| 释义 |
institutionalized, a.
Brit. |ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃnˌəlʌɪzd|, |ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃnˌlˌʌɪzd|, |ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənlˌʌɪzd|, |ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃ(ə)nəlʌɪzd|, |ˌɪnstɪˈtʃuːʃnˌəlʌɪzd|, |ˌɪnstɪˈtʃuːʃnˌlˌʌɪzd|, |ˌɪnstɪˈtʃuːʃənlˌʌɪzd|, |ˌɪnstɪˈtʃuːʃ(ə)nəlʌɪzd|, U.S. |ˌɪnztəˈt(j)uʃənlˌaɪzd|, |ˌɪnztəˈtuʃnəˌlaɪzd|, |ˌɪnstəˈt(j)uʃənlˌaɪzd|, |ˌɪnstəˈtuʃnəˌlaɪzd|
Forms: 18– institutionalised, 18– institutionalized
[‹ institutionalize v. + -ed suffix1.]
1. Of an attitude, pattern of thought or behaviour, activity, etc.: established in practice or by custom and usage; (in later use, freq. with negative connotations) endemic. Cf. institution n. 6.
In some cases partaking of sense 2 (after institution n. 7), esp. when referring to prejudice (e.g. institutionalized racism, sexism).
1868H. Reed Public Debt 52 Each party when it comes into power, inherits the institutionalized errors and extravagances of all its predecessors. 1896Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 1 574, I may use the term ownership for the claims that are practically absolute, and proprietorship for claims that have institutionalized limits. 1949M. Mead Male & Female xii. 280 For the old institutionalized hostilities of..girls' tears and boyish pranks, the new pre-puberty dating pattern is being substituted. 1967Monumenta Nipponica 22 493/2 Psycho-neurotic syndromes..in the dominant group's feeling toward the minority group become institutionalized, as in the case of racism... The institutionalized scapegoating may be regarded as an expressive exploitation of a minority group. 1969Jrnl. Negro Educ. 38 162 While rejecting the philosophy and tactics of integrationists,..[they] have failed to develop a substantive social strategy based on their perception of institutionalized racism. 1976I. M. Lewis Social Anthropol. in Perspective (1985) vii. 282 The more traditional European view of politics and government tends to take for granted..the existence of universally institutionalized political inequality. 1987NATFHE Jrnl. Mar. 30/3 Institutionalised sexism in the education system inhibits the learning of technological subjects by women and girls. 1999Financial Times 9-10 Oct. 1 Unofficial strikes..have followed claims of ‘institutionalised racism’ at the Essex factory.
2. Of a group or category of people, an organization, etc.: constituting or considered as an institution. Of a policy, course of action, etc.: carrying the mandate or authority of an institution, esp. in doctrine or law.
1870A. J. Davis Fountain v. 75 Scientific skepticism, under the sanction of highest scholars everywhere, is the Nemesis which will crush institutionalized religion into nothingness. 1897Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 2 292 He [sc. Nietzsche] has no place for an institutionalized aristocracy. 1912Philos. Rev. 21 441 The danger of regarding it [sc. cognition] only as it appears in the institutionalized sciences. 1959Daily Tel. 3 Apr. 10/2 Only a firm and institutionalised American commitment to Western Europe could achieve this end. 1975Economist 6 Dec. 10/1 Few restorationists [of capital punishment] admit openly that what they want is simply institutionalised vengeance. 1991Lit. & Theol. 5 337 The B-continuation..moves away from institutionalised religion and the stark dichotomy of the Pardon towards an increasing reliance on God's suffrance and His patience with man's fallibility.
3. Of a person: confined to an institution. By extension, usually of a long-term patient or prisoner: adversely affected, esp. made apathetic or dependent, by prolonged institutional confinement.
1900N. Amer. Rev. 171113 In place of the..ideals which were to guarantee the security of the state, she returned..the institutionalized youth, a drag upon society, and..an added burden to the taxpayer. 1917R. S. Bourne in Atlantic Monthly June 784/2 But there was nothing repressed about him, nothing institutionalized, and certainly nothing artificial. 1924Glasgow Herald 24 May 9 The day of the institutionalised boy or girl is past. 1968Jrnl. Pediatrics 73 217/2 The distribution of values among 54 patients with Hurler's syndrome and 800 non-Hurler institutionalized mentally retarded control patients is compared. 1971Oxf. Times 15 Oct. 1/9 [He] had been in approved schools, prison and mental hospitals for much of his life and had become ‘institutionalised’. 1997Business Age Sept.–Oct. 168/1 Society surely should be able to work out a more productive system in which an inmate can spend his time other than confining him..until he has been reduced to an institutionalised cuckoo.
4. Linguistics. Recognized, accepted by, or established in the speech community.
19785th Internat. Congr. Appl. Linguistics A distinction is made between institutionalized & noninstitutionalized bilingualism. 1982B. B. Kachru Other Tongue 38 We can..divide..the non-native uses of English into..the performance varieties and institutionalized varieties. 1994Appl. Linguistics 15 333 We need to define what we mean by quality without relying on institutionalized..norms and evaluation criteria. |