| 释义 |
projective, a.|prəʊˈdʒɛktɪv|
[f. L. ppl. stem prōject- (see project v.) + -ive. So F. projectif.]
†1. Having the faculty of projecting; scheming.
1632Brome Court Beggar ii. Wks. 1873 I. 214 They have all projective braines I tell you. Men. Pray of what nature are your Projects Gentlemen?
2. Geom., etc. Of, pertaining to, or produced by the projection of lines or figures on a surface.
1682Leybourn (title) Dialling: Plain, Concave, Convex, Projective, Reflective, Refractive. 1710J. Harris Lex. Techn. II, Projective Dialling, is the way of Drawing, by a method of Projection, the true Hour-lines, Furniture of Dials, &c. on any kind of Surface whatsoever. 1894Westm. Gaz. 14 June 7/1 A lady exhibitor demonstrating an ingenious projective goniometer. By means of this instrument..the projection of a crystal on a sphere is accomplished, realising in practice the fundamental assumption of the theory of crystallography.
b. Capable, as two plane figures, of being derived one from the other by projection.
1885C. Leudesdorf Cremona's Proj. Geom. 107 If P is the point of intersection of QS and RT, then ATPR is a projection of ACA′B′ from Q as centre, and ATPR is also a projection of ABA′C′ from S as centre; therefore the group ACA′B′ is projective with ABA′C′, and therefore..with A′C′AB. Ibid. 163 If the point S is such that tangents can be drawn from it to the conic, each of them will be a self⁓corresponding line of the two projective series of tangents abc..and a′b′c′.
c. projective property, a property (of a figure) which remains unchanged after projection. projective geometry, that branch of geometry which deals with projective properties.
1885C. Leudesdorf Cremona's Proj. Geom. 50 Projective Geometry..dealing with projective properties (i.e. such as are not altered by projection), is chiefly concerned with descriptive properties of figures... Since the magnitude of a geometric figure is altered by projection, metrical properties are as a rule not projective. But there is one important class of metrical properties (anharmonic properties) which are projective, and the discussion of which therefore finds a place in the Projective Geometry. 1908Athenæum 21 Mar. 359/2 ‘On the Projective Geometry of some Covariants of a Binary Quintic’, by Prof. E. B. Elliott.
d. projective plane, that two-dimensional manifold which may be regarded as a spherical shell with all pairs of antipodal points identified; it is an example of a projective space, a space which may be regarded as obtained by taking a vector space of the next higher dimension, identifying all vectors which are multiples of one another, and omitting the origin.
1900Nature 12 July 260/1 A purely geometric representation of all points in the projective plane. 1910Veblen & Young Projective Geom. I. iv. 97 Any such space we call a properly projective space. 1942Amer. Jrnl. Math. LXIV. 137 A satisfactory analytic theory may be developed for every projective plane in which Desargues' Theorem is valid. 1960Hilton & Wylie Homology Theory iii. 133 The real projective space Pn may be defined as the image of the n-sphere Sn under identification of all pairs of antipodal points. 1962B. H. Arnold Intuitive Concepts Elem. Topology iii. 71 A projective plane can be considered as a disk and a Möbius strip whose edges are joined. 1964C. E. Springer Geom. & Anal. Projective Spaces vi. 150 A projective space is orientable if the dimensionality of the space is odd and nonorientable if it is even. 1975I. Stewart Concepts Mod. Math. xiii. 199 This is exactly what is happening in the projective plane: going round once things get twisted; going round twice brings them back to normal.
3. Jutting or sticking out, projecting. rare.
1703T. N. City & C. Purchaser 20 This Jutty, or projective Building. 1844Mrs. Browning Lett. R. H. Horne (1877) II. lxi. 167 Thin colourless lips, fit for incisive meanings—a nose and chin projective without breadth.
4. Of or pertaining to projection or casting forth. rare.
1839–48Bailey Festus xix. (ed. 4) 217 From the projective moment of all light The moon was in the sun, and in the sun The form of earth was.
5. a. Having the quality of being mentally projected, or the power of projecting: see project v. 10, projection 9.
a1834Coleridge Aids Refl. App. C. (1858) I. 409 There is an equal intensity both of the immanent and the projective reproduction. 1908Edin. Rev. Jan. 200 Kingsley's practical qualities (including a quite genuine projective imagination) were out of all proportion to the reflective.
b. Psychol. Of or pertaining to the projection of unconscious feelings, fears, fantasies or desires; esp. of tests designed to reveal unconscious elements of personality by responses to words, pictures, etc. Also ellipt. as n.
1895J. M. Baldwin Mental Devel. in Child vi. 120 All of them [sc. stages of attitude] belong in the ‘projective’ stage of the child's sense of self, i.e., they all go to furnish data which he afterwards appropriates to himself as ‘subject’. 1939Jrnl. Psychol. VIII. 404 No attempt has been made to provide a complete review of all the projective methods now being used. 1954L. Bellak TAT & CAT in Clin. Use p. x, The T.A.T. in common with all the other projective tests, is still far from being a properly established instrument. 1956A. I. Hallowell in B. Klopfer et al. Devel. Rorschach Technique II. xiv. 476 Rorschach theory, as well as that underlying other projective tests, has been based on the general assumption..that ‘every subject's responses..are determined by psychological attributes of that subject’. 1966I. G. Sarason Personality xii. 180 The ideas behind projective techniques have been largely psychoanalytic. 1971Jrnl. Gen. Psychol. LXXXIV. 321 The clinician using the auditory method is now able to consider stimulus properties when evaluating projective material. 1976L. R. Aiken Psychol. Testing & Assessment (rev. ed.) viii. 223 Questionnaires and projectives are useful, but the most popular psychometric device for determining attitudes is an attitude scale.
6. Having the power of projecting or throwing itself forward with energy.
1861J. Brown Horæ Subs. (1862) 155 His [Samuel Brown's] fiery, projective subtle spirit could not linger in the outer fields of mere observation.
7. projective verse, a term invented by C. Olson (1910–70), American poet and poetical theorist, to describe a brand of verse propelled by its inherent energy and composed according to a system of poetic values in which structure, lay-out, and breathing have an importance not accorded them in traditional forms. Hence projective poet, etc. Also ellipt.
1950C. Olson in Poetry New York iii. 15 Projective verse teaches, is, this lesson, that that verse will only do in which a poet manages to register both the acquisitions of his ear and the pressures of his breath. Ibid. 20 Which gets us to..the degree to which the projective involves a stance toward reality outside a poem [etc.] Ibid. 22 Eliot..has only gone from his fine ear outward rather than, as I say a projective poet will, down through the workings of his own throat to that place where breath comes from, where breath has its beginnings, where drama has to come from, where, the coincidence is, all art springs. 1962E. Mottram in London Mag. Dec. 71/1 Projective or open verse is a ‘stance towards reality’ as it brings the verse into being—‘some simplicities that a man learns if he works in open, or what has been called composition by field, as opposed to inherited line, stanza, over-all form, what is the ‘old’ base of the non-projective’. 1962Listener 27 Dec. 1102/1 Of the ‘projective verse’ school, Ginsberg and..Edward Dorn seem to me remarkable talents. 1963Ibid. 7 Mar. 435/3 A poet I liked very much is Robert Bly. In versification he is not ‘projective’, but in tone and attitude he is. 1967Book Week (Washington Post) 19 Mar. 6/1 Here what he [sc. Olson] calls the Projective Open or Field verse (as opposed to the systematic Closed Forms of the past) is put to work, using line, syllable, breath, as principles he has preached. His one theme is energy—how a man's energy is expended in history and in space.
Hence proˈjectively adv., in a projective manner.
1872T. L. Cuyler Heart Life 27 He follows Jesus so heartily, so projectively, that he carries others along with him by his sheer momentum. 1879G. Meredith Egoist III. x. 207 A condition in the young when their imaginative energies hold revel uncontrolled and are projectively desperate. 1885C. Leudesdorf Cremona's Proj. Geom. 62 The necessary and sufficient condition that two ranges, each consisting of four elements, should be projectively related. |