| 释义 |
irradiation|ɪreɪdɪˈeɪʃən|
[a. F. irradiation, ad. L. *irradiātiōn-em, n. of action from irradiāre: see irradiate v.]
I. In reference to rays of light.
1. a. The action of irradiating, or emitting rays or beams of light; shining.
1599Sparry tr. Cattan's Geomancie 59 The beaming and irradiation of the saide Signes. 1615E. Howes Stow's Ann. 1030/2 The Irradiation of this Comets streame was sometime extended to a wonderfull length. 1621Burton Anat. Mel. ii. ii. iii. 323 The same verticall stars, the same irradiations of Planets, aspects alike. 1658South Serm. (1744) VIII. xiii. 363 Sooner may a dark room enlighten itself, without the irradiation of a candle or the sun. 1800Herschel in Phil. Trans. XC. 257 Advanced far enough to receive the irradiation of the colour which passed through the opening. 1890Clark Russell Ocean Trag. I. iii. 46 There was something positively phosphoric in the irradiation on her face and hair, as though in sober truth they were self-luminous.
b. A ray of light, a beam.
1643Howell Parables on Times 6 The Sunne detained his beames and irradiations from them. 1698Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 181 How he..dispenses his Irradiations as far as either Pole. 1790Umfreville Hudson's Bay 23 The Aurora Borealis..sometimes the irradiations are seen of a very bright red, at other times of a pale milky colour.
2. fig.
a. A beaming forth of spiritual light.
1633Earl of Manchester Al Mondo (1636) 28 If in this life holinesse maketh the face of a man to shine, by an irradiation from the heart. 1648Eikon Bas. 76 God..from whom alone are all the irradiations of true Glory and Majesty. a1711Ken Serm. Wks. (1838) 114 His conversation had so many irradiations of divinity in it. 1747Hervey Medit. II. 100 Opening our Minds to the Irradiations of his Wisdom. 1807G. Chalmers Caledonia I. i. i. 5 The sun of truth shot forth the irradiations of a clearer light on the dark events of the most ancient times.
b. Intellectual enlightenment; illumination of the mind.
1589Puttenham Eng. Poesie i. viii. (Arb.) 35 Such persons as be illuminated with the brightest irradiations of knowledge and of the veritie and due proportion of things. 1608T. James Apol. Wyclif 11 Some are illuminated and enlightened from aboue,..which illumination and irradiation of theirs..is much confirmed and warranted vnto vs, by their holy liues and conuersations. 1661K. W. Conf. Charac., Pragm. Pulpit-filler (1860) 83 Their poetical faculties devoid of all philosophick irradiations. 1754Johnson Adventurer No. 137 ⁋9 They are universally ignorant, yet with greater or less irradiations of knowledge. 1860W. Collins Wom. White ii. i. 158 She..brightened suddenly with the irradiation of a new idea.
3. a. Optics. The apparent enlargement or extension of the edges of an object strongly illuminated, when seen against a dark ground.
1834Nat. Philos. III. Astronomy xii. 249 note (U.K.S.), The first of these corrections is attributed to an optical effect called irradiation. 1867–77G. F. Chambers Astron. i. vii. 78 To allow for exaggeration of its dimensions by irradiation. 1876Bernstein Five Senses 77 People look larger in light clothes than in dark, which may also be explained as the effect of irradiation. 1878Foster Phys. iii. ii. 433 Irradiation, a white patch on a dark ground appears larger, and a dark patch on a white ground smaller, than it really is.
b. Photogr. The scattering of light by silver halide crystals in a photographic emulsion causing diffuseness of the image obtained on development.
1924L. P. Clerc Ilford Man. Process Work vi. 53 The effect of irradiation, evidently, is the more marked,..as the exposure is longer. 1940‘C. I. Jacobson’ Developing ii. 43 If the exposure is longer, then the light is scattered so that it spreads beyond the area protected by the metal, and hence irradiation takes place. 1968H. Baines in C. E. Engel Photogr. for Scientist i. 20 This scatter from one crystal to others is known as ‘irradiation’.
II. In reference to other rays.
4. The emission of heat-rays.
1794J. Hutton Phil. Light, etc. 67 Those philosophers, who have adopted the theory of irradiated heat,..suppose, that there is no irradiation when there is an equilibrium of heat among bodies.
5. Emanation from a common centre.
1879tr. De Quatrefages' Hum. Spec. 179 Zoological geography is now met with everywhere, because it has spread by irradiation in every direction from this centre.
†6.
a. In older Physiology: The emission or emanation of any fluid, influence, principle, or virtue, from an active centre. Obs.
1615Crooke Body of Man 57 If a nerue be deriued vnto the part, by whose illustration and irradiation, all the particles of that part haue sence. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. iii. ix. 124 The generation of bodies is not effected as some conceive, of soules, that is, by Irradiation. 1666Harvey Morb. Angl. iv. 38 The manner whereby the faculty of the brain effects a locomotive action in any muscul is by irradiation. 1706Phillips, Irradiation,..us'd by Van Helmont..to express the Operation of some Mineral Medicines, which they will have to impart their Virtue without sending forth any thing material out of them, and without loss of their own Substance or Weight.
†b. The (fancied) emission of an immaterial fluid or influence from the eye. Obs.
1625Bacon Ess., Envy (Arb.) 511 There seemeth to be acknowledged, in the Act of Enuy, an Eiaculation, or Irradiation of the Eye. 1660tr. Amyraldus' Treat. conc. Relig. i. iii. 38 As the irradiations of our Eyes are dissipated in the wide Aer. 1696Aubrey Misc. (1721) 185 Infants are very sensible of these Iradiations of the Eyes; In..Southern Countries, the Nurses and Parents are very shy to let People look upon their young Children for fear of Fascination.
7. Physiol. ‘A movement which proceeds from the centre peripherically’ (Syd. Soc. Lex.); the transmission of nerve-excitation from a nerve-centre outwards; also, the spreading of a stimulus from one nerve-centre to others.
1847tr. Feuchtersleben's Med. Psychol. (Syd. Soc.) 88 The transition to the homogeneous is called irradiation (in motor nerves synergy—in sensitive, sympathy). 1855Mayne Expos. Lex., Irradiatio,..term used in physics, for the movement from the centre to the circumference of a body: irradiation.
8. Anat. ‘Applied to the disposition of fibres or other structures in the form of a star, with a centre and diverging rays’ (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1887).
9. Exposure to the action of some kind of radiation (other than visible light, as X-rays, ultra-violet radiation, or neutrons); the (or an) action or process of irradiating something. Also, radiation allowed to be incident upon something.
1901N.Y. Med. Jrnl. 16 Nov. 908/2 Up to today irradiation has been done seven times [on the same patient]. Ibid. 909/1 If a strong effect is desired, intense irradiation must naturally be employed. 1915Colwell & Russ Radium, X-Rays & Living Cell iii. 116 Radium, like X rays, does not effect the immediate death of the cell; specimens subjected to three days' continuous irradiation still underwent division. 1935Practitioners Libr. Med. & Surg. VII. v. 158 Ultraviolet irradiation of the skin is effective in preventing or curing rickets. Ibid. 159 Short exposures of thin films of milk to ultraviolet irradiation. 1936B. J. M. Harrison Textbk. Roentgenology iii. 52 If he moves out of position the irradiation falls on the protected covers and not upon the patient. 1951Jrnl. Sci. Instruments XXVIII. 191/1 The neutron irradiation of small quantities of material in the pile is often carried out in aluminium foil ‘envelopes’ or in silica capsules. 1953Carter & Merritt in Smith & Wermer Mod. Treatm. xx. 433/1 Daily shortwave diathermy in combination with infra-red irradiation twice applied to the lumbar area may be of value. 1953Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. XVIII. 101/2 Irradiation of cultures of lysogenic Bacillus megatherium with ultraviolet light greatly increased the proportion of bacteria producing phage. 1957Times 3 Sept. 9/2 Therapeutic irradiation of the pelvic region would certainly involve considerable risk to an embryo in the direct beam. 1972Physics Bull. July 398 The damage produced during irradiations with 20 MeV C ions and 48 MeV Ni ions has been normalized to that produced by 4 MeV protons where we can make reasonably accurate estimates of the number of displaced atoms.
Add:[II.] [9.] b. spec. The irradiation of food using gamma rays in order to improve its keeping quality. Cf. food irradiation s.v. *food n. 8.
1954Nature 24 Apr. 753/2 Dr Hannan..went on to describe the effects of irradiation on the foods themselves. 1989What Diet & Lifestyle Dec. 19/1 Irradiation to cut salmonella will kill the natural yeasts and moulds which compete with botulinum, allowing, under favourable conditions, its quicker growth. |