kettledrum. Obs.
1602Shakes. Ham. v. ii. 286 Let the Kettle to the Trumpets speake, The Trumpet to the Cannoneer without.
6. Comb.
a. Gen. combs., as (sense 1) kettle-boiling, kettle-hanger, kettle-hook, kettle-iron, kettle-lid, kettle-maker, kettle-prop, kettle-scrubber, kettle-stand; (sense 4 c) kettle-formation, kettle-valley.
b. Special combs.: kettle-bail U.S., a dredge used in taking scallops; kettle-boiler, an old type of steam-boiler, having a rounded top (Knight Dict. Mech. 1875); kettle-bread, home-made bread, baked under a ‘kettle’ or pot; kettle-broth (see quot.); kettlecase, a popular name of Orchis mascula; kettledock, a popular name of the Ragwort, Senecio Jacobæa; also applied to the Broad-leaved Dock, Rumex obtusifolius (Britt. & H., Miller Plant-n.); kettle-faced a., having a face as black as a kettle; † kettle-fats = battery 14; † kettle-fish, small fish; kettle-furnace, (a) a basket-furnace in which lead or solder is melted for plumbing; (b) a furnace for heating a kettle; kettle-holder, a piece of cloth or the like used in lifting a kettle, to protect the hand from the heated handle; transf. a kind of small bonnet; kettle hole, a depression in the ground thought to have been formed by the melting of an ice block trapped in glacial deposits, esp. one that is circular and deep; freq. attrib. in kettle-hole lake = kettle lake; kettle lake, a lake in a kettle hole; kettleman, † (a) ? = kettler; (b) (also kettle man) one who attends to a kettle in various industries; kettle-maw, the angler (fish); † kettle-mill, a device for raising water; kettle moraine Geomorphol. [orig. applied as a proper name to such a moraine in Wisconsin], moraine characterized by the presence of numerous kettle holes; kettle-net, a form of net used in fishing for mackerel.
1881E. Ingersoll Oyster-Industry 245 *Kettle bail, a dredge used in catching scallops, which has the blade adjusted to swing in the eyes of the arms, in order to prevent its sinking into the mud of the soft bottom on which it is used. 1887G. B. Goode Fisheries U.S.: Hist. & Methods II. 571 The dredge for a soft bottom differs from the other in having the ‘blade’ adjusted to swing in the ‘eyes’ of the arms in order to prevent its sinking into the mud. This is called the ‘kettle-bail’ style of dredge.
1897Daily News 9 Dec. 10/3 A question of cigar-lighting or *kettle-boiling.
1882Edna Lyall Donovan xx. 239 Donovan sat down with the farmer and his wife to broth and ‘*kettle bread’.
1880E. G. O'Reilly Sussex Stor. II. 187 (E.D.D.) ‘*Kettle-broth’..consists of pieces of stale bread liberally moistened with boiling water, and besprinkled with salt and pepper.
1680Otway Caius Marius ii. i, I'm an honest, black, tauny, *Kettle-fac'd Fellow.
1812J. Smyth Pract. of Customs (1821) 120 Metal prepared; and Battery, which are commonly called *Kettle Fats. This last is known by the dint of the mill-hammers upon the kettles.
1630in Descr. Thames (1758) 69 That no Peter-man..take any Flounders, or any other short Fish which they have usually called *Kettle-Fish.
1861Geo. Eliot Silas M. 32 A small bit of pork suspended from the *kettle-hanger.
1813M. Edgeworth Let. 1 May (1971) 32 After having admired..a picture of Cromwell and Fanny's *kettle-holder we sallied forth. 1853C. M. Yonge Heir of Redclyffe I. 101 Charlotte worked a kettle-holder. 1867Morn. Star 17 Sept. 5 The small bonnets, which are known as ‘kettle-holders’. 1887Stevenson in Scribner's Mag. I. 612/2 A kettle-holder in Berlin wool.
1882Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. XXXI. 395 The kames of Cherry Valley..are composed of stratified water-worn gravel,..and, as a series of conical hills and reticulated ridges, enclosing ‘*kettle holes’, form conspicuous objects in the centre of the valley. 1889G. F. Wright Ice Age N. Amer. 11 A true terminal moraine is made up of knolls and bowl-shaped depressions called kettle-holes. 1895J. D. Dana Man. Geol. (ed. 4) 970 Kettle-holes are bowl-shaped depressions, usually 30 to 50 feet deep and 100 to 500 feet in larger diameter. Each depression..was the resting-place, and often the burial-place, of a huge mass of ice that became detached during the melting. 1902Gilbert & Brigham Introd. Physical Geogr. vi. 143 Many lakes with steep rims in the midst of much glacial waste are known as Kettle-hole Lakes. 1930Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. LXXXVI. 112 Numerous lakes and pools lying in kettle-holes dot the surface of the moraine. 1957G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. i. 90 The exact nature of such basins depends largely on the details of the process of deglaciation..producing an extraordinary number of kettle-hole lakes in North America. 1970Dorr & Eschman Geol. Michigan vii. 151/2 Most of the smaller inland lakes of Michigan occupy kettle-holes.
1485Naval Acc. Hen. VII (1896) 51 Potte hokes..j, *ketle hokes..ij.
1914Prof. Papers U.S. Geol. Survey No. 82. 163 Till or similar impervious material appears to be present in considerable amounts, as indicated by the numerous springs, *kettle lakes, and similar features. 1968R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Geomorphol. 587/2 The hollow is frequently water filled, so that it forms a kettle lake, kettle pond or swamp.
1920‘K. Mansfield’ Bliss 44 They spent half their time..dosing him with various awful mixtures concocted by Pip, and kept secretly by him in a broken jug covered with an old *kettle lid.
c1483Caxton Dialogues 46/37 Ysaac the *ketelmaker Gyveth four ketellis.
1629in New Romney Par. Reg., Thomas Well, *Kittleman [buried]. 1833B. Silliman Man. Sugar Cane 15 The manner in which the hands are distributed during the cutting season is the following..forty hands with knives..six kettle men. 1960Classification of Occupations (General Register Office) 51/2 Kettleman—gelatin, glue, size mfr...metal mfr...oil seed crushing. 1963Lebende Sprachen VIII. 130/2 Kettleman.
a1798Pennant Journ. fr. Lond. to Isle of Wight (1801) II. 74 The common angler..from the vast width of its mouth, it is called here the *Kettle-maw.
1570Dee Math. Pref. 37 The sundry wayes to force water to ascend, eyther by Tympane, *Kettell mills [etc.]. 1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. (1586) 49 b, Some pump to be made, or Kettle-Mill, or such like, as may serve the turne of a naturall streame.
[1883T. C. Chamberlin Geol. Wisconsin: Survey of 1873–79 I. i. xv. 275 That portion of the moraine which..was formed by the joint action of the Green Bay and Lake Michigan glaciers, constitutes a succession of irregular hills and ridges, locally known as the Kettle Range, from the peculiar depressions which characterize it... As this moraine will need a specific name to distinguish it from other similar accumulations, the term *Kettle Moraine may fittingly be applied to it.] 1889G. F. Wright Ice Age N. Amer. vii. 120 Attention was first directed..by President T. C. Chamberlin to the character and connection of the kettle-moraine in Wisconsin. 1897W. B. Scott Introd. Geol. viii. 155 When such masses melt they form depressions in the mound and give rise to the ‘kettle moraines’. 1937Wooldridge & Morgan Physical Basis Geogr. xxii. 387 Mounds and ridges of gravelly drift are referred to in British glacial literature as eskers and kames, or, generally, as kettle-drift or kettle-moraine. 1970B. B. Luckman in C. A. Lewis Glaciations Wales viii. 176 (heading) The Kington-Orleton kettle moraine.
1881L. R. Hamersly Naval Encycl. U.S., *Kettle-net, a net formerly used in catching mackerel.
1843Thackeray Irish Sk.-Bk. II. 278 Thus it was I drew her Scouring of a kettle... That sweet *kettle-scrubber!
1881C. Schreiber Jrnl. 1 Nov. (1911) II. 367 Found a fine old *kettle stand..and a few minutes after had the good luck to find the kettle to fit. 1960H. Hayward Antique Coll. 157/1 Kettle-stand, a special stand which was introduced with tea-drinking in the later 17th-cent., of two main kinds. (a) A small table..with a gallery or raised edge round the top... (b) A box-like arrangement set on four legs. 1970D. Ash Dict. Eng. Antique Furniture 92/2 Kettle-stands were lower than contemporary tripod tables so that the kettle, mounted on its lamp-stand, would be at a convenient height.
1881Leslie tr. Nordenskiöld's Voy. ‘Vega’ II. xv. 291 A high plain..interrupted at many places by deep *kettle valleys.
Hence ˈkettled a. Geol., worn into kettle-shaped hollows.
1898Amer. Geologist Nov. 298 Crevasses and moulins would be formed..producing such a profusely kettled surface as in the Glacier Garden. |