| 释义 |
▪ I. wain, n.1|weɪn|
Forms: 1 wæᵹn, (weᵹn), wæᵹen, wǽn, 2–3 Orm. waȝȝn, 3–7 wayne, waine, 4–7 wayn, (5 wayen, 6 waayne, 4 Sc. vayn), 4–5 weyne, (5 wene, 6 weene, weane, 7 wean, whene), 5–7 wane, 3– wain.
[OE. wæᵹen, wǽn, str. masc. = OFris. wein str. masc. (mod.WFris. wein, woin, wīn, NFris. wein, wā(i)nj), OLow Frankish reidi-wagan (MDu. waeghen, Du. wagen), MLG., LG. wagen, OHG. wagan str. masc. (MHG., G. wagen), ON. vagn str. masc. cart, barrow (Norw. vagn the Great Bear, vogn cart, Da. vogn, Sw. vagn cart):—OTeut. *waᵹno-z:—pre-Teut. *woghno-s f. Indogermanic root *wegh-, *wogh- to carry, etc.: cf. weigh, waw vbs., way n. Outside Teut. cognate words of similar meaning are Irish fén (:—pre-Celtic *weghno-s) wagon, Gr. ὄχος (ϝόχος:—*wogho-s), chariot, Skr. vahana neut., vāhana neut., chariot.
The pre-Teut. form may possibly have been *weghno-s, corresponding with the pre-Celtic form; there is some evidence of an OTeut. change of we- to wa- before consonant groups.]
1. A large open vehicle, drawn by horses or oxen, for carrying heavy loads, esp. of agricultural produce; usually four-wheeled (but see 1 b); a wagon.
The word does not occur in the Bible of 1611, though Wyclif and the 16th c. translators use it. As a colloquial word it survives only in dialects, but in poetry it is commonly used instead of wagon.
Beowulf 3134 Þær wæs wunden gold on wæn hladen. c725Corpus Gl. (Hessels) U 143 Ueniculum [read Uehiculum], wæᵹn. c1250Gen. & Ex. 2362 He bad cartes and waines nimen, And fechen wiues, and childre, and men, And gaf hem ðor al lond gersen. 1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 8596 Þat þer nas non so heuy charge of wayn ne of oþer þinge þat me ne miȝte ouer grete wateres boþe lede & bringe. a1300Cursor M. 5229 His suns all and þair flitting,..In weynis war þai don to lede. 1375Barbour Bruce x. 164 That apon his cowyn gat he Men that mycht [ane] enbuschement ma, Quhill that he vith his vayn suld ga Till lede thaim hay in-to the peill. Ibid. xi. 24 A litill stane oft, as men sayis, May ger weltir ane mekill wane. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. lxxii. (1495) 646 And at the laste heye is led home in cartes and in waynes and broughte in to bernes for dyuers vse and nedes. 1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 137 Thei haue noo howses, caryenge theire wyfes and children in waynes [L. in plaustris]. 1449Yatton Churchw. Acc. (Somerset Rec. Soc.) 92 For custom for our wene to Bristowe warde comyng and goyng, iiij d. 1473Rental Bk. Cupar-Angus (1879) I. 182 The said tenandis..sal led to the abbay viii score of fuderis of petis the abbai fyndand wanis meit and drink to the ledaris. 1521Lincoln Wills (1914) I. 88 To William my son my bonden wane, ij oxen that cam from Hornecastell, [etc.]. 1523–34Fitzherb. Husb. §5 And or he shall lode his corne, he muste haue a wayne, a copyoke, [etc.]. 1576Act 18 Eliz. c. 10 §1 Everye person..shalbe charged to finde..one Carte Wayne Tumbrell..Carres or Dragges furnished for thamendment..of the Highe wayes within the severall Parishes. 1588in Archæologia LXIV. 366 For viij weanes of Pilleseley which ladd Timber from Penttridge, xvj d. 1617Moryson Itin. iii. 19 Alexander the great set on fier with his owne hands the wanes of carriage taken from Darius. 1627May Lucan v. I i, The horses trample ore Safely where ships haue saild; the Bessians Furrow Mæotis frozen backe with waines. 1641Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 46 Wee leade in our winter corne usually with three waines. 1688W. Scot Hist. Name Scot i. (1894) 35 According to the old Proverb, They but fell from the Wains tail. 1731T. Boston Mem. vii. (1899) 106 On Thursday..came the wains with the household-furniture from Dunse. 1784Cowper Task i. 296 From the sun-burnt hay-field, homeward creeps The loaded wain. 1805Wordsw. Waggoner i. 29 That far-off tinkling's drowsy cheer,..The Wain announces. 1821Scott Kenilw. xxv, The highways..were choked with loaded wains, whose axle-trees cracked under their burdens. 1827O. W. Roberts Voy. Centr. Amer. 210 A few large wains or waggons. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. v. I. 608 The wains which carried the ammunition remained at the entrance of the moor. 1850Tennyson In Mem. cxxi, The team is loosen'd from the wain, The boat is drawn upon the shore. 1872Schele de Vere Americanisms 565 Wain, the obsolete form of wagon, is still in daily use in some parts of the United States, e.g. in the peninsula east of the Chesapeake. 1874Green Short Hist. iv. §5. 197 To the lesser nobles..the long wain of goods as it passed along the highway, was a tempting prey. 1889Anthony's Photogr. Bull. II. 32 Some of the Avon villages are full of interest. Here you may see the great four-horse wain, common on the roads in the days of our grandfathers.
b. In local uses, applied to some particular kind of wagon or cart.
1534in Lett. & Papers Hen. VIII, VII. 208 One weene with two whyles. 1726Dict. Rust. (ed. 3) s.v. Cart, It is a Cart when drawn by Horses, having two sides called Trills; but a Wain when drawn by Oxen, and having a Wain-Cope. 1796W. Marshall West Eng. II. 7 A singular kind of two-wheel carriage, for Horses or Oxen, is here [sc. Cornwall] in common use;..it is called a ‘wain’; and it is a hay cart, or wain, without sides, having only two arches bending over the wheels, to keep the load from bearing upon them! with a wince behind. 1832Scoreby Farm Rep. 4 in Libr. Usef. Knowl., Husb. III, The wain, a large cart upon broad wheels, with a pole, and drawn by a pair of oxen, is much used at Scoreby. 1868Atkinson Cleveland Gloss. s.v., The veritable Wain, now never seen, was a narrow, long-bodied vehicle, with two wheels only, and these at the hinder end. The front or foremost end trailed along the ground.
c. poet. A car or chariot. Chiefly fig. or in mythological use. In ME. often applied to the Four Gospels, symbolized as a four-horsed chariot (= L. quadriga).
c1200Ormin Pref. 21 Þatt waȝȝn iss nemmnedd quaþþrigan Þatt hafeþþ fowwre wheless. a1300Cursor M. 21264 Four ar þai tald, þe wangelistes Þat draues þe wain þat es cristes. c1380Wyclif Wks. (1880) 258 See now þe secunde wheel in þis deuelis wayn. 1412–20Lydg. Chron. Troy i. 630 Wher halved is þe standyng estyval Of fresche Appollo with his golden Wayn. 1579Spenser Sheph. Cal. Jan. 74 Phœbus gan auaile, His weary waine. 1590― F.Q. i. iv. 19 May seeme the wayne was very euill led When such an one had guiding of the way, That knew not, whether right he went, or else astray. 1638R. Baker tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. III) 86 Not when the moon accomplishing her way Upon her silver wayne..presents the day. 1706De Foe Jure Divino ii. 239 [They] jointly drive the Wain of Government. 1714Steele's Poet. Misc. 112 He..charm'd the Wain of Night along, With his soft harmonious Song. 1885–94Bridges Eros & Psyche April xx, They set on high upon the bridal wain Her bed for bier, and yet no corpse thereon.
Proverb.13..All too Late 7 in Pol. Rel. & L. Poems (1903) 250 Al to late. al to late. þen is te wayn atte yate. c1420Wyntoun Cron. i. 640 Than to cry mercy is to lait, The wane þan standis at þe ȝate.
d. A wain-load, wagon-load.
1613Purchas Pilgrimage iv. x. (1614) 395 Thither they bring euery yeare an hundred and fiftie waines of twigges.
†e. poet. winged wain, a ship. Obs.
1598Sylvester Du Bartas ii. i. iii. Furies 194 The Masters skilfull most, With gentle gales driv'n to the wished Coast, Not with lesse labour guide there winged wayns On th'azure fore-head of the liquid plains.
2. (Now with capital initial.) The group of seven bright stars in the constellation called the Great Bear: more fully Charles's Wain. Lesser Wain: the similarly shaped group of seven stars in the Little Bear.
OE. had wǽnes þísl or þísla, ‘pole or poles of the wain’. With Scott's ‘Arthur's slow wain’ cf. ‘Arthouris Plowe’, Lydg. Chron. Troy i. 682; Arthur here represents Arcturus, regarded as the teamster or wagoner of the plough or wain.
c888ælfred Boeth. xxxix. §3 Swa swa tunglu..þe we hatað wænes ðisla. c1374Chaucer Boeth. iv. met. v. 5 Who so þat.. wot nat why þe sterre Bootes passeþ or gadereþ his weynes. 1555Eden Decades (Arb.) 280 We iudged them to bee the chariotte or wayne of the south. 1601Holland Pliny vi. xxii. I. 130 The starres about the North pole, called Septentriones, the Waines or Beares. 1669Sturmy Mariner's Mag. vi. 95 The..two Bears..Whose hinder parts and Tails contain The lesser and the greater Wain. 1703Pope Thebais 521 When clouds conceal Boötes golden wain. 1805Scott Last Minstr. i. xvii, Arthur's slow wain his course doth roll In utter darkness round the pole. 1812Cary Dante, Parad. xiii. 7 The wain, that, in the bosom of our sky, Spins ever on its axle night and day. 1850Tennyson In Mem. ci, At noon or when the lesser wain Is twisting round the polar star. 1879G. F. Jackson Shropsh. Word-bk. 437 The-wain-and-horses, sb., Ursa Major. 1887Bowen æneid i. 744 Bright Arcturus, the showery Hyads, the Bear, and the Wain.
¶3. A rendering of L. plaustrum (lit. ‘wagon’) used in the Vulgate for a kind of thrashing instrument with wheels.
1382Wyclif Isa. xli. 15, I haue set thee as a newe wayn [1609 Douay, a newe threshing wayne] thresshende. 1778R. Lowth Isa. xxviii. 27–28 Nor is the wheel of the wain made to turn upon the cummin: But the dill is beaten out with the staff; And the cummin with the flail: but the bread⁓corn with the threshing-wain.
4. attrib. and Comb.
a. Obvious combinations, as † wain-axtree, wain-blade (blade n. 10 b), wain-body, † wain-cart, wain-driver, wain-felloe, † wain-folk, wain-gear, wain-head (also attrib.), wain-horse, wain-load, wain-wheel.
1559Richmond Wills (Surtees) 136 One pare of newe car wheles, both *wane ashe tres [etc.].
1557Ibid. 101 A pare of *wayne blayds.
1390–91Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 392 In factura unius *waynbody, 6 d.
a1566R. Edwards Damon & P. (facs.) F ij, One preached of late not farre hence, in no Pulpet, but in *Waayne carte, That spake enough of this.
1552Huloet, *Wayne dryuer, iugarius.
1360Priory of Finchale (Surtees) p. liii, j gange de *waine⁓felies de fraxino. 1558Wills Northern C. (Surtees) I. 162 Twoo gang of wayne fellowes wth heades and moldeburdes.
1641Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 53 It is a greate furtherance to have one to teame the waines whiles that the *wainefolkes are att breakefast.
1538Test. Ebor. VI. 75 All maner of..*wayne geir. 1557Lanc. Wills (Chetham Soc.) II. 128 Waynes and wayne geare.
1551Knaresb. Wills (Surtees) I. 59 One *waynehedeyoke, one bolt and one shakill. 1557Richmond Wills (Surtees) 101 One yron bound wayne..with wayne hed, [etc.]. 1562–3Durham Wills (Surtees) III. 28 An yrone bounde wayne with a turne teame and a waine head shakle.
1727E. Laurence Duty of Steward 71 The Steward should see that the *Wain-Horses and Oxen be muzzled, to prevent their cropping the young Springs. 1800J. Hurdis Favourite Village 57 The stout wain-horse of encumbrance stript.
1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. ii. 101 b, An other [oak] in an other place, that being cutte out, made a hundred *Wayne lode. 1700O. Heywood Diaries (1885) IV. 238 A wainload of timber, 8 oxen and an horse.
1559Richmond Wills (Surtees) 136 One pare of newe *waine wheles.
b. Special comb.: † wain-beam, the pole of a wagon (used to translate L. temo); † wain-clout, the iron covering for the axle-tree of a wagon (see clout n.2 2); † wain-cope (see quot. and cope, cop n.4); wain-flakes dial. [= MLG. wagenvleke], the movable side-boards of a wagon, used to increase its carrying capacity; † wain-fork, a fork used in the loading of a wagon; † wain-gate1 [gate n.1], a gate for wains to pass through; † wain-gate2 [gate n.2], a cart-track, wagon-road; wain-house (obs. exc. dial.), a wagon-house, cart-shed; † wain-money, ? tolls collected from wains (E.D.D.); † wain-rake, a rake used in the loading of a wagon with hay, etc.; † wain-shackle, ? a coupling for a wagon (see shackle 6 a); wain-stang dial., the projecting pole of a cart on either side of which oxen or horses may be yoked; † wain-string, ? = wain-rope; † wain-stroke, a curved segment forming part of the iron rim or tire of a wagon wheel (cf. stroke n.4); wain-trees dial., the axle-beams supporting the wagon; † wain-way, a wagon-road; † wain-weight, ? a wagon-load.
1589Fleming Virg. Georg. iii. 42 Let it creake afterwards, and let the brasen *wainbeame strong Draw both the wheels together ioind. 1650Horn & Rob. tr. Comenius' Gate Lang. Unl. Foundat. T 9 One overcom with wine guid's the wain-beam [L. temonem] rashly.
1454Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 149, ij *wayneclowtez. 1523–34Fitzherb. Husb. §5 The wheles..must haue an axiltre, clout with .viii. waincloutes of yren. 1596Durham Wills (Surtees) II. 259, v teames, ij horse-teames.., vij wayne cloutes [etc.].
1688Holme Armoury iii. 339/2 The *waine Cop, that part which the hinder Oxen are yoked unto to draw the Waine. 1726Dict. Rust. (ed. 3) s.v. Cart, The Wain-Cope, is a long piece that comes out from the Wain-body, to which Oxen are fasten'd.
1570Richmond Wills (1853) 101 In the yard and parke..a pare of *wayne fleaks. 1876Whitby Gloss., Wainfleeaks, the moveable side-boards of the waggon, adapted to heighten it.
1641Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 46 Allowinge to each waine two folkes, viz., a forker and a loader; and theire implements which they are to carry to field with them is a *waine-forke and a waine-rake; theire waineforke should bee in length aboute two yardes and a quarter.
c1680in Sussex Archæol. Collect. (1849) II. 108 Richard Butcher..took out of y⊇ highway well nigh an acre of land, and made an enclosure of it, and set up a *wean gate and horse gate. 1596in Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. 1601, 414/1 Cum lie cairt and wane gait ad easdem [moras]. 1661Reg. Gt. Seal Scot. 18/2 Therefra alongst ane old waingate till you come to the Seggiesyke.
1569Lanc. Wills (Chetham Soc.) I. 34 With other out howses as followith..the furmost barne..the *wayn howse [etc.]. 1791Gentl. Mag. LXI. i. 116/1 After supper, the company all attend the bailiff (or head of the oxen) to the Wain-house. 1828Carr Craven Gloss., Wain-house, wagon house or cart house.
1626Gateshead Church Bks. (E.D.D.) Recaved of the hie ward ffor *wane money, 16s.
1641Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 46 Theire *wainerakes haue (for the most parte) theire shaftes made of saugh, theire heade of seasoned ashe, and theire teeth of iron.
1559Richmond Wills (1853) 136, iij *waine shackles.
1876Whitby Gloss., *Wainstang, the pole projecting in front of the wagon for carrying stone blocks.
1464Inv. in Feodar. Priorat. Dunelm. (Surtees) 120, 1 cowpe-wayne cum *waynstrynges, precium iij.s.
1596Durham Wills (Surtees) II. 259, vij wayne cloutes, ij hay spades,..a *wayne stroke [etc.].
1876Whitby Gloss., *Waintrees, the axle-beams supporting the wagon.
1579Nottingham Rec. IV. 189 The *whene waye goinge vpp they hill. 1641Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 38 The waine-way into this close is aboute the middle of Pinder lane, wheare yow are to pull downe a gappe.
15..Burgh Rec. Edin. (1869) I. 241 Item of a *wayne weicht of leid, that is to say xxiiij futemellis, iiij d.
▪ II. † wain, n.2 Obs.
Forms: 3–4 wayne, 4 wayn.
[a. OF. wain masc., waaigne fem., dial. varr. of gain, gaaigne: see gain n.2]
1. Profit, advantage.
c1315Shoreham Poems i. 2207 Þe fyfte, þat hys Elyynge, Cryst onleke to oure wayne. 1340Ayenb. 43 Him ne dret naȝt to done..grat harm to oþren uor a lite wayn oþer uor ureme to him.
2. Conquest, possession gained by conquest; also, booty, spoil.
c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 1481 Þeyr fflote wyþ al þer wayne Turnede fro þe lond of Spaigne. Ibid. 1857 Albion was Brutes wayne, Þerfore he dide hit calle Brutayne. 1338― Chron. (1810) 257 We rede ȝe sende to þe kyng of Almayn, & ȝour londes to defende, & reue Philip his wayn. Ibid. 297 Þe Scottis bare þam wele, Þe Waleis had þe wayn, als maistere of þat eschele.
▪ III. † wain, n.3 Obs.
In 5 wayn(e, wayyn.
[Of obscure origin.]
A hem, border.
c1440Promp. Parv. 513/2 Wayne, of a garlement [v.r. wayn, wayyn, Pynson of a garment], lacinia.
▪ IV. † wain, v. Obs.
Forms: 2–3 Orm. waȝȝnenn, 4 vayne, 4–6 wayne, 6 waine, 7 wein.
[f. wain n.1]
1. trans. To transport in a wain or carriage.
c1200Ormin Pref. 37 Goddspell forr þatt illke þing Iss Currus Salomoniss, For þatt itt..Waȝȝneþþ soþ Crist fra land to land. Ibid. 5909 Þær iss þe Laferrd Crist himm sellf, & tiderr iss he waȝȝnedd Uppo þatt hallȝhe waȝȝn. 1531–2Durham Househ. Bk. (Surtees) 62 Pro navigacione ultra aquam cum le waynnyng 1 but malvaseti, 6 d. 1606W. Birnie Kirk-Buriall (1833) 10 Before that by the Libitinarian cure the dead was weind, the Pollinctors inbalmed the corps of the great.
2. To carry, bring, convey.
13..Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 2459 Ho wayned me þis wonder, your wyttez to reue. 13..E.E. Allit. P. A. 249 What wyrde has hyder my iuel vayned. 1540Palsgr. Acolastus iii. ii. O ij, Pamphagus wold wayne or bring no geste to Sannios howse, but he were riche. 1573–80Tusser Husb. (1878) 107 Then neighbour..if any you see, good servant for dairie house, waine her to mee.
b. ? To bring a report of.
c1400Destr. Troy 11520 He couet at the kyng,..Eneas eftsones þat erend for to wend..All þere wille for to wete & wayne at þe last.
3. intr. To go, rush. [Perh. a different word: cf. ON. vegna to proceed, go on.]
c1400Destr. Troy 7621 A thondir with a thicke Rayn thrublit in þe skewes,..As neuer water fro the welkyn hade waynit before. Ibid. 7655 Ector, wrathed at his wordis, waynit at the kyng, þat he gird to þe ground and the gost yald. Ibid. 13796 [Ho] Waynyt vp to the welkyn, as a wan clowde.
▪ V. wain
see vain a., wane n.1, v., wean v. |