| 释义 |
iso-|aɪsəʊ|
before a vowel sometimes is-, combining form of Gr. ἴσος equal, used in numerous terms, nearly all scientific, the second element being properly and usually of Greek origin, rarely of Latin (the proper prefix in the latter case being equi-). The more important of these words are treated in their alphabetical places; others, of less importance or frequency, follow here.
Many recent words of this class are terms of Physical Geography, Meteorology, etc. formed on the analogy of isotherm, isothere, isochimenal, the Fr. originals of which were introduced by A. von Humboldt in 1817.
a. isabˈnormal a. and n., (a line on a map, etc.) connecting places having equal deviation of the mean temperature (for some particular period) from the normal temperature due to the latitude; also iso-abnormal. isaˈcoustic a., (a) applied to a curve passing through those points (in a theatre, concert-room, etc.) at which a speaker or performer may be heard equally well; (b) Seismology, applied to a line (imaginary or on a map) connecting places where an equal percentage of observers heard the sound of an earthquake. isadelphous |aɪsəˈdɛlfəs| a. Bot. [cf. adelphous], having diadelphous stamens with the same number in each bundle. iˈsandrous a. Bot. [see -androus], having stamens equal in number to the parts of the perianth. iˈsanomal a. and n. = isabnormal; hence isaˈnomaly n. (also isonomaly); also used with reference to other kinds of anomaly (see quots.). isaˈnomalous a., (of a line) isabnormal; (of a map) depicting such lines. iˈsantherous a. Bot., having the anthers equal or alike. isanˈthesical a. (see quot.). iˈsanthous a. Bot. [Gr. ἄνθος flower], having the parts of the flower equal or alike; having regular flowers. iseidomal |-ˈaɪdəməl| a. [badly f. Gr. εἴδοµαι I am seen, I appear], applied to a curve passing through points (in a theatre, etc.) from which a spectacle may be seen equally well. iseˈnergic a. Physics, indicating equal energy, as a line on a diagram. isenˈthalpic a., of or denoting equal enthalpy. isenˈtropic a. and n. Physics, of equal entropy; (a line on a diagram) indicating successive states of a body in which the entropy remains constant; also, taking place at constant entropy, involving no change in entropy; hence isenˈtropically adv., without a change in entropy. iso-abˈnormal: see isabnormal above. ˌisoacˈcentual a., of verse in which the syllables are of equal length and accent. isoaˈgglutinate v. trans. (also absol.), to cause isoagglutination (of); chiefly in isoaˈgglutinating vbl. n. and ppl. a. ˌisoagglutiˈnation Immunol. [a. G. isoagglutination (A. Klein 1902, in Wiener klin. Wochenschr. XV. 415/1)], agglutination of cells of an individual by a substance obtained from another individual of the same species; so ˌisoaˈgglutinative a., pertaining to or causing isoagglutination. ˌisoaˈgglutinin Immunol., an agglutinin that agglutinates cells of other individuals of the same species as that in which it is found. ˌisoaˈgglutinogen Immunol., a substance that elicits or reacts with an isoagglutinin. isoallele |aɪsəʊˈæliːl| Genetics, an allele indistinguishable from another allele in its effect on the phenotype except when special techniques are employed; hence isoaˈllelic a. isoˈantibody Immunol., an antibody elicited by an isoantigen. isoˈantigen Immunol., an antigen in one individual which is capable of eliciting antibody formation only in other, genetically different, individuals of the same species; so isoantiˈgenic a. iso-auˈrore = isochasm. ˈisobase Geol. [ad. Sw. isobas (G. De Geer 1890, in Geol. Fören. i Stockholm Forhandl. XII. 72), f. Gr. βάσις stepping, step], a line (either imaginary or on a map) connecting points on the earth which have undergone equal amounts of uplift (or more rarely depression) over a period of geological time; hence isoˈbasic a. ˈisobath |-bæθ| [Gr. βάθος depth], a., trade-name for an inkstand with a float so contrived as to keep the ink in the dipping-well at a constant level; n., a line (either imaginary or on a map) joining places where water has equal depth; an underwater contour; isoˈbathic a. isobathytherm |-ˈbæθɪθɜːm| [Gr. βαθύς deep + θέρµη heat], a line connecting points having the same temperature in a vertical section of any part of the sea (also isothermobath); so isobathyˈthermal, -ˈthermic adjs. isobiˈlateral a., having the two sides equal and alike; applied to bilaterally symmetrical leaves in which there is no evident distinction of upper and under surface, as in some species of Iris. isobryous, -brious |aɪˈsɒbrɪəs| a. Bot. [Gr. βρύειν to swell, or βριάειν to be strong], growing with equal vigour on both sides; applied to a dicotyledonous embryo. ˈisobront [Gr. βροντή thunder] (see quot.). isoˈcaloric a., of equal calorific value; hence isocaˈlorically adv., in a way that leaves the calorific value unchanged. isoˈcarpous a. [Gr. καρπός fruit] (see quot.). isoˈcellular a. Biol., consisting of equal cells: better equicellular. isocephaly |-ˈsɛfəlɪ|, -kephaly |-ˈkɛfəlɪ| [Gr. κεϕαλή head], the principle observed in some ancient Greek reliefs, esp. in friezes, of representing the heads of all the figures at nearly the same level. isocercal |-ˈsɜːkəl| a. Ichthyol. [Gr. κέρκος tail], having the tail part of the vertebral column straight, and not bent up; so isocercy |ˈaɪsəʊsɜːsɪ|, the condition of being isocercal. ˈisochasm |-kæz(ə)m| [Gr. χάσµα gap, chasm], a line on a map, etc. connecting places having equal frequency of auroral displays; so isoˈchasmic a. (lines or curves) bounding zones of equal auroral frequency. isoˈchemical a. Geol., taking place with or characterized by constant chemical composition; hence isoˈchemically adv., without a change in chemical composition. ˈisochlor |-klɔː(r)| [chlorine n.], a line (imaginary or on a map) connecting points where the concentration of chlorine in the surface water is the same; ˈisochor |-kɔː(r)| [Gr. χώρα space], a curve connecting points corresponding to equal volumes, on a diagram denoting relations between pressure and temperature; so isochoric |-ˈkɒrɪk| a. isoˈchromosome Cytology, an abnormal chromosome having a pair of identical arms. isochroous |aɪˈsɒkrəʊəs| a. [Gr. χρόα colour], of the same colour throughout (Webster, 1864). isoˈcolloid Chem. [ad. G. isokolloid (W. Ostwald Grundriss der Kolloidchemie (ed. 2, 1911) i. iv. 128)], a colloidal solution in which the disperse phase and the dispersion medium are chemically identical (as ice dispersed in water) or chemically related (as a polymer dispersed in its monomer). isoˈcortex Anat. [mod.L. (C. & O. Vogt 1919, in Jrnl. f. Psychol. u. Neurol. XXV. 293)] = neopallium. isoˈcyclic a. Chem. = homocyclic adj. s.v. homo-. isocyclous |aɪˈsɒsɪkləs| a. Zool. [Gr. ἰσόκυκλος ‘equally round’, f. κύκλος circle], consisting (as the bodies of some arthropoda) of a succession of equal rings. isoˈdactylous a. Zool. [Gr. δάκτυλος digit], having the fore and hind toes or digits equal or alike. isodimorphism |ˌaɪsəʊdaɪˈmɔːfɪz(ə)m|, Cryst. [see dimorphism], ‘isomorphism between the forms severally of two dimorphous substances’ (Webster, 1864); so ˌisodiˈmorphous a., exhibiting isodimorphism. isodont |ˈaɪsəʊdɒnt|, isoˈdontous adjs. Zool. [Gr. ὀδούς tooth], having the teeth all alike, as some cetaceans. iso-ˈecho a., applied to a line on a radar display along which the echo signal (from clouds and the like) has the same strength, and to devices and techniques relating to such lines (as in the detection of rain and atmospheric turbulence). isoenerˈgetic a., having, denoting, or giving rise to equal amounts of energy; taking place at constant energy. ˈisogel Chem., an isocolloid in the form of a gel. isognathous |aɪˈsɒgnəθəs| a. Zool. [Gr. γνάθος jaw], having the molar teeth alike in both jaws. ˈisograd Petrol. [grade n.], a line or surface (either imaginary or in a diagram) joining points where the rock originated under the same conditions of pressure and temperature, as indicated by similarity of facies or metamorphic grade; hence ˈisograde, isoˈgradic adjs., that is an isograd; of the same facies or metamorphic grade. isogynous |aɪˈsɒdʒɪnəs| a. Bot. [see -gynous], having pistils or carpels equal in number to the parts of the perianth. ˈisogyre, a thick band or bow of darkness seen crossing the coloured fringes in an interference pattern. isogyrous |-ˈdʒaɪərəs| a. Bot. rare—0 [Gr. γῦρος circle], forming a complete spiral. ˌisohæmagglutiˈnation (also -hem-) Immunol., isoagglutination of red blood cells. ˌisohæmaˈgglutinin (also -hem-) Immunol., an isoagglutinin which agglutinates red blood cells. ˌisohæmoˈlysin (also -hem-) Immunol., a hæmolysin that lyses red blood cells of other individuals of the same species as that in which it is found. isohaline |-ˈheɪlaɪn| n. Oceanogr. [Gr. ἅλινος of salt], a line (imaginary or on a chart), or an imaginary surface, connecting points which have the same salinity; a., connecting such points; also, of a constant salinity throughout. isoˈhalsine [irreg. f. Gr. ἁλς, ἁλ- salt], a line on a map or chart connecting points at which the waters of the sea have an equal degree of saltness. ˈisohel [Gr. ἥλιος sun], a line (imaginary or on a map) connecting points having the same amount or duration of sunshine; so isohelic |-ˈhiːlɪk|, a. ˈisohyet |-haɪɪt| [Gr. ὑετ-ός rain], = isohyetal n. isohyetal |-ˈhaɪɪtəl|, -ˈhyetose adjs. (ns.) [Gr. ὑετός rain], (a line on a map, etc.) connecting places having equal annual or seasonal rainfall. isoiˈmmune a., of, producing, or exhibiting isoimmunization. ˌisoimmuniˈzation (an instance of) the development of an isoantibody in an individual against an antigen derived from another individual of the same species. isokephaly: see isocephaly. isokiˈnetic a., characterized by no disturbance to the speed and direction of a fluid when it is withdrawn as a sample from a flow; hence isokiˈnetically adv., in an isokinetic manner, i.e. without causing such a disturbance. isoˈlecithal a. = homolecithal adj. (s.v. homo-). ˈisolex Linguistics, a line connecting places in which there is uniformity of vocabulary; hence isoˈlexic a.; also isoˈlectic a. ˈisoline = isopleth 1. isoˈlysin Immunol. [a. G. isolysin (Ehrlich & Morgenroth 1900, in Berliner klin. Wochenschr. XXXVII. 455/1)] = isohæmolysin above. isomagˈnetic a., denoting a line (either imaginary or on a map) connecting places which have the same value of a particular parameter of the earth's magnetic field, and a map or chart showing such lines; also as n., an isomagnetic line. isoˈmastigate a. Zool. [Gr. µάστιξ whip], (of Infusoria) having the flagella alike; opp. to heteromastigate. isomyarian |-maɪˈɛərɪən| a. Zool. [Gr. µῦς muscle], having two equal or nearly equal adductor muscles, as most bivalve molluscs. isoneph |ˈaɪsəʊnɛf| [Gr. νέϕος cloud], a line on a map, etc. connecting places at which the amount of cloud for a given period (e.g. a year) is the same; so isonephelic |-nɪˈfɛlɪk| a. [Gr. νεϕέλη cloud], indicating equality in respect of cloudiness. isonomaly, var. isanomaly. isoˈnuclear a. Chem. = homonuclear a. b. iso-osˈmotic a. Physiol. = isosmotic adj. (below). isoˈpetalous a. Bot., having petals equal in size. isophæˈnomenal a., (of a line on a map) connecting places at which phenomena of any kind are equal. iˈsophytoid Biol. [Gr. ϕυτόν plant: see -oid], a ‘phytoid’, or individual plant of a compound plant-organism, not differentiated from the rest: opp. to allophytoid (cf. isozooid). isopiestic |-paɪˈɛstɪk| a. [Gr. πιέζειν to press, squeeze], representing, having, or characterized by equal or constant pressure; also as n., a line in a diagram representing states of equal pressure. isopogonous |-ˈpɒgəʊnəs| a. [Gr. πώγων beard]: see quot. ˈisopor [Gr. πόρ-ος passage, way], a line (either imaginary or on a map) connecting points at which equal annual changes in some parameter of the earth's magnetic field are observed; hence isoˈporic a. ˈisoscope [see -scope], an instrument devised by Donders to determine the actual angle between directions which to the eye appear both vertical or both horizontal. isoseismal |-ˈsaɪsməl| a. and n. [Gr. σεισµός earthquake], (a line on a map, etc.) connecting points at which the intensity of an earthquake-shock is the same; so isoˈseismic a. isosmotic |aɪsɒzˈmɒtɪk| a. Physiol., of or having the same osmotic pressure; const. with. isosporous |aɪˈsɒspərəs| a. Bot. [Gr. σπόρος seed], producing spores all of the same size or kind (opp. to heterosporous); so isospore |ˈaɪsəʊspɔə(r)|, one of such spores. isostemonous |-ˈstiːmənəs| a. Bot. [Gr. στήµων warp, thread, taken in sense ‘stamen’], having the stamens equal in number to the parts of the perianth (= isandrous); also said of the stamens; so isostemony |-ˈstiːmənɪ|, the condition of being isostemonous. ˈisostich |-stɪk| Biochem. [Gr. στίχ-ος line (of poetry)], each of two or more fractions of a polynucleotide that contain the same number of nucleotides. isoˈstructural a. Min., having the same or similar crystal structure; const. with. isosyˈllabic a. Linguistics, of a metrical structure in which the syllables are of the same length. isosynˈtactic a. (see quot.). isosynˈtagmic a. Linguistics (see quot. 1954). ˈisotach [Gr. τᾰχ-ύς swift], a line on a chart or diagram connecting points where the speed of something, esp. the wind, is the same. isoˈteniscope [irreg. f. tension n. + -i- + -scope], an instrument for measuring the vapour pressure of a liquid over a range of temperatures, consisting of a bulb for containing the liquid attached to one arm of a U-tube, which is used as a manometer to show when the pressure applied to the other arm is equal to the vapour pressure. isotrimorphism |ˌaɪsəʊtraɪˈmɔːfɪz(ə)m|, Cryst. [see trimorphism], ‘isomorphism between the forms, severally, of two trimorphous substances’ (Webster, 1864); so ˌisotriˈmorphous a., exhibiting isotrimorphism. ˈisovol [volatile n. and a.], a line (either imaginary or on a map) joining places at which the coal has the same ratio of fixed to volatile carbon. isoˈzoic a. [Gr. ζωή life], characterized by or indicating the same forms of animal or plant life. isoˈzooid Biol., a ‘zooid’, or individual of a compound or ‘colonial’ animal organism, not differentiated from the rest: opp. to allozooid.
1853H. W. Dove (title) Distribution of Heat over the surface of the Globe, illustrated by isothermal, thermic, *isabnormal and other curves of temperature. 1888R. Abercromby Weather i. 7 These lines were called isabnormals, that is, equal from the mean.
1842–76Gwilt Archit. (ed. 7) §2961 The points which indicate the places of the spectators will lie in..a..curve, which may be termed the iseidomal or the *isacoustic curve, that is, one of equal seeing or hearing. 1900C. Davison in Phil. Mag. XLIX. 43 An isacoustic line may be defined as a line which passes through all places in which the percentage of persons who hear the sound is the same. 1938L. D. Leet Pract. Seismol. viii. 282 Curves passing through the places at which equal percentages of the observers heard the earthquake sound were drawn in 1899, and Davison, followed by Knott and de Montessus, called them isacoustic lines.
1855Mayne Expos. Lex., *Isadelphous. 1880Gray Struct. Bot. (ed. 6) 417/1 Isadelphous,..when the number of stamens in two phalanges is equal.
1881Nature XXIV. 266 Elucidated by *isanomals (or lines of equal temperature-anomalies). 1887Syd. Soc. Lex., I[sanomal] line.
1900Geogr. Jrnl. XV. 662 Maps of isotherms and *isanomalous lines for January and July. 1943G. T. Trewartha Introd. Climate (ed. 2) i. 56/2 If lines, called isanomals, are drawn on a world map, joining places of equal thermal anomaly, an isanomalous map is the result. 1967R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Atmospheric Sci. 985/1 Isanomalous lines drawn on a map..reflect regional distortions of the world patterns.
1881Nature XXIV. 94 Relations between isobars and *isanomalies of temperature. 1930Meteorol. Gloss. (Meteorol. Office) (ed. 2) 109 Isanomaly. This word..is used of lines joining all points on a map or chart having equal anomalies, or differences from normal, of a particular meteorological element. 1931F. H. Lahee Field Geol. (ed. 3) xxiii. 674 Equal anomalies may be connected by flowing lines called isonomalies, or isanomalies, which express in gammas the local variations from the average total magnetic intensities in the area. 1962F. I. Ordway et al. Basic Astronautics v. 199 Lines of regional vertical intensity are constructed, as are isonomaly charts expressing in gammas the local variations in the average total magnetic intensity of a given region. 1967R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Atmospheric Sci. 507/2 Isanomaly, lines or contours of equal anomalies or departures from normal (often used with gravity anomalies, cf. Isogal).
1855Mayne Expos. Lex., *Isantherous.
1848Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. IX. ii. 323 Quêtelet proposes *isanthesical lines (lines of simultaneous flowering).
1855Mayne Expos. Lex., Isanthus, applied by G. Allman to those plants which have the perigones or teguments of all their flowers alike: *isanthous.
1842–76*Iseidomal [see Isacoustic].
1925Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. LX. 581 The *isenthalpic curves themselves contain valuable information. 1937M. W. Zemansky Heat & Thermodynamics xiv. 245 (caption) Isenthalpic states of a gas. Ibid. 246 The numerical value of the slope of an isenthalpic curve on a t–P diagram at any point is called the Joule–Kelvin coefficient. 1973J. S. Turton Macroscopic Thermodynamics iv. 81 The process undergone by the gas or vapour in passing through the constriction cannot be represented by an isenthalpic curve.
1873J. W. Gibbs in Trans. Connecticut Acad. Arts & Sci. II. 311 If, however, we..call that quantity entropy..it seems natural to..call the lines in which this quantity has a constant value *isentropic. Ibid. 327 Although the inclination of the isentropics is independent of the quantity of gas under consideration, the rate of increase of η will vary with this quantity. 1885Williamson & Tarleton Dynamics (1889) §326 In a reversible transformation, if no heat be lost or gained by the body.., this curve is called an adiabatic or isentropic curve. 1923Lewis & Randall Thermodynamics xii. 137 In such an isentropic compression there will ordinarily be a change in temperature. 1951C. L. Brown Basic Thermodynamics vi. 88 Two additional relations..relate temperature and volume and pressure and volume for an isentropic. 1956G. C. McVittie Gen. Relativity & Cosmol. vii. 123 An equation determining the function F in isentropic flow.
1951C. L. Brown Basic Thermodynamics vi. 89 The gas expands *isentropically and is exhausted at 15 psia. 1972Nature 15 Sept. 139/2 The pressure applied to an implosion system does PdV work generating kinetic energy which is converted near isentropically to internal energy concentrated in the compressed volume.
1956H. Whitehall in Kenyon Rev. 420 There is..in much of Milton, isochronic counterpointed with *isoaccentual rhythm. In some poems of Dylan Thomas, we find a most elaborate counterpoint of isoaccentual..and, apparently, isotonic rhythms. 1957N. Frye Sound & Poetry 143 Isoaccentual, or, as it is often called, isosyllabic rhythm weights with stress.
1904Alienist & Neurologist XXV. 386 The serum from such blood was also *isoagglutinating. 1910Johns Hopkins Hosp. Bull. XXI. 70/1 Human beings can be divided into four groups according to the ability of their serum to cause isoagglutination and of their corpuscles to be isoagglutinated. 1921Biol. Bull. XL. 18 The iso-agglutinating power of the egg-water. 1967D. M. Weir Handbk. Exper. Immunol. iv. 87 The isoagglutinating activity found in this sedimentation region of human serum.
1907Jrnl. Med. Res. XVII. 338 Human bloods may be separated into three rather definite groups as regards *iso⁓agglutination. 1921Biol. Bull. XL. 17 In iso-agglutination round solid masses of agglutinated spermatozoa form in a few seconds. 1927Iso-agglutination [see A 7]. 1970Exper. Cell Res. LIX. 37 (heading) Jelly coat substances of sea urchin eggs. I. Sperm isoagglutination and sialo⁓polysaccharide in the jelly.
1902Science 28 Nov. 858/1 The *isoagglutinative and isolytic properties of human serums in health and in disease. 1911Jrnl. Exper. Med. XIII. 537 Isoagglutinative serum is active at a considerable dilution.
1903Dorland Med. Dict. (ed. 3) 350/1 *iso-agglutinin. 1907[see isohæmagglutination below]. 1971J. A. Bellanti Immunol. iii. 78 All mature individuals possess antibody in their serum, the so-called ‘naturally occurring’ isoantibodies (isoagglutinins) directed against the antigenic determinant absent from their own erythrocytes.
1926Jrnl. Immunol. XI. 240 The main human *iso-agglutinogens A and B are to be detected not only by human serum but also by the sera of animals. 1972W. E. Haesler Immunohematol. i. 2 Immunohematology deals with hemagglutinogens (isoagglutinogens, immunogens, antigens) that are a natural phenomenon in human beings.
1943Stern & Schaeffer in Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. XXIX. 361 Different alleles indistinguishable except by special tests will be called *isoalleles. 1970Sci. Amer. Mar. 104 These slightly different forms of the same gene that perform the same function are called isoalleles.
1944Genetics XXIX. 485 These crosses established the *iso-allelic if not identical nature of all seven pyd mutants. 1961Lancet 29 July 262/2 An isochromosome carries, on its two symmetrical arms, duplicate gene loci each influencing the same character. These arms can be both isologous and isoallelic.
1919L. & H. Hirschfeld in Lancet 18 Oct. 676/1 The antibodies produced within the species which we call *isoantibodies..act..only against the differences between the blood of the animal which provides the blood for injection and that of the recipient. 1971Isoantibody [see isoagglutinin above].
1936Jrnl. Immunol. XXX. 445 (heading) Procedure for the determination of *isoantigens in saliva. 1971J. A. Bellanti Immunol. iii. 76 Homologous antigens or isoantigens (alloantigens) are those genetically controlled antigenic determinants which distinguish one individual of a given species from another.
1938Jrnl. Path. & Bacteriol. XLVI. 249 *Iso-antigenic factors present in the grafted tissue and absent in the host are capable of eliciting a response which results in the destruction of the graft. 1971J. A. Bellanti Immunol. iii. 80 New human iso⁓antigenic specificities.
1885S. Tromholt Aurora Bor. I. 248, I have called these lines *iso-aurores.
1892G. De Geer in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. XXV. 457 To get a general view of the warping of land..I have used the graphic method of Mr. G. K. Gilbert..and have connected with lines of equal deformation, or as I have called them *isobases, such points of the limit as were uplifted to the same height. 1957J. K. Charlesworth Quaternary Era II. xlv. 1289 (caption) Map of the sea's greatest area in Baltoscandia (black), with areas of most important glacier-lakes (shaded) and isobases of uplift in metres. 1969Bennison & Wright Geol. Hist. Brit. Isles xvi. 366 It is still not possible to construct accurate isobases (lines joining points of equal uplift) for Britain, as has been done in the case of Scandinavia.
1932E. G. Woods Baltic Region x. 121 A glance at such a map with the *isobasic lines indicated, shows the late-glacial sea at about its maximum development.
1889Advt., New patent ‘*Isobath’ Constant-level inkstand. 1895Rep. Sci. Results Voy. H.M.S. Challenger, Summary I. 55 Bauche..is..considered as the first to make use of isobaths for the sea. 1938Jrnl. Marine Res. I. 138 (caption) Isobaths (light broken lines) for every ten meters depth. 1956Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. LXXV. 335 Miner's map is our primary source of that shore line..just as it is for the contained isobaths. The Commission..has in no way modified the lakes except to build a bathing beach and boat docks. 1972Nature 4 Feb. 253/2 Thus Corsica makes a good fit with France along the 1,000-metre isobath.
1895Rep. Sci. Results Voy. H.M.S. Challenger, Summary I. 50 These *isobathic curves are intended to show that certain elevations of the sea-bottom correspond with the orography of the neighbouring land. 1957Encycl. Brit. VIII. 743/2 The isobathic chart of the Severn estuary..shows a progressive deepening seaward by means of V-shaped lines which become blunter westward.
1876Sir C. W. Thomson cited in Cent. Dict. for *Isobathytherm.
1887Syd. Soc. Lex., *Isobilateral, equal and alike on both sides. 1835*Isobrious [see isodynamous].
1886Sci. Amer. Suppl. XXII. 9154/2 For 24 separate thunderstorms, drawings were made of the ‘*isobronts’, isobars, and isothermals... The ‘isobronts’, or the lines uniting the places where the first peal of thunder was simultaneously heard, had in general a north-south direction.
1922Experiment Station Rec. Sept. 370 The sugar tolerance of the diabetic patient was..more markedly lowered by protein than by *isocaloric amounts of fat. 1956Biol. Abstr. XXX. 2208/1 Male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups receiving an isocaloric diet. 1971Jrnl. Gen. Psychol. LXXXV. 155 Decreasing the amount of protein in the diet, while holding it isocaloric through addition of carbohydrate, resulted in an increase in the ‘excitatory process’ of rats. 1973Lancet 2 June 1201/2 A programme of work on an isolated group of healthy young men, using isocaloric substitution of glucose syrup..for dietary sucrose.
1971Jrnl. Gen. Psychol. LXXXV. 156 Diets in which carbohydrate and protein were interchanged *isocalorically. 1972Science 19 May 795/1 The animals fed alcohol received the identical diet except that ethanol..isocalorically replaced carbohydrate.
1887Syd. Soc. Lex., *Isocarpous, equal-fruited. Applied to those phanerogamous plants which have the divisions of the fruit equal in number to the divisions of the perianth.
1885Stand. Nat. Hist. (1888) III. 121 The..Gymnarchidæ, with the lower fins all wanting, and the *isocercal tail without a caudal fin.
1885S. Tromholt Aurora Bor. I. 240 This interesting chart, which he has called an ‘*isochasm’ chart, and the lines denoted ‘isochasmes’. 1886Edin. Rev. Oct. 425 Isochasms or lines of equal auroral frequency.
1875H. R. Procter in Encycl. Brit. III. 97/2 Eastward from England, the *isochasmic curves tend rapidly northward, Archangel being in the same auroral parallel as Newcastle.
1937Trans. R. Soc. Edin. LIX. 218 Correlation between rocks of the same bulk-composition metamorphosed under different physical controls—i.e. *isochemical correlation. 1951Turner & Verhoogen Ign. & Metamorphic Petrol. xv. 369 Metamorphism may be considered as commonly approaching, though seldom attaining, the nature of an isochemical change. 1952T. F. W. Barth Theoret. Petrol. iv. xii. 356 In geological discussions the fact that sediments at the very incipience of metamorphism regularly change their chemical composition has often been neglected. However, these changes are not to be neglected... Isochemical regional metamorphism senso strictu [sic]..does not exist. 1969W. D. Johns tr. Correns's Introd. Mineral. ix. 298 Transformations in an isochemical system depend on the temperature and pressure to which the system has been subjected.
1964J. Challinor Dict. Geol. (ed. 2) 133/2 A rock changing its mineral composition *iso⁓chemically remains a closed ‘system’. 1973Nature 23 Mar. 243/2 The thickness of halite salt that could be precipitated isochemically from one basinful of Mediterranean waters..is..only about 20 m.
1890Rep. on Water Supply & Sewerage Pt. 1: Examinations of Water Supplies & Inland Waters (Massachusetts State Board of Health) 679 In the accompanying map of normal chlorine of Massachusetts, the points of like normal chlorine have been connected by lines which we will call *isochlors. 1943Proc. R. Irish Acad. XLVIII. b. 157 The geochemical data of chlorine are considered with respect to river and surface waters, and equations developed relating the distance of any particular isochlor from the sea coast. 1957G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. viii. 545 In Europe a greater proportion of rain is derived from air which has moved in perpendicular to the isochlors than is likely to be the case in North America.
1939C. D. Darlington in Jrnl. Genetics XXXVII. 357 The attached-X chromosome has two exactly similar arms united at the centromere. It is what we may call an *iso-chromosome. 1972W. V. Brown Textbk. Cytogenetics xix. 268 The only likely iso⁓chromosomes found in human beings are of the long arm of a G-group chromosome, probably No. 21, and of the X chromosome.
1915M. H. Fischer tr. W. Ostwald's Handbk. Colloid-Chem. iv. 103 We shall term these structures in which disperse phase and dispersion means are chemically isomeric, *isocolloids. 1946J. Alexander Colloid Chem., Theoret. & Appl. VI. xxiii. 531 Wolfgang Ostwald considers high-boiling petroleum fractions as iso⁓colloids, in which the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium possess the same or similar chemical constitution.
1934Biol. Abstr. VIII. 1476/1 Myelin reduction, at least in the *iso-cortex, is discontinuous. 1937Best & Taylor Physiol. Basis Med. Pract. lxiii. 1418 The laminated cortex, which in man constitutes the remaining eleven-twelfths [of the cortical area] and in animals is a much smaller fraction of the whole, is called the isocortex. 1951K. S. Lashley in L. A. Jeffress Cerebral Mechanisms in Behaviour 132 In the rat, I have removed..practically every other part of the isocortex without disturbing visual perception or memory. 1970Developmental Biol. XXII. 575 Fetal mouse cerebral isocortex from normal animals..was dissociated and aggregated.
1900E. F. Smith tr. V. von Richer's Org. Chem. (ed. 3) II. 435 The carbocyclic substances..belong to the class of *isocyclic compounds which consist of rings of atoms of one and the same element. 1932[see homocyclic adj. s.v. homo-]. 1951I. L. Finar Org. Chem. I. 667 The subject matter is divided into four main divisions: (i) Alicyclic compounds. (ii) Isocyclic compounds. (iii) Heterocyclic compounds. (iv) Natural products.
1887Syd. Soc. Lex., *Isocyclous, consisting of equal rings.
1855Mayne Expos. Lex., Isodactylus,..birds..which have four toes, two in front and two behind: *isodactylous.
1869Roscoe Elem. Chem. 238 These two oxides [Sb2O3, As2O3] are said to be *iso-dimorphous.
1887Syd. Soc. Lex., *Isodontous, having equal teeth.
1951Jrnl. Meteorol. VIII. 274/1 The distribution of echo intensity from all points in the two-dimensional cut through a storm may be plotted by use of the contour-mapping techniques suggested by Langille and Gunn or Atlas. The latter techniques produce a contour chart showing isopleths of reflected power throughout the area of the storm. (These isopleths will be referred to as ‘*isoecho lines’ or ‘power contours’.) 1959L. J. Battan Radar Meteorol. xv. 141 (heading) Isoecho contouring. Ibid., If range differences are negligible, the isoecho contour corresponds to a line of equal cloud reflectivity and equal rain intensity. 1961Aeroplane CI. 573/2 For general weather observation the C.R. 353 has a 12-in. ppi unit incorporating iso-echo circuits which enable the operator to make cloud density determinations. 1969New Scientist 4 Dec. 509/1 A..height-finding radar system has been modified to observe cloud and rain up to 160 miles out to sea..and to plot contours of constant rain intensity (iso-echo contours).
1899Ann. Rep. Board of Regents Smithsonian Inst., 1897–8 543 Two weights of different aliments for which these numerical values are the same are said to be..*isoenergetic weights. 1937Proc. R. Soc. A. CLXI. 259 The mean free path in paraffin wax of the iso-energetic neutrons obtained by bombarding heavy hydrogen with deuterium ions has been measured. 1937M. W. Zemansky Heat & Thermodynamics xiv. 281 Show that the slope of an isoenergetic curve on a T–V diagram is equal to [etc.]. 1962Jrnl. Aerospace Sci. XXIX. 400/2 During the first phase of re-entry, the motion is iso⁓energetic and no significant heating or deceleration problem will exist.
1936Trans. Faraday Soc. XXXII. 124 As a consequence of the..growth of the micelles the resin passes from its (assumed) *isogel state..into the infusible C stage. 1937Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. XLI. 531 Phenol⁓formaldehyde resins (at least in their initial stages of condensation) are ‘isogels’. 1950Robitschek & Lewin Phenolic Resins iv. 56 As condensation proceeds, cross-linking takes place between some of the largely spherical bigger molecules (micelles) leading to a structure which..can be likened to a sponge and is termed an isogel.
1924C. E. Tilley in Geol. Mag. LXI. 169 In the terminology suggested above, this line may be said to be an *Isograd... In reality an isograd is the intersection of an inclined isograd surface with the earth's surface. 1956E. W. Heinrich Microscopic Petrogr. vi. 173 By joining points on a map that mark the initial appearance of each of the diagnostic minerals, mineral isograds (biotite isograd, sillimanite isograd, etc.) may be defined. 1971I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth i. 36/2 The garnet isograd for example is the surface (line on the map) separating the garnet-bearing rocks of the garnet zone (high-grade) from the garnet-free rocks of the biotite zone (low grade).
1924C. E. Tilley in Geol. Mag. LXI. 168 *Isograde rocks are those which have originated under closely similar physical conditions of temperature and pressure. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. VIII. 298/1 Rocks within the same zone [of metamorphism] may be called..isograde.
1924C. E. Tilley in Geol. Mag. LXI. 168 Rocks which belong to the same facies can be said to be in the same metamorphic grade, and can be referred to by the terms which I now suggest as isofacial or *isogradic. 1926G. W. Tyrrell Princ. Petrol. xv. 259 In the green-schist facies, a chlorite-quartz-muscovite-schist is isogradic with a green schist composed of chlorite, epidote, and albite. 1968F. J. Turner Metamorphic Petrol. viii. 376 On this model the isogradic surfaces near the heat source have a reversed dip.
1887Syd. Soc. Lex., *Isogynous, a term applied to a flower of which the carpels are equal in number to the petals.
1902Mann & Millikan tr. Drude's Theory of Optics ii. ii. iii. 354 The whole field of view is now..traversed by a black curve, the so-called principal *isogyre. 1922N. H. & A. N. Winchell Elem. Optical Mineral. (ed. 2) I. xviii. 168 The biaxial optic axis interference figure differs from the uniaxial optic axis interference figure most clearly in the fact that it has only one isogyre instead of two. It also differs..in the fact that the single isogyre is not fixed in position, nor constantly straight, when the crystal is rotated. Ibid. 172 As in uniaxial crystals, the isogyres are the locus of all points at which the light emerges with its vibration planes parallel with the planes of the nicols. 1964Hartshorne & Stuart Pract. Optical Crystallogr. v. 203 These interference bands are symmetrically arranged around the optic axis (or axes)... In addition to these bands there are dark ‘brushes’ or isogyres.
1907Jrnl. Med. Res. XVII. 321 Earlier observers of human *isohemagglutination asserted that isoagglutinins occurred only in the sera of pathological states. 1940Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. CXXXI. 205 Breed, sex and age of animals seemed to have no influence on the occurrence of natural isohemagglutination.
1907Jrnl. Med. Res. XVII. 334 Such an experiment, in the case of human *isohemagglutinins, does more to prove the strict specificity of each ‘bound agglutinin’. 1971J. A. Bellanti Immunol. ii. 44 It is known that isohemagglutinins—the antibody to blood groups—..may develop as a result of exposure to enteric bacilli, containing blood grouplike substances in their structure.
1905Gould Dict. New Med. Terms 318/2 *Isohemolysin. 1916Isohemolysin [see blood group s.v. blood n. 21]. 1972W. E. Haesler Immunohematol. i. 2 Hemolysis is most frequently observed in the detection of the group A and B isohemolysins and the Lea antibodies.
1902Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 404/2 South of the Tropic of Capricorn the *isohalines run nearly east and west. 1964Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. II. 71 In winter the fiord water becomes isothermal and isohaline with average temperature and salinity of -1·76°C and 32·75{pmil}. Ibid. 375 (caption) The increase in salinity in recent decades has altered..the course of the isohalines given in the chart. 1968G. Neumann Ocean Currents iv. 129 The slope of isobaric surfaces..is small when compared to the slope of isothermal, isohaline (surfaces of equal salinity) and iso-pycnal surfaces.
1904Goodchild & Tweney Technol. & Sci. Dict. 323/1 *Isohels, lines connecting places having the same amount of sunshine. 1931A. A. Miller Climatol. 22 The deviation of sunshine (shown on maps by lines of equal duration known as isohels). 1968J. Gentilli Sun, Climate & Life (1971) xiii. 141/2 These lines are called iso-pleths as a general term, but..more specifically..isobars (equal pressure), isotherms (equal temperature),..isohels (equal sunshine),..etc.
1897Geogr. Jrnl. X. 306 König..has found sufficient material for a first attempt to draw ‘*isohelic’ lines for Western Europe.
1899Nature 21 Dec. 172/2 Isobars and *isohyets indicating monthly and annual distribution of barometric pressure and rainfall. 1911C. E. W. Bean ‘Dreadnought’ of Darling xv. 144 The carpet which covers a country within the ten-inch isohyet (rainfall line) is a pretty ticklish thing to play with. 1967M. J. Coe Ecol. Alpine Zone Mt. Kenya 63 The main peak area has a rainfall of between 30{pp} and 40{pp} per annum, the 30{pp} Isohyet being displaced slightly to the South-west of the peaks.
1889Cent. Dict., *Isohyetal, a. and n. 1895T. Russell Meteorol. vii. 141 A graphic representation of quantity of rainfall by lines through places having equal depths of rainfall are ‘isohyetals’. 1909British Rainfall 1908 140 The isohyetal lines are drawn about the 18th of the following month. 1923Glasgow Herald 1 Feb. 6 Most of these features are..illustrated by maps exhibiting them..by isohyetal lines. 1962W. Stegner Wolf Willow iv. iv. 281 She knew nothing about minimal annual rainfall, distribution of precipitation, isohyetal lines.
a1864A. K. Johnston in Webster, *Isohyetose.
1938Jrnl. Path. & Bacteriol. XLVII. 234 Fleisher found evidence of *iso-immune reactions working with grafts of renal tissue in the guinea-pig. 1967D. M. Weir Handbk. Exper. Immunol. xxx. 991 Isoantigenic differences, though usually detected by isoimmune sera, may in some cases also be picked up with antisera produced by immunization across a species gap. 1969B. Pirofsky Autoimmunization xxi. 479/1 The bulk of knowledge concerning the nature and effect of immune interactions on the erythrocytes has been derived from heteroimmune and isoimmune studies.
1939Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 8 July 126/1 It would seem to resemble agglutinins resulting from *iso-immunization following repeated transfusions. 1971J. A. Bellanti Immunol. iii. 77 Alternatively, isoimmunization can occur during the course of pregnancy when fetal cells..or proteins gain access to the maternal circulation. 1971Nature 29 Oct. 608/1 The human foetus is at greater risk from maternal iso⁓immunizations than the bovid foetus.
1958Engineering 22 Aug. 230/1 Regular production has..commenced..of the *isokinetic sampling apparatus developed by the British Iron and Steel Research Association. 1959Brit. Jrnl. Appl. Physics X. 26/1 The dust concentration calculated from the sample will be correct provided the gas sample is drawn into the nozzle at the same velocity as that of the gas stream. This is known as isokinetic sampling. Ibid. 27/2 In the extreme case of isokinetic sampling the nozzle becomes effectively non-existent. 1967Ann. Occupational Hygiene X. 77 Brass nozzles were fitted around the filter retaining ring in order to obtain iso-kinetic samples at windspeeds from 5·4 m.p.h. to 30 m.p.h. Ibid., 3-in.-long nozzles were attached to the filter holder to allow isokinetic flow into the inlet.
1958Engineering 22 Aug. 230/1 The stainless steel probe faces directly into the stream of dusty gas and a sample is withdrawn *iso-kinetically, that is, it flows into the nozzle in the same direction and with the same velocity as the local undisturbed gas stream. 1972Science 16 June 1232/3 We sampled the suspended fly ash isokinetically at several locations across the outlet duct of the electrostatic precipitator.
1926Jordan & Kindred Textbk. Embryol. v. 31 Since the small amount of yolk is evenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm, it [sc. the human egg] may also properly be called an *isolecithal egg. 1940L. H. Hyman Invertebrates I. v. 256 When the yolk is slight in amount, it is also more or less evenly dispersed; such eggs are variously termed isolecithal, alecithal, or homolecithal. 1972P. A. Meglitsch Invertebr. Zool. (ed. 2) iv. 81/2 Isolecithal ova usually cleave in a characteristic manner.
1921Jrnl. Eng. & Gmc. Philol. XX. 183 The finding and fixing of the *isolectic lines is a task of word geography.
1921Jrnl. Eng. & Gmc. Philol. XX. 182 There is danger in delay if certain phases of dialect life are to be recorded at all, and an accelerated pace in registering them would be advisable, especially in establishing the boundary lines of present dialects, with their maze of isophones, isomorphs, *isolexes, and isotaxes, i.e., lines connecting places of identical or nearly identical sounds, forms, words, and syntactical peculiarities. 1963Amer. Speech XXXVIII. 127 The regional diversity and the complicated grid of isolexes in the Northern counties. Ibid. 128 Any attempt to correlate the isolexes with demographic factors.
1926Germanic Rev. I. iv. 285 The *isolexic lines of this word..present a hopeless tangle. 1939L. H. Gray Foundations of Lang. ii. 26 These lines will be iso⁓phonic, isotonic, isomorphic, isosyntagmic, or isolexic according as they indicate identical sounds, tones, inflexions, syntax, or vocabulary. 1954Pei & Gaynor Dict. Ling. 107 Isolexic lines, lines on a linguistic map, indicating the approximate boundaries of the speech-areas in which a uniformity in the vocabulary of the speakers and in their use of words can be observed.
1944V. Conrad Methods in Climatol. xiii. 167 *Isolines..are fully analogous to contour lines, or to the equipotential lines used in physics... Closed isolines surrounding a region indicate that this is either depressed or elevated. 1961G. T. Trewartha Earth's Problem Climates xvi. 237/2 In summer..the isolines of rainfall frequency show a strong zonal arrangement. 1969Nature 29 Nov. 903/1 Vertical sections show that isolines slope steeply to the surface [of the sea] during upwelling, but the slope of the isoline varies with the parameter chosen. 1970Biol. Abstr. LI. 11534/1 The resulting pattern of the isolines can be readily related to the distribution of a particular organism.
1901Dorland Med. Dict. (ed. 2) 333/2 *Iso⁓lysin. 1910Jrnl. Hygiene X. 186 The injection of goats' blood into other goats resulted as a rule in the formation of isolysins. 1969L. H. Crisp Clin. Immunol. & Allergy (ed. 2) xliv. 433/1 Isohemolysins, isolysins, or antibodies capable of lysis of erythrocytes may be found in the serum in paroxysmal hemoglobinuria.
1898J. Milne Seismol. xii. 225 Slight changes in the *isomagnetics of a district. 1899Nature 6 July 236/2 An opportunity will thus be afforded..to obtain some idea of the accuracy with which the isomagnetic lines can be determined. 1940Chapman & Bartels Geomagnetism I. iii. 96 The lines are called isomagnetic lines, and a chart in which the distribution of a magnetic element is thus indicated..is called an isomagnetic chart. 1967E. H. Vestine in Matsushita & Campbell Physics of Geomagnetic Phenomena I. ii. ii. 185 The isomagnetic lines for declination D or variation of the compass are also called ‘isogonic’ lines.
18..Eng. Mechanic No. 509. 51 By tracing on the surface of the globe lines of equal nebulosity, M. Renou gets what he calls *isonephs.
1881Smithsonian Rep. 290 A chart of the world, showing lines of equal annual cloudiness (*isonephelic) is given by Rénan.
1900E. F. Smith tr. V. von Richter's Org. Chem. (ed. 3) II. 390 *Isonuclear substitution products with adjacent substituents show in general the same deportment as the ortho-substitution products of benzene. 1951I. L. Finar Org. Chem. I. xxix. 586 Introduction of a second substituent can give rise to homonuclear (isonuclear) substitution..or to heteronuclear substitution.
1908Jrnl. Exper. Med. X. 137 An *iso-osmotic physiologically balanced solution. 1971Biochem. Jrnl. CXXI. 261 Protein-polysaccharides of knee-joint cartilage of 9-month-old pigs were extracted sequentially with neutral iso-osmotic sodium acetate.
1855Mayne Expos. Lex., Isopetalus,..*isopetalous.
1851–9Sabine in Man. Sci. Enq. 97 The *isophænomenal lines are drawn for that portion of the globe in correspondence with the observations.
1858Carpenter Veg. Phys. §397 When the phytoids are of the usual form they are called *isophytoids.
1873J. W. Gibbs in Trans. Connecticut Acad. Arts & Sci. II. 311 In the same way we may conceive of lines of equal pressure... These lines we may also call..*isopiestic. Ibid. 313 To prove that the ratio is independent of the shape of the circuit, let us suppose the area..divided up by an infinite number of isometrics..with equal differences of volume dv, and an infinite number of isopiestics..with equal differences of pressure dp. 1902Encycl. Brit. XXXIII. 283/2 The isothermals..coincide with the iso-piestics for a saturated vapour in presence of its liquid. 1940Glasstone Text-bk. Physical Chem. ix. 622 If two vessels containing different solutes in the same solvent are placed side by side in a closed space, vapor will distil from the solution of higher vapor pressure and condense in the one having the lower pressure until, when equilibrium is attained, both solutions are exerting the same pressure, that is to say they are isopiestic. 1966R. Joel Basic Engin. Thermodynamics i. 80 The pressure remains constant throughout the process. It is often referred to as an isobaric or isopiestic process.
1855Mayne Expos. Lex., Isopogonus, Ornithol. Applied to a feather, of which the two sides are of equal size: *isopogonous.
1931Compt. Rend. de l'Assemb. de Stockholm 1930 (Union Géod. et Géophys. Internat., Sect. de Magn. et Électr. Terr.) 284 In that year the zero-*isopor (the line dividing easterly and westerly change) crossed central Siberia. 1963J. A. Jacobs Earth's Core v. 53 Considerable changes take place in the general distribution of isopors even within 20 years.
1931Compt. Rend. de l'Assemb. de Stockholm 1930 (Union Géod. et Géophys. Internat., Sect. de Magn. et Électr. Terr.) 280 A consideration of the most recent published results of secular-variation observations..has revealed some very interesting and important conditions governing *isoporic movements. 1940Chapman & Bartels Geomagnetism I. iii. 114 The rate of the secular variation in each element at any epoch..can..be represented by..isoporic charts, a term proposed by Harradon. 1973M. W. McElhinny Palaeomagnetism & Plate Tectonics i. 6 Isoporic foci are not permanent, but grow and decay, their lifetime being of the order of 100 years, during which they move on the earth's surface in a somewhat irregular fashion.
1876S. Kens. Mus. Catal. No. 3989 *Isoscope.
1883Nature XXVIII. 437 *Isoseismal lines over the injured districts..assume the form of elongated ellipsoids. 1887Science (U.S.) 20 May 493/1 The relations of these isoseismals to each other.
1887Syd. Soc. Lex., *Isospore.
1895C. S. Palmer tr. Nernst's Theoret. Chem. i. v. 121 The investigation of solutions having the same osmotic pressure, viz. the so-called *is-osmotic solutions. 1905W. H. Howell Text-bk. Physiol. 884 A 0· 95 per cent. solution of NaCl is isotonic or isosmotic with mammalian serum. 1967Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. V. 383 In life the muscle cells are probably isosmotic with the interstitial fluid and the plasma.
1875Bennett & Dyer tr. Sachs' Bot. 338 *Isosporous Vascular Cryptogams. Only one kind of spore is produced. 1881Nature XXIV. 474 Professor Williamson divides coals into ‘Isosporous’ and ‘Heterosporous’ coals.
1835Lindley Introd. Bot. (1848) II. 367 *Isostemonous is said of plants the stamens of which are equal in number to the petals. 1882Vines tr. Sachs' Bot. 659 In the isostemonous flowers the stamens are sometimes superposed on the petals.
1880Gray Struct. Bot. (ed. 6) 196 With *Isostemony.
1964Shapiro & Chargaff in Biochim. & Biophys. Acta XCI. 263 There exist procedures permitting the separation of the hydrolysates [of DNA] into a series of fractions, each comprising the equinumerant oligonucleotide runs of a given length... It may be convenient to refer to such a size group as an *isostich. 1970Nature 26 Sept. 1296/1 The tracts were fractionated into isostichs by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. 1971F. von der Harr et al. in Cantoni & Davies Procedures Nucleic Acid Res. II. 682 The isostichs can be further separated into their components, differing in base composition, by paper chromatography.
1906Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXXXIX. ii. 1129 It is conceivable that in the case of two ‘*isostructural’ substances the actual size of the structural unit may be of the greatest importance. 1965Phillips & Williams Inorg. Chem. I. xvi. 576 Tellurium is only known in one form, isostructural with grey Se.
1922Joyce Ulysses 307 The intricate alliterative and *iso⁓syllabic rules of the Welsh englyn. 1943Jrnl. Theol. Stud. XLIV. 51 The isosyllabic metre of the Greek homilies of Ephraem, typical of Syriac poetry. 1957Isosyllabic [see isoaccentual adj. above].
1956H. Whitehall in Kenyon Rev. XVIII. iii. 420 Of the non-syllabic rhythms, the first, found typically in Old Testament Hebrew verse and in some, though not all, ‘free verse’ is *isosyntactic—the recurrent factor is repetition of the same syntactic construction, usually a phrase or clause, in strictly parallel sequences.
1939*Isosyntagmic [see isolexic adj. above]. 1954Pei & Gaynor Dict. Ling. 107 Isosyntagmic lines, lines on a linguistic map, indicating the approximate boundaries of the speech-areas in which a uniformity of syntax can be observed. 1957Isosyntagmic [see isomorphic a. 5].
1947Mineral. Abstr. X. 159 Isogyres and *iso-taches (curves of equal velocity) are plotted on a stereographic net. 1955W. J. Saucier Princ. Meteorol. Analysis x. 304/1 The wind field is analyzed by drawing streamlines and isotachs, which give, respectively, the course of flow and its speed. 1970Nature 11 Apr. 133/2 (caption) Geostrophic isotachs (in knots) at 500 mbar for 00 GMT November 14, 1968.
1910Smith & Menzies in Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. XXXII. 1420 The purpose of the apparatus being to show when two pressures have become equal, the arrangement may be called an *isoteniscope. 1960Jrnl. Chem. Education XXXVII. 533/1 Livingstone suggests the inclusion of a thermometer well in the iso-teniscope bulb so that temperature equilibrium can be ascertained at the time of the pressure measurements.
a1864Dana in Webster, *Isotrimorphism.
1864Webster, *Isotrimorphous.
1915D. White in Jrnl. Washington Acad. Sci. V. 198 Lines were then drawn through the points of equal fixed carbon (or volatile matter). Such lines,..which I have termed ‘*isovols’, are drawn to mark each 5 per cent increase in the fixed carbon in the pure coal. 1923Glasgow Herald 11 June 7 The isovols for the Hutton seam take the form of a number of rings with a common centre to the north-west of Durham. 1928E. R. Lilley Geol. Petroleum & Nat. Gas v. 113 The greater part of the oil of Pennsylvania is produced from pools lying between the isovols..of 55 and 60%. 1968Murchison & Westoll Coal xv. 370 Fig. 15 shows lines of equal magnetic vertical intensity and the isovols of the Wealden coals.
1851E. Forbes Let. to Ramsay in Wilson & Geikie Life xiv. 488 My new map of marine distribution, with my proposed *Isozoic belts on it.
1858Carpenter Veg. Phys. §397 *Isozooids and allozooids.
b. In Chemistry sometimes prefixed to the name of a compound substance to denote another substance isomeric with it.
The simple name having originally been given to one such substance, an isomer of it, when found to exist, is distinguished by the prefix iso-; but in some cases the first-discovered substance is not the simplest or normal form, and is itself properly designated the iso-type, when the normal type is subsequently discovered; thus the first-known butyl alcohol is now known as iso-butyl alcohol, a normal butyl alcohol having been subsequently obtained. Iso- was formerly regarded as a separable prefix and printed in italics (often with a hyphen). The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry recommendation is that iso- should always be directly attached to the remainder of the parent name (and be printed in ordinary type).
Where the isomerism occurs within an alkane or alkyl radical, the prefix iso- is used to form the name of the isomer having a (CH3)2CH{b1}group at the end of an otherwise straight chain: so CH3(CH2)3CH3 (normal or n-) pentane, (CH3)2CHCH2CH3 isopentane, (CH3)3CCH3 neopentane.
The number of such names is unlimited, and liable to constant increase, as new isomeric forms of known compound bodies are discovered. Examples are iso-amyl (amyl), iso-butyl or iso-tetryl (see butyl), iso-butylate, iso-butylic, iso-butyric (see butyric), iso-cajuputene (cajuputene), iso-caproic (caproic), iso-cholesterin, iso-cyanate (= carbimide), iso-cyanide (= carbamine), iso-heptane, iso-hexane, iso-hydrobenzoin, iso-propyl (propyl) or iso-trityl, etc.
Also ˌisoaˈlloxazine [alloxan + azine], the hypothetical tricyclic parent compound, C10H6N4O2, of the flavins, which has a structure formed of fused benzene, pyrazine, and pyrimidine nuclei and is known only as substituted derivatives; isoˈamyl alcohol = isopentyl alcohol; isoˈborneol [a. G. isoborneol (Bertram & Walbaum 1894, in Jrnl. f. prakt. Chem. XLIX. 1)], a crystalline bicyclic alcohol, C10H18O, which is a stereoisomer of borneol and like it yields camphor on oxidation; isoˈbutane, 2-methylpropane, (CH3)2CH·CH3, a gaseous hydrocarbon used as a fuel; isoˈbutene = isobutylene; isoˈbutyl, the radical (CH3)2CH·CH2{b1}, 2-methylpropyl, as in isobutyl alcohol, (CH3)2CH·CH2OH, a primary alcohol which is a colourless liquid and occurs in fusel oils; isoˈbutylene († -en), 2-methylpropylene, (CH3)2C:CH2, an easily liquefied gas used in the manufacture of butyl rubber; isoˈbutyrate, any of the esters of isobutyric acid, several of which are used as flavourings and in perfumery; isobuˈtyric acid [tr. G. isobuttersäure (H. Kolbe 1864, in Zeitschr. f. Chem. und Pharm. VII. 33)], a liquid carboxylic acid, (CH3)2CH·COOH, found in many plants and also obtained by oxidation of isobutyl alcohol; isoˈcitrate, the anion, or an ester or salt, of isocitric acid; isoˈcitric acid [tr. G. isocitronsäure (F. Rochleder 1869, in Jrnl. f. prakt. Chem. CVI. 320)], 1-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, HOOC·CH(OH)CH(COOH)CH2COOH, which occurs in blackberry juice and is formed in the Krebs cycle by dehydration of citric acid to cis-aconitic acid followed by rehydration; isoˈcyanate [a. F. isocyanate (F.-S. Cloëz Rech. sur Éthers Cyaniques (Thesis, 1866) 18)], any of the class of compounds containing the group {b1}N:C:O, some of which are used in making polyurethane resins; isocyˈanic acid, the acid HN:C:O, which exists in equilibrium with cyanic acid (HO·CN); isoˈcyanide, any member of the class of compounds having the formula R{b1}NC (where R is an alkyl, aryl, etc., radical), which in general are poisonous liquids with a strong unpleasant odour; also called carbylamines, isonitriles; isoeugenol |aɪsəʊˈjuːdʒənɒl| [a. G. isoeugenol (Tiemann & Kraaz 1882, in Ber. d. Deut. Chem. Ges. XV. 2067)], an aromatic liquid that occurs in ylang-ylang and other essential oils, is produced commercially from eugenol, and has been used in the manufacture of vanillin and in perfumery; 2-methoxy-4-propenylphenol, CH3CH:CH·C6H3(OCH3)OH; isoˈflavone, (a) the crystalline tricyclic ketone 3-phenylbenzo-4-pyrone, C15H10O2; (b) any of the derivatives of this compound, which occur (often as glycosides) in many plants; isoˈlichenin [a. G. isolichenin (F. Beilstein Handbuch d. Org. Chem. (1881) i. xxxix. 602)], a water-soluble starch occurring in lichens which yields glucose on hydrolysis; isoˈmaltose [a. G. isomaltose (E. Fischer 1890, in Ber. d. Deut. Chem. Ges. XXII. 3688)], 6-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-d-glucose, C6H11O5·O·C6H11O5, a syrupy disaccharide formed by the action of acid on glucose; ˌisonicoˈtinic acid [tr. G. isonicotinsäure (Weidel & Russo 1883, in Sitzungsber. d. K. Akad. d. Wissen. (Math.-Nat. Classe) LXXXVI. ii. 1172)], pyridine-4-carboxylic acid, (C5H4N)COOH, a crystalline compound used in the synthesis of isoniazid; isonicotinic (acid) hydrazide = isoniazid; isoˈnitrile = isocyanide; isoˈparaffin, any branched-chain paraffin, spec. one containing the isopropyl group, (CH3)2CH{b1}, attached to an otherwise straight chain; isoˈpentane, 2-methylbutane, (CH3)2CHCH2CH3, a volatile liquid hydrocarbon present in petroleum; isoˈpentyl, the radical (CH3)2CHCH2CH2{b1}, as in isopentyl alcohol, a liquid primary alcohol, (CH3)2CH2CH2OH, which has a disagreeable odour and is obtained from fusel oil; isoˈphthalate, a salt or ester of isophthalic acid; isoˈphthalic acid, benzene-m-dicarboxylic acid, C6H4(COOH)2, a crystalline compound made by the oxidation of m-xylene and used in the manufacture of polyester and alkyd resins; isoˈpropanol = isopropyl alcohol; isoˈpropenyl, the radical CH2:C(CH3){b1}; isoˈpropyl, the radical (CH3)2CH{b1}, as in isopropyl alcohol, a liquid secondary alcohol, CH3CHOH·CH3, made by the hydration of propylene and widely used as a solvent and in the production of acetone; isoproˈpylidene, the bivalent radical (CH3)2C{b2}, frequently introduced into compounds by reaction with acetone; isoˈquinoline [ad. F. isoquinoléine (Hoogewerff & Van Dorp 1885, in Rec. des Trav. chim. des Pays-Bas IV. 128)], a low-melting, crystalline, bicyclic compound, C9H7N, found in coal tar and forming the nucleus of many alkaloids; isovaleˈraldehyde, 2-methylbutyraldehyde, (CH3)2CH·CH2·CHO, a liquid which occurs in peppermint, sandalwood, eucalyptus, and other oils; isoˈvalerate, a salt or ester of isovaleric acid; isovaleriˈanic (acid) = isovaleric acid; isovaˈleric acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, (CH3)2CHCH2COOH, a liquid with a disagreeable odour found free in valerian root and as esters in porpoise and dolphin oils; iˈsoxazole [ad. G. isoxazol (A. Hantzsch 1888, in Ann. d. Chem. CCXLIX. 3)], (a) a liquid heterocyclic compound, CH:CH·O·N:CH, with a penetrating odour; (b) a derivative of this compound.
1866Roscoe Elem. Chem. xxxvi. 321 These so-called iso-alcohols readily yield the olefines from which they are derived, and on oxidation do not produce the corresponding acid, but form an acetone by loss of hydrogen.
1936Chem. Abstr. XXX. 4512 Isoalloxazines with a substituent, e.g., alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, in the 9-position are prepd. by condensing N-monosubstituted aromatic o-diamines with alloxan. 1953Fruton & Simmonds Gen. Biochem. xiii. 320 In riboflavin, a sugar residue d-ribitol, is attached to a nitrogen atom of a heterocyclic nucleus, termed an isoalloxazine ring. 1968I. L. Finar Org. Chem. (ed. 4) II. 556 It appears that isoalloxazine, the tautomer of alloxazine, does not exist as such; only when the hydrogen atom is substituted is the isoalloxazine form retained.
1886Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XLIX. 770 The value of the ratio [of vapour pressures] of isobutyl and isoamyl alcohol is practically a constant. 1927Chem. Abstr. XXI. 985 Isoamyl alc. is considered as the mother substance of most of the compds. constituting oil of lavender. 1970New Phytologist LXIX. 557 Iso⁓valeric acid and isoamyl alcohol have been identified as metabolites of Agaricus bisporus.
1894Chem. News 30 Mar. 156/2 Isoborneol..crystallises out of petroleum ether in thin, feathery leaflets. 1951P. Z. Bedoukian Perfumery Synthetics & Isolates 93 Iso-borneol and its esters, particularly the acetate, are employed in many types of industrial perfumes—for example, in sprays. 1972G. D. Sargent in Olah & Schleyer Carbonium Ions III. xxiv. 1122 On reduction with lithium aluminium hydride, camphor (34) gives isoborneol (35) in high yield.
1876Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XXIX. 540 When isobutane is heated to 250° with iodine trichloride it gives the same products as propane. 1936[see Calor]. 1959Times Rev. Industry Aug. 98/2 Other processes..include alkylation, in which iso-butane is reacted with olefins to produce high octane material for aviation gasoline and high quality motor spirit.
1876Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XXX. 397 Isobutene combines readily with hypochlorous acid. 1964N. G. Clark Mod. Org. Chem. viii. 141 t-Butyl alcohol..is obtained from a 2-methylpropene [isobutene] using 65 per cent sulphuric acid.
1866Roscoe Elem. Chem. xxxvi. 320 Treated with hydriodic acid, erythrite forms isobutyl iodide. 1870Chem. News 21 Jan. 34/2 (heading) Conversion of isobutyl-alcohol into tertiary pseudobutyl-alcohol. 1873Watts Fownes' Chem. (ed. 11) 597 The [isobutyl] iodide is decomposed by potassium or sodium, yielding isodibutyl, a limpid liquid, lighter than water. 1873Watts Fownes' Chem. (ed. 11) 597 Iso⁓propyl Carbinol or Isobutyl Alcohol..By oxidation it is converted into isobutyric acid. 1964D. A. Shirley Org. Chem. x. 251 Isobutyl alcohol..is manufactured by a modification of the carbon monoxide and hydrogen method for synthesis of methanol. 1966Nomencl. Org. Chem. (I.U.P.A.C.) (ed. 2) A. 8 The following names are retained for the unsubstituted radicals only: Isopropyl..Isobutyl..Isopentyl [etc.].
1872Chem. News 29 Nov. 265/2 Chlorhydric acid behaves with isobutylen in the same manner as iodhydric acid, the result being the formation of a tertiary chloride of butyl. 1913J. B. Cohen Org. Chem. Adv. Students II. ii. 119 Isobutylene when heated with strong sulphuric acid yields a mixture of isomeric diisobutylenes. 1951Economist 29 Dec. 1599/2 It should produce butyl rubber based almost entirely on iso-butylene. 1969R. F. Lang tr. Henglein's Chem. Technol. 576 Cracking gases consist of ethylene, propylene and isobutylene... Isobutylene yields on polymerization a dimer which can be hydrogenated to iso-octane.
1873Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XXVI. 55 Ethylic iso⁓butyrate boils at 113°. 1928Chem. Abstr. XXII. 2809 A table of 23 butyrates and isobutyrates, giving their name, odor and specific use in perfume. 1973Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. CXLII. 595/1 Sucrose acetate isobutyrate..is employed as a flavor-suspending agent in the manufacture of soft drinks.
1871Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XXIV. 126 Iso⁓butyric acid..is scarcely attacked by a mixture of potassium dichromate and dilute sulphuric acid. 1881Roscoe & Schorlemmer Treat. Chem. III. i. 599 Isobutyric acid is found in the free state in the flowers of the Arnica montana, as well as in the carob bean, and amongst the acids of croton oil. 1970Exper. Parasitol. XXVII. 408 The branched chain acids, isobutyric and isovaleric, are also excreted by A. caninum.
1925Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. XLVII. 572 The ethyl isocitrate obtained from the first lot of blackberries was levorotatory. 1952Biochem. Jrnl. LII. 528/2 The observations are in agreement with Martius's earlier assumption..that cis-aconitate is an intermediate in the conversion of citrate into isocitrate. 1971Jrnl. Biol. Chem. CCXLV. 4807/1 Studies are reported..which indicate that there is a specific carrier system for the transport of citrate and isocitrate in mitochondria.
1869Chem. News 11 June 287/1 The isocitric acid may be obtained pure..and then exhibits a crystalline mass. 1930Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LII. 2928 As there are two asymmetric carbon atoms in isocitric acid, and no meso form is possible, four optically active forms and two racemic forms of the acid may exist. 1968R. F. Steiner Life Chem. xii. 219 The reversible transformation of citric acid to cis-aconitic acid, and of the latter to isocitric acid, is catalyzed by a single enzyme, aconitase.
1872Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XXV. 446 The first members of the group of compounds, now generally described as the isocyanates and isocyanurates, were discovered by Wurtz in the ethyl and methyl series. 1877Watts Fownes' Chem. (ed. 12) II. 96 Potassium Cyanate, CNKO..two modifications, viz. N{b3}C-OK Normal cyanate, and CO = NK Isocyanate. The normal cyanate..crystallises in long needles, and is converted by fusion into the isocyanate. 1880E. Cleminshaw Wurtz' Atom. The. 238 The isomer of urea, isocyanate of ammonium, contains nitrogen in two conditions. 1944S. J. Smith Princ. Org. Chem. xiv. 312 The alkyl isocyanates are liquids with a powerful stifling odour. 1961Times 30 May (I.C.I. Suppl.) p. xxii (Advt.), Italians need isocyanates for lightweight rigid and flexible polyurethane foams. 1963in Amer. Speech (1964) XXXIX. 146 A dummy man made of material resembling human flesh which has a base of isocyanate rubber.
1891Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LX. i. 282 Hydrocyanic acid and a small quantity of isocyanic acid are evolved. 1919Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. XLI. 381 The reaction between isocyanic acid and benzylidenaniline leads directly to a four-membered cyclic-urea. 1973J. J. Lagowski Mod. Inorg. Chem. xi. 349 Isocyanic acid (mp -86·8°, bp 23·5°) is formed when cyanuric acid is passed through a hot tube; the product reverts to cyanuric acid spontaneously.
1877Watts Fownes' Chem. (ed. 12) II. 94 In the isocyanide the carbon belonging to the alcohol-radicle is united directly with the nitrogen; in the [normal] cyanide, only through the medium of the carbon belonging to the cyanogen. 1881Roscoe & Schorlemmer Treat. Chem. III. i. 162 Cyanides of the alcohol radicals. These bodies are formed when an alcoholic iodide is heated with silver cyanide... The compounds obtained in this way are usually termed isocyanides or carbamines. 1907Daily Chron. 12 Dec. 5/5 Someone noiselessly discharged several squibs of iso⁓cyanide, and two ladies in the audience fled. 1928Sunday Dispatch 16 Dec. 13/5 The new gas, cacodyl isocyanide, which..was..so terrible and destructive..in its effect on life. 1964N. G. Clark Mod. Org. Chem. xiii. 265 The isocyanides are of no practical value, with the possible exception of the Carbylamine Reaction. However, the elucidation of their structure..has provided an interesting chapter in the development of organic chemistry.
1883Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XLIV. 201 By distilling it [sc. homoferulic acid] with lime a body is obtained which is isomeric with eugenol, and termed isoeugenol. 1891Jrnl. Soc. Chem. Industry 31 Oct. 854/1 Iso-eugenol..is prepared from eugenol, or the Essence of Cloves, by heating it with caustic potash in amyl alcohol for 16–24 hours. 1936A. Huxley Eyeless in Gaza xviii. 243 That's one of the reasons why your scent costs you so much. The poor..have to be content with plain iso-eugenol. 1965Chem. Abstr. LXII. 6815 Eugenol and isoeugenol were estd. in the smoke at 4 and 14·7 mg./1000 Turkish tobacco cigarets, resp.
1925Jrnl. Chem. Soc. CXXVII. 1981 The occurrence of derivatives of 3-phenylchromone (iso⁓flavone) has not yet been definitely proved. 1948Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. A. XXVII. 36 Hydroxy isoflavones are more toxic than the corresponding flavones. 1951Ann. Rev. Biochem. XX. 508 The..occurrence of the iso⁓flavone (prunetin) along with its isomeric flavone (genkwanin) is a rare example of such association. 1965T. Swain in Pridham & Swain Biosynthetic Pathways Higher Plants 33 Isoflavones..are common in other members of the Leguminosae.
1898Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. I. 455 The unusual behavior of isolichenin towards amylolytic enzymes—the formation of dextrins without sugars—recalls the formation (from glycogen) of dystropo-dextrin. 1934Chem. Abstr. XXVIII. 2375 Isolichenin was proved in some varieties of the lichens produced in Japan, such as Alectoria ochrolenca... Isolichenin closely resembles amylose. 1967M. E. Hale Biol. Lichens viii. 103 Iso⁓lichenin, the rarer of the two major lichen starches, is distinguished by a positive iodine test and consists of d-glucose residues with α-1,3 and α-1,4 glucosidic linkages.
1891Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LX. i. 413 The author has obtained from glucose a new glucobiose, which from its properties is doubtless constituted like maltose, and is hence called isomaltose. 1892Jrnl. Soc. Chem. Industry 30 July 627/2 Iso-maltose is an important constituent of beer and forms 25–30 per cent of beer extract. 1956New Biol. XXI. 12 Maltose appears after two days [during malting], and then maltatriose and isomaltose, as a result of the degradation of starch.
1883Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XLIV. 484 In the form of sulphate it [sc. γ-dipyridyl] is easily oxidised by potassium permanganate, yielding pyridine-monocarboxylic or isonicotinic acid... This acid..forms a white crystalline mass melting at 307°. 1952Biol. Abstr. XXVI. 35208 Isonicotinic acid hydrazide..is effective against tuberculosis in the mouse. 1956Nature 25 Feb. 367/2 An active programme of leprosy work at Singapore included a chemotherapeutic trial of isonicotinic hydrazide. 1961Biol. Abstr. XXXVI. 2299/1 (heading) Antituberculous activity of isonicotinic acid derivatives in vitro. 1972Biochem. & Biophys. Res. Communications XLVIII. 58 (heading) In vitro inhibition of tRNA and protein methylation by nicotinamide and isonicotinic acid hydrazide.
1871Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XXIV. 137 This body [sc. a urea], when heated, is resolved into triethylphosphine sulphide and the isonitrile of the allyl series. 1915R. H. A. Plimmer Pract. Org. & Biochem. 61 To the dilute solution of chloroform in water is added some alcoholic sodium hydroxide and a drop of aniline and the mixture heated. Phenyl isonitrile or carbylamine is formed. 1965Chem. Communications May 181/1 The ability of isonitriles to act as bridging groups has now been demonstrated by the preparation of the iron complex (I). 1971Green & Hoffmann in I. Ugi Isonitrile Chem. i. 1 The term isonitriles is used for the general class of compounds, whereas the term isocyanide is used for specific designations (e.g., ethyl isocyanide).
1876Phil. Mag. I. 206 The dimethylated and trimethylated paraffins have been distinguished for some time past as normal and isoparaffins respectively. 1889G. M'Gowan tr. Bernthsen's Text-bk. Org. Chem. i. 43 Iso-paraffins, in which one assumes a single branching in the molecule. 1939Gruener & Lankelma Introd. Org. Chem. vi. 85 A tertiary alcohol is obtained only in the case of branching carbon chains, or ‘isoparaffins’. 1969R. F. Lang tr. Henglein's Chem. Technol. xxi. 576 The synthesis of anti⁓knock isoparaffins for aviation gasoline is achieved also by chemical means.
1876Encycl. Brit. V. 558/2 Iso⁓pentane..is formed by the dehydration of amyl alcohol by means of zinc chloride. 1943V. A. Kalichevsky Amazing Petroleum Industry iv. 55 Natural gasoline contains certain quantities of a hydrocarbon known as isopentane which is a valuable component of high-grade gasolines. 1964Roberts & Caserio Basic Princ. Org. Chem. iii. 92 The chlorination of isopentane at 300° gives all four possible monosubstitution products.
1876Phil. Mag. I. 217 One of the two conceivable isopentyl alcohols would be derivable in this way from pseudobutyl alcohol. 1970H. E. Nursten in A. C. Hulme Biochem. Fruits I. x. 247 Hultin and Proctor..had already found..isopentyl alcohol to be significant as regards the rank odour of over⁓ripe fruit.
1886E. F. Smith tr. V. von Richter's Chem. Carbon Compounds 566 It [sc. the barium salt] is not precipitated by barium chloride from a solution of ammonium isophthalate. 1968A. L. Waddams Chemicals from Petrol. (ed. 2) xii. 182 Isophthalates have many properties in common with the phthalate esters so that the two are in competition to some extent. As the isophthalates are the more expensive their use is limited to more specialized applications.
1870Chem. News 22 Apr. 191/2 (heading) On isophthalic acid and some of its derivatives. 1914H. T. Clarke Introd. Study Org. Chem. xxxiii. 399 Isophthalic acid..differs from phthalic acid in being incapable of forming an anhydride or an imide. 1968A. L. Waddams Chemicals from Petrol. (ed. 2) xii. 182 The production of isophthalic acid in the U.S.A. is about 30,000 long tons a year. Its major use is in unsaturated polyester resins (38 per cent of the total). 31 per cent of consumption is for alkyd resins.
1945Chem. Abstr. XXXIX. 349 Isopropanol..in blood and body fluids can be detd. iodometrically. 1956Nature 11 Feb. 271/1 Fractions of ribonucleic acid were hydrolysed..to mononucleotides, which were separated by paper chromatography in isopropanol-water-ammonia. 1972P. Wiseman Introd. Industr. Org. Chem. vi. 218 Acetone is made by the dehydrogenation of iso⁓propanol.
1885Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XLVIII. 645 On heating isopropenyl carbinol with a small quantity of acid, iso⁓butaldehyde is formed. 1950R. C. Fuson Adv. Org. Chem. xv. 347 The conversion of isopropenyl acetate to acetyl⁓acetone. 1965Nomencl. Org. Chem. (I.U.P.A.C.) C. 239 Isopropenyl (replacing 1-methylvinyl) (unsubstituted only).
1866Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XIX. 487 We know that isopropyl compounds do not yield propionic acid by oxidation. 1872Ibid. XXV. 237 The production of iso⁓propyl alcohol, instead of the normal alcohol, by the decomposition of normal propylamine nitrite. 1888I. Remsen Org. Chem. 120 Secondary propyl or isopropyl alcohol. 1934H. Hiler Notes Technique Painting v. 288 Isopropyl alcohol or petrohol is one of the latest solvents used. It will dissolve most varnishes. 1948Economist 31 July 193/1 American production of isopropyl alcohol (now the principal source of acetone) began in small quantities about fifteen years ago. 1955H. R. Downs Chem. Living Cells xii. 410 Administration of doubly labeled isovaleric acid gives rise to cholesterol in which it appears that the carbons of the isopropyl group of that acid have been incorporated as a unit. 1966[see isobutyl above]. 1970Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. II. xviii. 40/2 Ethyl alcohol, or better isopropyl alcohol, are used for rapid skin disinfection and are probably the best substances for this purpose.
1880Athenæum 27 Nov. 713/1 The authors..have thus prepared aluminic methylate, ethylate, propylate (isopropylate could not be obtained).
1900E. F. Smith tr. V. von Richter's Org. Chem. (ed. 3) II. 495 The condensation of the same oxime in the presence of ketones or aldehydes gives rise to isopropylidene and benzylidene methyl isoxazolons, (C4H3NO2):C(CH3)2 [etc.]. 1932H. Pringsheim Chem. Monosaccharides & Polysaccharides ii. 31 Into the hexoses and pentoses there can be introduced two isopropylidene remainders. 1967R. J. McIlroy Introd. Carbohydrate Chem. v. 52 This displacement of the ring has led to the employment of isopropylidene derivatives in the synthesis of reference compounds of the furanose type.
1886Jrnl. Chem. Soc. L. 78 By adding concentrated sulphuric acid to an alcoholic solution of crude quinoline from coal-tar, the sulphates of quinoline and isoquinoline, C9H7N, are precipitated. 1932I. D. Garrard Introd. Org. Chem. xii. 180 Morphine is one of the alkaloids obtained from opium. It is a derivative of isoquinoline. 1960R. M. Acheson Introd. Chem. Heterocyclic Compounds vi. 231 Many alkaloids (e.g. papaverine) contain either the aromatic, or the reduced, isoquinoline system. 1972N. L. Allinger et al. Org. Chem. xxviii. 746 Isoquinoline may be synthesized from benzaldehyde by a cyclization reaction known as the Pomeranz–Fritsch synthesis.
1883Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XLIII. 86 The same remark applies to the polymeride obtained..from isovaleraldehyde. 1946Chem. Abstr. XL. 6757 The oil examd., obtained in 1·2% yield by direct steam distn...of Lavandula delphinensis plants..had{ddd}isovaleraldehyde 0·02[%]. 1970Jrnl. Econ. Ent. LXIII. 1819/1 Bioassay results with 37 terpenoids and related plant constituents indicate that..menthone, isovaleraldehyde, and linalool were among the most attractive to Anthomus grandis Boheman.
1882Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XLII. 30 Fraction 3..yielded impure isopentyl isovalerate. 1888Ibid. LIV. 251 Silver isovalerate. 1963Chem. Abstr. LVIII. 4974 Other compds. identified [in nutmeg oil] were..isoeugenol..and menthyl isovalerate.
1894Chem. News 9 Feb. 66/1 (heading) Condensation of isovalerianic aldehyd with ordinary acetone. 1927Chem. Abstr. XXI. 985 By oxidation iso-AmOH gives the aldehyde and isovalerianic acid, all 3 of which have been found in oil of lavender. 1971Angewandte Parasitol. XII. 107 The pure attractants..valerianic acid and iso-valerianic acid had only a little attraction [for synanthropic flies].
1882Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XLII. 162 Of the lower homologues of isocaproic acid which contain the isopropyl group, isovaleric acid alone yields an acid similar to the above on oxidation. 1934Biochem. Jrnl. XXXVIII. 401 The porpoise and dolphin depôt fats are unique in containing large amounts of isovaleric acid. 1950J. Bonner Plant Biochem. xxv. 393 Fig. 25-3 gives an example of a fractionation conducted on oil of peppermint... Acetaldehyde, acetone, isovaleric acid, and isoamyl alcohol first distil over. 1960K. S. Markley Fatty Acids (ed. 2) II. ii. 55 Isovaleric acid has been reported to occur in the free state in large amounts in valerian root; in lesser amounts in the oils of pineapple and lavender, and among the volatile acids of mutton tallow.., and in the rumen of the sheep.
1891Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LIX. 410 (heading) Formation of isoxazoles. 1946A. A. Morton Chem. Heterocyclic Compounds xiv. 421 No naturally occurring isoxazole compounds are known. They are often obtained in the course of laboratory work with nitroso and isonitroso compounds. 1960R. M. Acheson Introd. Chem. Heterocyclic Compounds vii. 272 Isoxazole itself is obtainable from propargyl aldehyde and hydroxylamine; 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds also give isoxazoles with hydroxylamine in a very general synthesis.
Add:[a.] isoˈdiaphere Physics [a. G. Isodiaphere (J. Schintlmeister 1938, in Österreichische Chemiker-Zeitung XLI. 319/1), f. Gr. διαϕέρειν differ, be distinct)], each of two or more nuclides having the same isotopic number.
1947Amer. Jrnl. Physics XV. 356/2 The addition of nuclide to the existing words isotope, isotone, isobar, *isodiaphere and isomer complements them by providing a more general term not subject to the limits inherent in any of them. 1984M. R. Wehr et al. Physics of Atom (ed. 4) xi. 444 [c blue][/c]
3717Cl
is an isotope of
3517CI
, an isobar of
3716S
, an isotone of
3919K
, and an isodiaphere of
3918Ar
.
Add: [f. iso- a. + kinetic a.]
2. Physiol. Pertaining to or designating muscular action during which speed of movement (of a joint, etc.) remains constant; hence applied to equipment designed to maintain such speed, or exercises which involve such movement.
1967H. G. Thistle et al. in Arch. Physical Med. & Rehabilitation June XLVIII. 279 (heading), Isokinetic contraction: a new concept of resistive exercise. Ibid. 280/1 (caption) Isokinetic exercise device in use. 1975D. H. Clarke Exerc. Physiol. iii. 49 It seems reasonable to conclude that isokinetic exercise provides a training stimulus that is comparable to or even better than isotonic exercise. 1983Humphreys & Holman Focus on Marathon 76 A suitable strength programme involving weights or isokinetic equipment will probably improve your running. 1987Muscle & Fitness Oct. 16/1 High-speed isokinetic training increases dynamic strength,..and significantly increases speed-strength properties, but it has little effect on isometric strength. |