| 释义 |
▪ I. inward, a. and n.|ˈɪnwəd|
Forms: see next. Comp. inwarder obs., superl. inwardest now rare.
[OE. innanweard, inneweard, inweard, f. innan, inne, inn adv. and prep. + -weard (see -ward): cognate with ON. innanverðr adj. interior, inward, OHG. inwart, inwarti, MHG. inwart, inwarte, MDu. inwaert (inwert).]
A. adj.
I. In reference to situation or condition.
1. Situated within; that is the inner or inmost part; that is in or on the inside; belonging to or connected with the inside (esp. of the body): = inner a. 1 a, interior a. 1, internal a. 1.
In OE. chiefly used of the interior or inner part of anything, like L. interior domus the inner (part of the) house, intimum pectus, the inmost (part of the) breast.
Beowulf (Z.) 992 Ða wæs haten hreþe heort innanweard folmum ᵹefrætwod. c888K. ælfred Boeth. xxxiv. §10 ælc wuht cwices biþ innanweard hnescost. a1000Christ & Satan (Gr.) 707 Hu heh and deop hell inneweard seo, grim græfhus. a1225Leg. Kath. 1815 Ne schal him neauer teone..trukien in inwarde helle. c1374Chaucer Boeth. v. met. ii. 119 (Camb. MS.) Natheles yit ne may it [the sun]..percen the inward entrailes of the erthe or elles of the see. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. vii. lxvii. (MS. Bodl.) lf. 72 b, Þe Iuyes..swageþ inward brennyng in a wondre manere. c1400Apol. Loll. 24 He dede on cursyng os a cloþ, & entred as water in to his inword þings. 1483Cath. Angl. 197/1 Inwarde,..jnterior, jntestinus. 1576Newton Lemnie's Complex. (1633) 73 Fevers hecticke, which taking once hold in the inwardest parts..bringeth the body into apparant consumption. 1584Cogan Haven Health cxxxii. 132 The inward parts of a swine..be very like to the inward parts of a man. 1617Moryson Itin. i. 185 They tooke from me the inward doublet wherein I had quilted the gold. 1660Barrow Euclid i. xvi, The outward angle will be greater than either of the inward and opposite angles. 1697tr. C'tess D'Aunoy's Trav. (1706) 29 He found her alone in an inward Room. 1796Morse Amer. Geog. I. 542 The inward carpentry-work on private and public buildings. 1841Gladstone State & Church (ed. 4) I. iv. §78. 252 The term activity applies much more to outward than to inward vitality. 1899J. Hutchinson Archives Surg. X. No. 38. 123 Nurse said child had had ‘inward convulsions’.
†b. Said of the heart as a material organ possessing an interior part; and so, figuratively, of the heart, mind, soul, spirit, regarded as seats of feeling and thought. Obs.
c888K. ælfred Boeth. xxii. §1 Swiþe lust bære hine to ᵹehyranne mid inneweardum mode. c1000ælfric Deut. iv. 29 ᵹif ᵹe hine mid inweardre heortan seceaþ and mid ealre mihte. c1200Ormin 5925 Itt tacneþþ uss þatt mann þatt doþ God werrc wiþþ innwarrd herrte. a1240Lofsong in Cott. Hom. 209 Ich..bi-seche þe wið inwarde heorte.
†c. Of medicine: = internal a. 1 c. Obs.
1607E. Grimstone tr. Goulart's Mem. Hist. 289 Cured by diet, rest, and glisters, without any inward medicines. 1655Digges Compl. Ambass. 387 To councel the application of inward medicines when outward will serve.
d. Of the voice or a sound: Uttered without due opening of the mouth, so as not to be clearly heard; muffled, indistinct. (Cf. ‘to speak out’.) Also transf. of the utterer (quot. 1774).
1774G. White Selborne lviii, The marten..when it sings, is so inward as scarce to be heard. 1797Mrs. Radcliffe Italian xx, Her words were inward and indistinct. 1825Mrs. Cameron Proper Spirit in Houlston Tracts I. ix. 5 He read in his turn, but with an inward voice.
Comb.1876Lanier Clover 17 in Poems, Eight lingering strokes..That speak the hour so inward-voiced.
e. Situated in, or belonging to, the interior of a country or region; inland: = interior a. 1 c.
1635E. Pagitt Christianogr. 46 The inward and wilder parts thereof remayne in their ancient Paganisme. 1732T. Lediard Sethos II. viii. 145 Some provinces in the inward parts of Africa.
† f. Mus. Applied to parts intermediate between the highest and lowest of the harmony: = inner a. 1 d. Obs.
1674Playford Skill Mus. i. iv. 14 In any Cliff whatsoever, be it Bass, Treble, or any Inward Part. Ibid. ii. 99 The Tenor-Viol is an excellent inward part.
2. Applied to the mind, thoughts, and mental faculties as located within the body; hence to mental or spiritual conditions and actions, as distinguished from bodily or external phenomena, and so = mental or spiritual. Cf. inner a. 2, interior a. 3, internal a. 3.
inward man (arch.) the spiritual part of man, the spirit: = inner man (inner a. 3 a.).
a1225Juliana 44 Þer is riht bileaue ant inward bone [MS. Bodl. inwardliche bonen] ant swa icweme to godd. c1485Digby Myst. iv. 1134 Which with thyn inward Ee Seest the depest place of mannys conscience. 1526Tindale 2 Cor. iv. 16 Though oure vttward man perisshe, yet the inwarde man is renewed daye by daye. 1532More Confut. Tindale Wks. 521/1 By a secrete inward instincte of nature. 1587Mirr. Mag., Q. Cordila v, To ease her inward smarte. 1611Bible Ps. li. 6 Behold, thou desirest trueth in the inward parts. 1664Butler Hud. ii. ii. 77 The inward Man And Outward, like a Clan and Clan, Have always been at Daggers-drawing. 1736Butler Anal. i. iii. Wks. 1874 I. 56 Inward security and peace..are the natural attendants of innocence and virtue. 1807Crabbe Par. Reg. iii. 401 Then shall thy inward eye with joy survey, The angel Mercy tempering Death's delay. 1885S. Cox Expos. Ser. i. iii. 36 The most perplexing facts of our inward experience.
†b. Conceived in or coming from one's inmost heart; deeply felt, heartfelt; hence, earnest, fervent.
c1402Lydg. Compl. Bl. Knt. 218 The thought oppressed with inward sighes sore. Ibid. 580 The teares gonne fro mine eyen raine Full pitously, for very inward roth. 1508Dunbar Poems vii. 37 Is none of Scotland borne..Bot he..wald of inwart hie effectioun, Bot dreyd of danger, de in thi defence. a1548Hall Chron., Edw. IV 229 What inward affeccion, and fervent desire, the kyng my Master hath alwaies had, to have a perfecte peace. 1627Wotton Let. to Chas. I in Reliq. (1672) d vj b, With whom he did communicate the inwardest thoughts of his heart.
c. Spiritually minded, devout, pious: = interior a. 3 c. ? Obs.
c1450tr. De Imitatione ii. i. 41 A very inwarde man, & fre from inordinat affeccions. Ibid. v. 45 Thou shalt neuer be inwarde & deuoute man, but yf þou kepe silence of oþir men, & specialy beholde þiself. 1690Penn Rise & Prog. Quakers (1834) 49 Being more religious, inward, still, solid, and observing. 1694― Trav. Holland & Germ. Pref. A iij, Wherefore, Reader, be Serious, Inward and Inquisitive for thy souls Sake.
†3. Belonging to the inner circle of one's acquaintance or friends; closely associated or acquainted; intimate, familiar, confidential. Obs. (Common in 16th and 17th c.)
c1475Rauf Coilȝear 236 Ane Chyld of hir Chalmer, Schir,..maist inwart of ane. 1535Stewart Cron. Scot. I. 519 Ane Murra man maist inwart with the king. 1587Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1371/2 Men knowne..to be..verie inward with the duke of Guise. 1602Daniel Hymen's Tri. iii. i, You two were wont to be most inward Friends. 1606Day Ile of Guls i. iv. (1881) 24 These Ladies are so inward with our tricks, theres no good to be done uppon them. 1609Holland Amm. Marcell. xv. v. 35 One that would seeme most inward unto him, and of his familiar acquaintance. 1621Quarles Argalus & P. (1678) 20 Friendly to all men, inward but with few. 1675tr. Camden's Hist. Eliz. (1688) 13 She applied her first Care (howbeit with but a few of her inwardest Counsellours) to the restoring of the Protestant Religion.
†b. Of a relation or feeling between two persons: Close, intimate. Obs.
1525Ld. Berners Froiss. II. ci. [xcvii.] 295 All weren nat in his inwarde loue. 1617Moryson Itin. i. 174 For their inward conversation, love, affinitie. 1645Milton Tetrach. Wks. (1847) 209/1 (1 Cor. vii. 10) The most inward and dear alliance of marriage.
†c. Of a bird or beast: Domesticated, tame.
1575Turberv. Faulconrie 9 That Eagle..is by al probabilitie and conjecture, no inwarde Eagle, but a fugitive and a rangler. 1611Cotgr., Accoquiner, to make tame, inward, familiar; to reclaim a wild thing. a1643W. Cartwright Lady Errant ii. ii, Wee'l keep you As they doe Hawkes..Watching untill you leave Your wildness, and prove inward.
†4. Secret, not disclosed; private; in quot. 1607–12, that is such secretly. Obs.
a1548Hall Chron., Edw. IV 225 b, All inward grudges and open discordes. 1588Shakes. L.L.L. v. i. 102 What is inward betweene vs, let it passe. 1607–12Bacon Ess., Seeming Wise (Arb.) 218 There is noe decaying Merchaunt, or inward Begger, hath so manie trickes to vphold the creditt of theire Wealth. 1609Holland Amm. Marcell. xviii. iv. 109 In their neere attendance which they gave about privie and inward ministeries [inter ministeria vitæ secretioris]. 1611Chapman May Day Plays 1873 II. 337 Pray eene goe in againe for I haue some inward newes for you.
5. Existing in or pertaining to the country or place itself; domestic, intestine. Obs. or arch.
1513More in Grafton Chron. (1568) II. 792 Inward war amongst our selves. a1548Hall Chron., Hen. VI 83 The inward affaires of the realme of Englande. a1626Bacon Max. & Uses Com. Law Ep. Ded. (1636) 4 Your Majesties reigne having been blessed from the Highest with inward peace. 1675tr. Camden's Hist. Eliz. i. (1688) 16 The Dangers inward they foresaw would be from the Noblemen removed from the Queen's Council. a1825Forby Voc. E. Anglia, Inward-maid, the house-maid in a farm-house, who has no work in the dairy, etc.
†6. Pertaining to the thing in itself; intrinsic.
1587Golding De Mornay 52 Forasmuch as the onely God is..the highest degree of life, he hath his maner of conceiuing and begetting most inward of al. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 512 The neerest inward and most proper cause of marine movings. 1620T. Granger Div. Logike 38 Necessitie Absolute, by supposition, proceding from causes Inward, which is necessitie of nature, and appetite.
II. In reference to direction or motion. [From the adverb.]
7. Directed or proceeding towards the inside.
1849R. T. Claridge Cold Water-cure 81 The eruption took an inward direction and inflammation of the lungs was the consequence. 1875Clery Min. Tact. x. (1877) 131 Charged the Russian left wing when it had nearly completed its inward wheel. 1898Daily News 13 July 4/7 Each Government..receives all the money on outward postages, and none on inward postages.
B. n. [absol. use of the adj., already in OE.]
1. The inward or internal part, the inside; usually spec. the internal parts or organs of the body, the entrails.
a. sing. (Now rare.)
c1000ælfric Gloss. in Wr.-Wülcker 159/35 Intestina, smælþearmas, uel inneweard. c1000ælfric Exod. xxix. 17 His innewerde and his fet þu leᵹst uppan his heofod. c1275XI Pains Hell 151 in O. Eng. Misc. 151 Gripes freteþ heore Mawen..And heore ineward vych del. 1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 2864 Þat ich in is Ineward mid suerd make a sseþe. 1481Caxton Reynard (Arb.) 92 The moghettis Lyuer longes and the Inward shal be for your chyldren. 1584Cogan Haven Health (1636) 146 The intrailes or inward of beastes. c1600Shakes. Sonn. cxxviii, To kisse the tender inward of thy hand. 1817Coleridge Biog. Lit. 63 Matter has no inward. 1884J. Payne 1001 Nights VII. 80 He snatched up the man who had kicked him and carried him into the inward of the island.
b. pl. (Now only in spec. sense: = Entrails.)
a1300E.E. Psalter cviii[i.]. 18 Als watre, it in-yhede In his inwardes. c1425Found. St. Bartholomew's (E.E.T.S.) 30 His ynwardes were purgid from this dedly fylthe. 1531Tindale Exp. 1 John (1537) 82 [To] brynge a beaste and slay it and offre the bloude and the fat of the inwardes. 1570–6Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 475 Assured that the Inwardes of each place may best be knowen by such as reside therein. 1671Salmon Syn. Med. i. xxxvii. 83 Obstruction is a Stoppage of the Inwards by thickned Flegm. 1725Pope Odyss. xx. 325 The prince..to his sire assigns The tasteful inwards, and nectareous wines. 1850Kingsley Alt. Locke xii, Ups and downs o' hills..enough to shake a body's victuals out of his inwards.
2. The inner nature or essence of a thing or person; that which is within; the interior, secret, or intrinsic character, qualities, thoughts, etc.
a. sing. rare.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. ii. viii. (Add. MS. 27, 944) lf. 15/1 An aungel..settith his entent in-to þe inwarde of god. 1832Tennyson Eleänore i, There is nothing here, Which, from the outward to the inward brought, Moulded thy baby thought. 1884J. Payne Tales fr. Arabic I. 106 O vizier..make thine inward like unto thine outward.
†b. pl. Obs.
c975Rushw. Gosp. Mark vii. 21 From ionnawordum..of heorte monna sweaunga yfel oft cumað. c1450tr. De Imitatione ii. i. 41 Yf þou haddist ones parfitly entrid in to þe inwardes of Ihesu, & haddist sauored a litel of his brennyng loue. 1548Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Matt. xiii. 76 He printeth it not utterly in the inwardes of his minde. 1680Allen Peace & Unity Pref. 36 How necessary it is to look into the inwards of things. 1721R. Keith tr. à Kempis' Solil. Soul x. 178 How disturbed my Conscience is; how confused all my Inwards.
†3. An intimate or familiar acquaintance: = intimate n. (Cf. A. 3.) Obs.
1603Shakes. Meas. for M. iii. ii. 138 Sir, I was an inward of his and I beleeue I know the cause of his withdrawing. 1607Middleton Michaelmas Term ii. iii, He's a kind gentleman, a very inward of mine.
4. pl. Articles coming in or imported, or dues on such articles. Also attrib.
1761Gentl. Mag. 604 Mann, E. L. Collector of Inwards at Custom House. 1878F. S. Williams Midl. Railw. 643 Upon the ‘Inwards’ platform we find cases of hard⁓ware from Birmingham, casks of shoes from Leicester, hampers of lace from Nottingham [etc.].
▸ inward direct investment n. Econ. (chiefly Brit.) = inward investment n. at Additions.
1968Times 26 Jan. 21/1 A detailed survey on both outward and *inward direct investment. 1990Economist 22 Sept. 33/1 Britain is itself now the recipient of a huge influx of inward direct investment.
▸ inward investment n. Econ. investment in a certain geographical area by investors based outside that area; cf. foreign direct investment n. at foreign adj. and n. Additions, outward investment n. (b) at outward adj. and n.1 and adv. Special uses.
1962Times 4 July 16/3 Both outward and *inward investment has risen steeply during the period. 1976Newsweek (Nexis) 12 July 54 It's hard for unions to claim that outward investments cost them jobs and then turn around and oppose inward investment. 1996Guardian 7 Sept. 5/3 The wily Forsyth started saying the ‘Tartan tax’ would cost Scots up to 3p in the {pstlg}1, and hit jobs and inward investment.
▪ II. inward, adv. (prep.)|ˈɪnwəd|
Forms: 1 inweard, (inneweard, ionnaword, 2–3 inneward, ineward(e), 2– inward; (4 inwar, 4–7 inwarde, 5 inword, ynwarde, 5–6 Sc. inwart, inuart, 6 inwerd, Sc. inuert).
[OE. innan-, inne-, inweard = OHG. inwert, MDu. inne-, inwaert, -wert, -wart: see prec.]
A. adv.
1. Towards the inside or interior (of a place, space, or material body).
a. Of motion or direction.
c1000Nicodemus xxxi, in Thwaite Heptat. App. (1698) 18 Ða hiᵹ inweard foron þa ᵹemytton hiᵹ tweᵹen ealde weras. a1225St. Marher. 8 As me ledde hire inward. 1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 11094 Arblastes sone & ginnes wiþoute me bende, & ssote inward vaste inou. 1375Barbour Bruce x. 397 Als-soyn thai Held carpand Inward on thar way. 1413Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) i. iv. 4 Beholdyng inward as fer as I myȝt, thenne saw I many syeges ryal and wonderful. 1590Spenser F.Q. i. i. 7 Pathes and alleies wide..leading inward farr. 1658A. Fox Wurtz' Surg. ii. vii. 67 It happeneth sometimes, that the scull by a heavy blow is bowed inward. 1707Chamberlayne St. Eng. 497 Comptroller of the Cloth and Petty-Custom inward and outward. Ibid. 501 Patent-Officers in the Out-Ports..Southampton, one Customer inward, One Customer outward. Passim. 1799Med. Jrnl. II. 230 When the eye rolls inward. 1871Rossetti Poems, Ave 103 The cherubim, arrayed, conjoint, Float inward to a golden point.
b. Of position or situation: In or on the inside; in the interior, within; internally: = inwardly adv. 1. ? Obs.
c1400Rom. Rose 4411 Inward myn herte I fele blede. 1471Ripley Comp. Alch. vi. ix. in Ashm. (1652) 163 The Mater ys alterate, Both inward and outward substancyally. 1515Barclay Egloges iv. (1570) C vj b/1 A castell or toure moste curious, Dreadfull vnto sight but inwarde excellent. 1590Spenser F.Q. i. i. 9 The Maple seeldom inward sound. 1611Bible 1 Kings vii. 25 The Sea was set aboue vpon them, and all their hinder parts were inward. 1688R. Holme Armoury ii. 16/2 Such Lines or Circles, as ly inward in the material Sphere.
†c. With an ‘inward’ tone, with muffled utterance, indistinctly: cf. inward a. 1 d. Obs.
1644Milton Educ. Wks. (1847) 99/2 Englishmen..are observed by all other nations to speak exceeding close and inward.
2. fig.
a. Towards that which is within; into the mind or soul; into one's own thoughts.
a1225Ancr. R. 272 So sone so me biginneð kunsenten to sunne, and let þene lust gon inward and delit waxen. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 111 Loke inwarde on our owne conscyence, and remembre our synnes. a1600Hooker (J.), Looking inward we are stricken dumb; looking upward we speak and prevail. 1766Fordyce Serm. Yng. Wom. (1767) II. viii. 36 Satiated with external pleasures, she turns inward.
b. Within, in, or in relation to, the mind or soul; mentally or spiritually; = inwardly adv. 3.
c950Lindisf. Gosp. Luke xi. 39 Þætte ðonne inweard [Rushw. ionnaword] is iuer [Vulg. intus est vestrum] full is mið nednimincg and mið unrehtwisnise. c1420Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 321 If he inward hadde any repentaunce. c1450Holland Howlat 389 It synkis sone in all part Of a trewe Scottis hart, Reiosand ws inwart. 1526Tindale 2 Cor. vii. 5 Outwarde was fightynge, in warde was feare. c1600Shakes. Sonn. lxii, It is so grounded inward in my heart. 1659Dryden Stanzas Cromwell xii, We inward bled, whilst they prolonged our pain.
3. Comb.
c1425Found. St. Bartholomew's (E.E.T.S.) 23 A-noone the Inward-borne blyndenesse fledde a-way. 1850J. G. Whittier Songs of Labor 59 Still dreamed my inward-turning eye. 1866R. M. Ballantyne Shift. Winds xiv. (1881) 136 The Captain hailed the first inward-bound vessel he met with. 1890W. James Princ. Psychol. I. x. 320 The more utterly ‘selfish’ I am in this primitive way, the more blindly absorbed my thought will be in the objects and impulses of my lusts, and the more devoid of any inward looking glance. 1910Kipling Rewards & Fairies p. x, These shall cleanse and purify Webbed and inward-turning eye. 1946Koestler Thieves in Night 207 She sipped her dry Martini with an inward-turned look. 1961A. Miller Misfits xii. 131 His eyes are sightless, inward-looking. 1963Times 28 Jan. 5/2 Yet Schumann's poetry has its feet on German earth, and it was possible to feel that Mr. Richter's presentation of it was just a little too disembodied and wraithlike, his interpretation a little too inward-looking. 1968Guardian 15 Apr. 9/6 Pressure from inward-looking, anti-national groups.
†B. prep. In the interior of; within. Obs. rare.
14..Sir Beues (MS. M) 1208 Right on the bryge, the Romans seys, They met Beues inwarde the paleys.
▪ III. inward, v. rare.
[f. prec. adv. or adj.]
†1. intr. and refl. To come inwards or in, to enter. Obs. rare—0.
1611Florio, Indentrarsi, to inward himselfe. Ibid., Innentrare, to inward or enter into.
2. trans. To make inward or subjective. rare—1.
1868Contemp. Rev. VIII. 618 The oriental mind..subjectifies the individuality, or, to frame a word for the occasion, inwards it. |