| 释义 |
▪ I. kernel, n.1|ˈkɜːnəl|
Forms: α. 1 cyrnel, 2–6 curnel, (3–6 kurnel, 5 curnyll, 6– -ell), 5–8 cornel, (6 -ell), 6 coornel(l. β. 3–7 kirnel, (4 -elle, 6–7 -ell), 5–6 kyrnel, (-ele, etc.) γ. 5–7 kernell, -e, 4– kernel. δ. 4–6 karnel, 4–7 carnell, (6 -ill), 5–7 carnel.
[OE. cyrnel, dim. of corn seed, grain, corn:—OTeut. *kurnilo-. Cf. (without umlaut) MHG. kornel a grain, MDu. cornel coarse meal; also MDu. kernel (f. kern; see kern n.2). OE. cyrnel gave ME. curnel in south. and kirnel in midl. and north. dial.; from curnel came cornel, coornel, while kirnel became kernel, whence again carnel.]
†1. A seed; esp. the seed contained within any fruit; the pip of an apple or similar fruit; a grape-stone. Obs. exc. dial.
αc1000ælfric Hom. I. 236 Men ᵹeseoð oft þæt of anum lytlum cyrnele cymð micel treow. c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 7/218 Ane Appel þare-of he nam And bi-tok Seth þreo curneles þar-of. 13..Creation (Vernon MS.) in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1878) 226 Þreo curnels of an appel þe angel tok. c1420Pallad. on Husb. x. 163 By cornels or sleuynge The bisynesse of settynge [apples] ful wel spende is. 1572L. Mascall Plant. & Graff. (1592) 61 Apples,..in a leape yeere (as some do say) the Curnelles or Pepines, are turned contrarie. 1653J. Hall Paradoxes 96 They may dye by the cornel of the grape. 1738[G. Smith] Curious Relat. II. v. 150 Take some of the Cornels of Pine-Apples.
βa1300Cursor M. 1385 Mani kirnels of a tre mast. a1400–50Alexander 2070 The kyng..on þe kirnels [= onion-seed] bote. c1440Promp. Parv. 276/1 Kyrnel of frute, granum, granellum. 1573Tusser Husb. (1878) 85 Sowe kirnels and hawe, where ridge ye did drawe. 1632Sanderson Serm. 554 A kirnel sprowt and grow into a tree.
γ1495Trevisa's Barth. De P.R. xvii. cxxii. (W. de W.) 684 Whan the pyne appyll kernell shall be vsed: it nedyth to hete easely all the pyne appyll vpon coles. 1599H. Buttes Dyets drie Dinner C vij, Granatum, or Pome-granate, of his multitude of grains or kernels. 1601Shakes. All's Well ii. iii. 276 1650 Fuller Pisgah ii. x. 219 Grapes of goodly greatness; yea the Hebrews report them to have been without any kernels. 1764Harmer Observ. iii. v. 209 The pounded kernels of dates. 1863Barnes Dorset Gloss., Kernel,..commonly applied to the pips of pomaceous fruit.
δc1375Cursor M. 1385 (Laud) Thise carnellis lest & most Come from the holy gost. 1375Creation 800 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1878) 134 Þat angel ȝaf him þre Karnelis of þat appel-tre. 1534More Treat. on Passion Wks. 1282/2 All the sowre crabes..do take theyr sowrenes of the carnell whereof the tree grew. 1609Bible (Douay) Ps. viii. Comm., The huskes and carnels [of grapes] cast to hogges.
2. The softer (usually edible) part contained within the hard shell of a nut or stone-fruit.
c1000Sax. Leechd. III. 134 And oþera hnutena cyrnlu. c1175Lamb. Hom. 79 Me brekeð þe nute for to habbene þe curnel. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 14682 Luytel notes þey toke, & holede þem, þe kerneles out schoke. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xi. 253 After þat bitter barke Is a kirnelle [v.r. curnel] of conforte. c1440Gesta Rom. lvi. 373 (Addit. MS.) The ape wil gladly Ete the kyrnell of the note, for it is swete. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 5 b, As the shale of the nut to be broken that he may fede of the cornell. 1583Stubbes Anat. Abus. ii. (1882) 72 Bicause he cannot come by the carnell at the first, will therefore cast awaie both the nut and the carnell. 1640Quarles Enchirid. ii. xxxvi, He..casts away the Kirnell, because hee hath lost the Shell. 1780Cowper Progr. Err. 419 We slight the precious kernel of the stone, And toil to polish its rough coat alone. 1865Kingsley Herew. xii, A man..so strong that he could shake a nut till the kernel went to powder.
3. The body of a seed within its husk or integuments:
a. A grain of wheat or other cereal or graminaceous plant.
a1225Ancr. R. 260 Heo breken þe eares bi þe weie & gniden þe cornes [MS. T. curnles] ut. 1483Caxton Cato 2 b, At theyre ful rypyng there is no carnel ne good corn but chaff for the mooste parte. 1599H. Buttes Dyets drie Dinner E viij b, Rize. Bright and cleare kernels, like Pearles Margarite. 1610A. Willet Daniel 195 The henne..contemneth a pearle, and preferreth a barley curnell. 1744–50W. Ellis Mod. Husbandm. III. ii. 8 Long heads [of wheat] full of plump milky kernels. 1891S. C. Scrivener Our Fields & Cities 146 The grain could not multiply to its natural extent when thirty kernels are thrown down upon a square foot of soil.
b. Of other seeds.
1796Withering Brit. Plants (ed. 3) II. 307 Seeds thread-shaped, containing a kernel at the base. 1838T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 898 Bonastre employed the same method to analyze the husk and the kernel of the seeds [of Jamaica pepper]. 1846J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) II. 251 Good seed [sainfoin] may be known by the husks being of a bright colour, the kernel full and plump. 1880Gray Struct. Bot. (ed. 6) 417/2 Kernel, the nucleus of an ovule, or of a seed, i.e., the whole body within the coats.
4. A morbid formation of rounded form in any part of the body; esp. an enlarged gland in the neck or groin; an inflamed tonsil. Usually in pl. Now chiefly dial.
wax or waxing kernels, a popular term for enlarged lymphatic glands in children, esp. in the neck.
c1000Sax. Leechd. II. 240 Missenlica adla..cyrnelu uneaðlacnu & þam ᵹelic. c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 4 Of scrofules & glandeles þat buþ curnellys þat comyth in þe fflessch. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 326/1 Of kyrnellys and botches of his face. 1528Paynel Salerne's Regim. R, By kyrnels are vnderstande impostumes, whiche commonly chance vnder y⊇ arme pittis and in the groynes. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 197 The flesh of goats decocted in water take[s] away all bunches and kernels in the body. 1711Lond. Gaz. No. 4921/4 A Kernel on the near side of his Neck. 1886W. Som. Word-bk., Kernels are very frequent with some individuals, and are often painful.
5. a. A gland or glandular body; a tonsil; a lymphatic gland or ganglion; a rounded fatty mass (see quot. 1790). Now rare or dial.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. v. lxii. (MS. Bodl.) lf. 31/2 Þe curnels vnder þe tunge þat bredeþ þe spotell to saue þe mouþe tunge..[from] greete drynes. c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 84 Glandeles, þat ben kirnelis [MS. B. kurnellys] þat ben in þe ground [= groin]. 1533Elyot Cast. Helthe (1539) 31 b, The kernelles and gristell..if they be well digested they make good nourishment. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 530 The beginning of this disease is in the Almonds, or kernels of the throat. 1674Boyle Excell. Theol. ii. iii. 148 That little kernel in the brain, called by many writers the Conarion. 1790W. Marshall Midl. Counties (1796) II. (E.D.S.), Kernel, a bundle of fat before the shoulder of cattle: the shift. 1893Brit. Med. Jrnl. 15 Apr. 812 The thyroid [in the calf] is situated at the upper part of the neck..though the lobes are closer together than in man, they are spoken of as two, each being named a ‘kernel’ or ‘gland’.
b. dial. The dug of a heifer. Craven Dial. (1828).
6.
†a. A granule, as of sand or salt. Obs.
c1440Jacob's Well 230 Þe kyrnelys of þe grauel or of sande arn wyth-oute noumbre. 1564Becon Nosegay in Early Wks. (Parker Soc.) 206 Who having but a kernel of christian salt in his breast, will not hang wholly on this God? a1825Forby Voc. E. Anglia s.v., A kernel of salt.
†b. Mining. (See quot.) Obs. rare—1.
1757tr. Henckel's Pyritol. 333 Kernel is the best and richest small ore.
7. a. The nucleus of any structure or formation; a core; a centre of formation.
1641Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 24 The lambes stones..are accounted a very dainty dish, being fryed with parsley;..after they are fryed browne, yow are to take of the uppermost filmes, and to eate nothinge but the very innermost kernells. 1665–6Phil. Trans. I. 301 The Head..having in its middle onely one round, but very bright and big Kernel or speck. 1692Ray Dissol. World iii. (1732) 21 The middle Part or as he calls it the Kernel of the Mountain. 1793Holcroft tr. Lavater's Physiog. xii. 63 This point may be called the kernel of the future bone. 1799Kirwan Geol. Ess. 49 The solid kernel of the globe. 1850J. Leitch tr. C.O. Müller's Anc. Art (ed. 2) §85 Those images of the gods..in which a kernel of wood was overlaid with ivory and gold. 1867Freeman Norm. Conq. I. iv. 186 This settlement, the kernel of the great Norman Duchy.
b. A crystal or almond-shaped nodule of some mineral embedded in a trappean rock or the like.
1839Murchison Silur. Syst. i. xxxvi. 500 The trap is, for the most part, an amygdaloidal greenstone, containing kernels of white calcareous spar.
c. A stone consisting of a nodule.
1892Skating & Curling 344 (Badm. Libr.), If it can be secured as a boulder or kernel, it is perhaps of all stones the best.
d. Chem. = core n.1 7 f.
1916G. N. Lewis in Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. XXXVIII. 768 In every atom is an essential kernel which remains unaltered in all ordinary chemical changes. Ibid. 769 It must not be assumed..that the distinction between kernel and shell is absolutely hard and fast. 1927E. N. da C. Andrade Struct. Atom (ed. 3) xv. 552 The interaction of the outer electrons with one another is large compared to the interaction of the single electrons with the core. We may refer to it as the kernel scheme. 1927[see core n.1 7 f]. 1957Sienko & Plane Chem. iii. 64 The letters represent the entire core, or kernel, of the atom.
8. a. fig. The core or central part of anything non-material; the gist of a narrative, the basis of a system, etc.
1556J. Heywood Spider & F. lxxviii. 73 Of my tale: the verie carnell or core, Must stand on two points. 1806A. Knox in Mem. I. 13 That which is the kernel of Christianity—to be spiritually minded. 1843Carlyle Past & Pr. iv. ii, Wherein lies for him the true kernel of the matter.
b. Linguistics. (i) The stem or common basis of a set of inflectional forms, such as lach- in the German verb lachen; (ii) in full kernel sentence (in an early version of transformational grammar), a relatively simple sentence that results from the application of only a few (obligatory) transformations, and to which other sentences may be related by further transformations; a set of such sentences.
1894O. Jespersen Progress in Language vi. 143, I shall have to separate word and case-ending, as far as this is feasible... We want a special term for this distinction; and I propose to call the substantial part of the word, felt as such by the instinct of each generation as something apart from the ending (eag in the example chosen [sc. O.E. eage]), the kernel of the word, while eagan is the historic ‘stem’. 1918Amer. Jrnl. Philol. XXXIX. 91, I think it unfortunate that the author feels it necessary to use the term kernel in place of the now generally used name root. 1933L. Bloomfield Lang. xiii. 225 This lach-, strictly speaking, is a bound form; it is called the kernel or stem of the paradigm.
1957N. Chomsky Syntactic Structures v. 45 We define the kernel of the language (in terms of the grammar G) as the set of sentences that are produced when we apply obligatory transformations to the terminal strings. 1961R. B. Long Sentence & its Parts 494 ‘Kernels’. This term is applied to stripped-down nucleuses. 1963J. Lyons Structural Semantics ii. 14 It appears that the kernel for English consists of simple, active, declarative sentences. 1969Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics XV. 25 Sentences of the form she is eager to please demand that the subject, but no other nominal, of their embedded kernels be deleted. 1969Neuphilol. Mitt. LXX. 204 The oft-repeated claim that all ‘well-formed’ sentences of a language are derivable from a single syntactic kernel is clearly unfounded.
c. Math. [tr. G. kern (D. Hilbert 1904, in Nachrichten von d. Königl. Ges. d. Wissensch. zu Göttingen (Math.-physik. Kl.) 49).] A function of two or more variables which, multiplied by one or more functions each of just one of the variables, constitutes the integrand of an integral with respect to these latter variables. (Orig. defined for integral equations in which the kernel is known and the other function(s) unknown, but now used in other situations also.)
1909M. Bôcher Introd. Study Integral Equations 13 Comparing Abel's equation..with Liouville's equation..we see that they come respectively under the following types: f(x) = ∫xaK(x, ξ)u(ξ)dξ [and] u(x) = f(x) + ∫xa K(x, ξ)u(ξ)dξ in which f(x) and K(x, ξ) are to be regarded as known functions and u(x) is the function to be determined... K is called the kernel of these equations. 1924W. V. Lovitt Linear Integral Equations i. 6 An integral equation is also said to be singular if the kernel becomes infinite for one or more points of the interval under discussion. 1962Newnes Conc. Encycl. Nucl. Energy 762/2 The function P(r, r0, E, E0) is called the slowing-down kernel of the moderator. It cannot, in general, be calculated exactly, but various approximations have been developed. 1971J. W. Miles Integral Transforms in Appl. Math. i. 1 We define F(p) = ∫ba K(p, x)f(x)dx to be an integral transform of the function f(x); K(p, x), a prescribed function of p and x, is the kernel of the transform.
d. Math. The set of all the elements that are mapped by a given homomorphism into the identity element (for the group operation in the case of groups, for addition in the case of rings).
1946E. Lehmer tr. Pontrjagin's Topological Groups i. 11 The set of all the elements of the group G which go into the identity of the group G* under the homomorphism g is called the kernel of this homomorphism. 1959G. & R. C. James Math. Dict. 224/2 If a homomorphism maps a ring R onto a ring R*, then the kernel of the homomorphism is the set I of elements which map onto the zero element of R*. 1971G. Glauberman in Powell & Higman Finite Simple Groups i. 9 Since ϕ maps G into an abelian group, (G′ is contained in the kernel of ϕ.
9. attrib. and Comb., as kernel bed, kernel flavour, kernel oil, kernel refuse; (sense 8 b (ii)) kernel string, kernel word; kernel-bearing, kernel-breaking, kernel-like adjs.; † kernel-fruit, fruit having seeds or pips (distinguished from stone-fruit); so kernel fruit-tree; † kernel-relished a., flavoured with seeds or kernels; kernel sentence: see quot. 1968 and 8 b (ii) above; kernel-substance, the substance forming the nucleus of an ovum or other cell; nuclein; † kernel-water: see quot.; † kernel-wort, the figwort, Scrophularia nodosa.
1667Phil. Trans. II. 511 Those that are *Kernel-bearing Animals, or chewing the Cud.
1693Evelyn De la Quint. Compl. Gard. Dict. s.v. Beds, *Kernel Beds are Nursery Beds, wherein the Seed or Kernels of Kernel Fruit are sown in order to raise Stocks to Graff upon.
1887C. A. Moloney Forestry W. Afr. 65 *Kernel-breaking machines have been introduced.
1791E. Darwin Bot. Gard. ii. 92 note, Apricot-kernels, peach-leaves..and whatever possesses the *kernel-flavour.
1612Drayton Poly-olb. xviii. 298 Pippin, which we hold of *kernell-fruits the king. 1693Evelyn De la Quint. Compl. Gard. I. Dict. s.v. Fruit, Kernel-Fruit, is Fruit that comes of Kernels or Seeds, as Apples, Pears, Quinces. 1719London & Wise Compl. Gard. 41 The time that Kernel Fruit-Trees require before they attain to a fit Age for Bearing.
1898P. Manson Trop. Diseases xxxi. 472 Hard *kernel-like pieces can be felt in their interior.
1877A. B. Horton in Moloney Forestry W. Afr. (1887) 41 Second Palm *Kernel Oil.
1708J. Philips Cyder ii. 63 Blissful Cups Of *Kernell-relish'd Fluids.
1957N. Chomsky Syntactic Structures viii. 89 Both ‘the hunters shoot’ and ‘they shoot the hunters’ are *kernel sentences. 1968J. Lyons Introd. Theoret. Ling. vi. 256 A kernel sentence..is any sentence which is generated from a single kernel string without the application of any optional transformations. 1972Science 23 June 1304/1 The basic units of information in language are the ‘kernel sentences’—primitive nondecomposable sentences that can be modified and combined in various ways..to produce a very large number of different messages.
1957N. Chomsky Syntactic Structures viii. 88 Alternative transformational developments from the same *kernel strings.
1706Phillips, *Kernel-water,..Liquor made of the Kernels of Cherries and Apricocks, pounded and steep'd in Brandy.
1965Language XLI. 392 Variants occurring under unique operators or *kernel-words.
1597Gerarde Herbal ii. ccxlv. (1633) 717 Figwort or *Kernel Wort is called in Latin Scrophularia major.
▸ Computing. The most basic level or core of an operating system, which allocates system resources to the other parts of the operating system and to the programs that run under it, may manage files and memory, and is responsible for low-level hardware interfaces.
1972K. C. Sevcik et al. in Proc. AFIPS Conf. 41 i. 332/1 The Kernel is a layer of software which uses the hardware to implement processes.., protection, simple management of memory channels, and timing facilities. 1984B. W. Kernighan & R. Pike UNIX Programming Environment i. 1 What is ‘UNIX’? In the narrowest sense, it is a time-sharing operating system kernel: a program that controls the resources of a computer and allocates them among its users. 1989Byte Aug. 126/1 Apple intends to create a new operating system that depends on a brand-new system kernel. 1992Sun World May 49/2 Alisa and Pacer may require the kernel to be reconfigured, especially if you aren't running a generic kernel. 1999Personal Computer World Feb. 237/2 The bootloader..uses primitive BIOS calls to install the Linux kernel and kick the system into life.
▪ II. † ˈkernel, n.2 Obs.
Forms: α. 3–7 kernel, (pl. 3 kerneaus), 4 cernel, 5 kernell. β. (chiefly north.) 3–6 kirnel, (5 -elle), 4–6 kyrnell, (5 -elle,) 5–6 kyrnale, (5 -aill, -eill).
[a. ONF. kernel in same sense, variant (by metathesis) of OF. crenel (now créneau); see crenel. A third OF. form, carnel, quarnel (mod.F. carneau) gave ME. carnel and cornel1.]
An indentation or embrasure in the battlement of a wall; = crenel n. 1. Also pl. (rarely sing.) = battlements.
a1225Ancr. R. 62 And nis heo..to folherdi, þet halt hire heaued baldeliche uorð vt iþen open kernel..Þe kerneaus of þe castel beoð hire huses þurles. a1300Cursor M. 10016 Þe bailles thre o þat castel, Þat ar sa wel wroght wit kirnel [Gött. cernel]. c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 326 Wallis & kirnels stoute þe stones doun bette. c1400Rom. Rose 4195 In the kernels heere and there, Of arblasters grete plente were. c1425Wyntoun Cron. ii. i. 37 Ane archare in a kyrnale stude. c1430Pilgr. Lyf Manhode i. iii. (1869) 2 At þe kernelles ouer þe yate..j seyh þe penselles hanginge. 1560Rolland Crt. Venus ii. 586 With subtill wark it was sa roborat. Properlie alswa with kirnalis weill quadrat. 1652Urquhart Jewel Wks. (1834) 196 Outjetting of kernels, erecting of prickets, barbicans, and such like.
▪ III. † kernel, n.3
obs. form of cornel3.
1655Moufet & Bennet Health's Improv. (1746) 301 Kernels or Corneols are of a very astringent and binding Taste.
▪ IV. kernel, v.1|ˈkɜːnəl|
Also 5 kyr-, 8 kir-.
[f. kernel n.1
An OE. cyrnlian is implied in ᵹecyrnlude appla (rendering L. mala granata (Napier O.E. Glosses 102/3841).]
†1. intr. To form kernels or seed. Of land: To produce grain or corn. Obs.
1483Cath. Anl. 204/1 To kyrnelle, granare, granere, granescere, inchoatiuum. 1611Florio, Inglandulire,..to glandulate, to kernell. 1707Mortimer Husb. i. v. vii. (1708) 108 In Staffordshire they sow Garden-Rouncivals in the Fields, and find them to kernel well. a1722Lisle Husb. 110 This ground kirnelled very fine.
2. trans. To enclose as a kernel in its shell.
1652Benlowes Theoph. xii. xliv, Though in rough shels our bodies kerneld are Our roof is neat. 1869Blackmore Lorna D. xvii, The lilacs and the woodbines, just crowding forth in little tufts, close kernelling their blossom.
▪ V. ˈkernel, v.2 Obs. exc. Hist.
Also 5 Sc. kyr-.
[a. ONF. kerneler, variant of carneler, creneler (mod.F. créneler), f. kernel, crenel kernel n.2]
trans. To furnish with embrasures or battlements; to crenellate. (Cf. next.)
1377Langl. P. Pl. B. v. 597 Alle þe wallis ben of witte..And kerneled with crystendome. c1425Wyntoun Cron. ii. i. 109 And kyrnalit it perfytly. 1610Holland Camden's Brit. i. 753 Licence to fortifie and kernel his mansion house, that is to embatle it. 1747Carte Hist. Eng. I. 688 It is evident..that no body could erect a castle or kernel a house..without a license from the king. 1796Pegge Anonym. ix. xxxv. (1809) 410 The manor-houses..are called..castles in case they had the privilege of being kernelled.
Hence ˈkernelled ppl. a.
1706Phillips, Kernelled Walls, Walls built with Cranies or Notches, for the better Conveniency of shooting. 1789Brand Hist. Newcastle I. 172 The Keep, or Great Tower..had, no doubt a kernelled battlement. |