| 释义 |
wash-out
[f. verbal phr. to wash out: see wash v. 13.]
1. a. An act of washing out a cistern, etc.; a pipe or other appliance for doing this. Also attrib.
1877Hellyer Plumber ix. 86 This ‘water-battery’ water-closet is similar in principle and shape to the ‘wash-out’ closet-basin. 1903Architect 24 Apr. Suppl. 23/2 Valves are provided en route to divide the delivery main into sections and control the supply. Wash-outs and air-valves are provided, also hydrants in the villages for fire protection. 1884Health Exhib. Catal. 94/1 Shanks' Patent ‘Tubal’ Washout Closets with Patent ‘Reliable’ Syphon Cisterns. 1901Feilden's Mag. IV. 430/1 There was a 6-in. washout pipe which was connected to the 12 in. main.
b. Biol. and Med. The removal of material, esp. from a physiological system, by means of a fluid; the fluid used for, or matter removed by, this.
1955in Shorter Oxf. Eng. Dict. (ed. 3) Add. 1966Jrnl. Lab. & Clinical Med. LXVI. 856 The rapidity of indicator washout..should yield information regarding fluid flow patterns within the cardiovascular system. 1971Nature 23 July 266/2 With a closed system technique in which a nitrogen-free atmosphere was made with helium-oxygen washout, a substantial increase in the concentration of nitrogen was measured. 1977Lancet 8 Oct. 745/1 In a check of the wash-out from swabs and surgical drapes with measured volumes of blood the maximum error recorded was +2.8% by volume. 1980Nature 17 Jan. 265/1 Spontaneous synaptic activity was detected in most myotubes within 1–2 min of curare washout.
c. Meteorol. The removal of particles from the air by falling water droplets. Cf. rain-out 2.
1955A. C. Chamberlain Aspects of Trav. & Deposition of Aerosol & Vapour Clouds (A.E.R.E. Doc. HP/R 1261) 2 Consideration is given to the four mechanisms by which aerosol particles and vapours are removed from the atmosphere, namely: (a) Sedimentation, (b) Impaction, (c) Diffusion.., (d) Wash out by rain. 1974[see rain-out 2]. 1980Iribarne & Cho Atmospheric Physics ii. 26 The water cycle is important in the cleansing of the atmosphere by two mechanisms: Rainout... Washout—This is the name given to the elimination of gases by dissolution and of aerosol particles through capture by falling water drops.
2. Mining. A place where a portion of a coal or ironstone seam has been carried away by a stream, a deposit of sandstone being left in its place.
1876Cudworth Rambles Bradford 56. 1911 Act 1 & 2 Geo. V, c. 50 §20 The position, direction, and extent of every known fault of every seam with its vertical throw, and..every known washout and intrusive dyke.
3. The removal by flood of a portion of a hillside; a hole or breach in a railway or road track caused by flood or erosion. Orig. U.S.
1873Newton Kansan 29 May 3/2 Owing to a wash out on the Cottonwood last Sunday night, we had no train from the east until Tuesday afternoon. 1883Daily News 24 Sept. 2/1 The well built Mexican Railway..has had difficulty enough to prevent ‘wash-outs’. 1883Standard 25 Dec. 5/4 A train..ran into a wash-out. 1885Roosevelt Hunting Trips 153 (Cent.) The rains and torrents cutting away the land into channels, which at first are merely wash-outs, and at last grow into deep canyons. 1910Times 5 Mar. 5/6 On the Peking and Hankau Railway..washouts may extend, not for one or two miles, but for fifty or a hundred miles.
4. slang.
a. A disappointing failure, a ‘sell’.
1902Westm. Gaz. 1 Nov. 2/1 As Harker remarked, ‘Half a guinea for an essay is no wash-out’. 1915P. MacGill Amateur Army 57 What the dickens did you take this here [rifle] for!.. It's a blooming wash-out. Footn. ‘Wash-out’ is a term used by the men when their firing is so wide of the mark that it fails to hit any spot on the card. The men apply it indiscriminately to anything in the nature of a failure.
b. A useless or unsuccessful person; spec. in Air Force slang, a person who is eliminated from a course of training.
1918J. M. Grider War Birds (1926) 65 Yesterday was washout day so we all went into town and threw a party at the Court. 1925[see napoo int., a., and v.]. 1927C. A. Lindbergh We 115 We waited for the almost weekly list of washouts to be published. 1929D. H. Lawrence Pansies 126 Now it's a country of..young wash-outs pretending to be in love with death. 1936J. B. Priestley They walk in City v. 115 Gregory Porson was no good, a blighter,..a worm, a wash-out. 1950Chicago Tribune 27 Apr. iv. 1/5 But there's a redeeming feature about the washouts, etc. The Wrigley field tenants still have their perfect percentage based on three straight victories. 1973Times 23 Apr. 4/7, I think I'm a washout.
c. Air Force slang. A wrecked aeroplane.
1928Pop. Sci. Monthly May 72/1 Damage to a plane is spoken of as a..‘crash’ and if beyond repair as a ‘washout’. 1972in Amer. Speech 1972 (1975) XLVII. 114 Wash out—complete wreckage.
5. Aeronaut. A decrease in the angle of incidence of an aeroplane wing towards the tip. [Perh. f. wash n. 6 b (b), but cf. wash v. 2 k, 13 e and quot. 19161.]
1913Flight 25 Jan. 87/2 The fact of them [an aeroplane's wing tips] appearing to be negative does not necessarily imply more than a ‘wash-out’. 1916H. Barber Aeroplane Speaks 25 The Angle of Incidence..is sometimes decreased or washed-out towards the Wing-tips. ] Ibid. 81 The wash-out also renders the ailerons..more effective. 1939Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. XLIII. 792 The designer has available in this connection not only the use of tip slots, but the use of wash⁓out and of varying aerofoil section along the span. 1979Bertin & Smith Aerodynamics for Engineers iii. 83 The wings of numerous subsonic aircraft have wash out to control the spanwise lift distribution. |