| 释义 |
reinforcement|riːɪnˈfɔəsmənt|
[f. reinforce v. + -ment; cf. re-enforcement and F. renforcement.]
†1. A renewal of force; a fresh assault. Obs.—1
1607Shakes. Cor. ii. ii. 117 He..aydelesse came off, And with a sudden re-inforcement strucke Corioles like a Planet.
2. a. The act of reinforcing with fresh troops.
1617Moryson Itin. ii. 187 We haue..commanded..the said Sir Arthur himselfe to march vp with a thousand of the best men to your reinforcement in Mounster.
b. A fresh supply of men to assist or strengthen a military or naval force.
1646H. Lawrence Com. & Warw. Angels 187 If souldiers be weake, or succumbe in fight, they send to their Generall for supplies and reinforcements. 1683Temple Mem. Wks. 1731 I. 393 With some of these new Troops, and a Reinforcement from Flanders. 1732T. Lediard Sethos II. ix. 276 He..had just receiv'd..a reinforcement of 30,000 men. 1781Gibbon Decl. & F. xxvi. II. 612 His army was strengthened by a numerous reinforcement of veterans. 1826Scott Woodst. xv, The trooper, who goes to Oxford for the reinforcement. 1847Prescott Peru (1850) II. 258 Francisco Pizarro had remained at Lima, anxiously awaiting the arrival of the reinforcements which he had requested.
c. An additional supply or contribution.
1766Compl. Farmer s.v. Madder, He was so kind as to make me a present of an hundred sets of them; and this little reinforcement, added to what I had raised of my own [etc.]. 1889Pater G. de Latour (1896) 192 Great reinforcements of sympathy.
3. a. Augmentation of strength or force; the act of strengthening or increasing in any way.
1651Cromwell Let. 26 July in Carlyle, He hath lately gotten great provisions of meal, and reinforcement of his strength out of the North. 1667Milton P.L. i. 190 What reinforcement we may gain from Hope. 1734Waterland Doctr. Trinity vii. Wks. 1823 V. 287 Their faith may be both strengthened and brightened by this additional re⁓inforcement. 1882Spencer Princ. Sociol., Pol. Inst. 349 This re-inforcement of natural power by super⁓natural power.
b. spec. Increase in the intensity or amplitude of sound.
1879Prescott Sp. Telephone 51 It was found that each vowel position caused the reinforcement of some particular fork or forks. 1937A. T. Jones Sound viii. 198 When the stem of a vibrating tuning fork is placed on top of a wooden table or other extended wooden surface there is also a reinforcement of the sound. 1959E. Pulgram Introd. Spectrography of Speech vii. 58 This gain in amplitude is obtained in exchange for loss of duration, for a tuning fork thus placed for reinforcement will cease to operate more quickly than one not so placed. 1969L. F. Yerges Sound, Noise, & Vibration Control 70 Today..deliberate ‘electrical’ amplification is the more significant means of sound reinforcement. Ibid. 145 Reinforcement is usually necessary in the following spaces: 1. Legitimate theaters with more than 1000 seats. 2. Lecture halls with more than 300 seats. 3. Almost all gymnasiums, arenas, and large assembly halls.
c. Psychol. (An act of) strengthening or establishing of a response, esp. in learning theory through the repetition of a rewarding or painful stimulus, or the satisfaction of a need; also attrib.
1876W. James Coll. Ess. & Rev. (1920) 31 The whole question of its predetermination relates to the intensity of the degree of reinforcement with which the triumphant representation occurs. 1906C. S. Sherrington Integrative Action Nervous Syst. v. 175 This reinforcement is significant of the solidarity of the whole spinal mechanism. 1927G. V. Anrep tr. Pavlov's Conditioned Reflexes vii. 117 The first method consisted in repeating the definite conditioned stimulus a great number of times always accompanied by reinforcement. 1948E. R. Hilgard Theories of Learning iv. 84 Primary reinforcement..is identified with diminution of need. Secondary reinforcement is mediated by a stimulus which has been closely and consistently associated with the need reduction. Ibid. xii. 347 Doubts about this basic pattern for reinforcement theory have been expressed frequently throughout the preceding chapters. 1953C. E. Osgood Method & Theory in Experim. Psychol. ix. 376 The two crucial conditions for learning [in Hull's system] are thus contiguity and reinforcement. 1960J. B. Carroll in Saporta & Bastian Psycholinguistics (1961) 333/1 A purely Pavlovian or Watsonian view of language learning has been supplanted generally by some variety of reinforcement theory. 1963Listener 7 Feb. 238/1 The pleasures of gambling, right up to the time the ruined rake rises from the table to shoot himself, are..due to ‘the principle of intermittent reinforcement’. 1973Howard Jrnl. XIII. 269 If reinforcement techniques can circumvent this double-bind situation, they may be justified.
4. The act of enforcing anew. Now rare.
1641Smectymnuus Answ. ii. (1653) 10 There are two specious Arguments which this Remonstrant brings to perswade this desired re-inforcement. 1657Stalham (title) The Reviler rebuked: or a Reinforcement of the Charges against the Quakers. 1676in Marvell Mr. Smirke Wks. (Grosart) IV. 75 Openly to break so many known laws of the Land, after so many reinforcements, is not this to be turbulent? 1873Phillimore Eccl. Law I. 649 The following canon, in the main of it, was only a re-inforcement of one of the Lord Cromwell's injunctions.
5. The strengthening structure or material employed in reinforced concrete or plastic.
1905G. J. Fiebeger Civil Engin. xxi. 405 A beam may have its reinforcement on the tension side only, or on both the tension and compression sides of the neutral axis. 1958Engineering 14 Mar. 350/1 Adequate cover to the reinforcement, including binding wires and stirrups, is essential, as is the elimination of all unnecessary steelwork. 1973Materials & Technol. VI. viii. 521 The resin and the reinforcement, cut to size, are introduced separately into the mould. 1974Encycl. Brit. Macropædia XIV. 519/1 Reinforcements [for plastics] include cotton and asbestos flocks; glass fibres, chopped or in the form of rovings, mats, or monofilaments; carbon fibres; and mineral whiskers.
[5.] For def. read: That which reinforces or strengthens; spec. (a) the strengthening structure or material employed in reinforced concrete or plastic; (b) a small adhesive ring of paper or plastic placed over a punched hole (in filing paper) and designed to prevent the paper from tearing. (Further examples.)
1948C. E. Chapel Aircraft Basic Sci. ii. 84/2 The true monocoque has as its only reinforcement vertical bulkheads formed of structural members. 1963E. H. Edwards Saddlery xiv. 96 The head and gullet are strengthened with steel plates and there is also a steel reinforcement laid on to the underside of the tree. 1963R. L. Collison Mod. Business Filing & Archives v. 84 For precision work lever punches, with sliding guides for correct positioning, and self-adhesive linen reinforcements, are necessary. 1967P. Roth Portnoy's Complaint (1971) 14 Patiently fastens reinforcements to a term's worth of three-ringed paper, lined and unlined both. |