| 释义 |
inoculation|ɪnɒkjuːˈleɪʃən|
[ad. L. inoculātiōn-em engrafting, budding, n. of action f. inoculāre to inoculate. Cf. F. inoculation (1580 in sense 1, 1752 in sense 2).]
1. a. Hort. The insertion of an eye or bud of one plant under the bark of another for the purpose of raising flowers or fruit different from those of the stock; grafting by budding; an instance of this.
1589Fleming Virg. Georg. ii. 21 note, Semination, insition, inoculation, or implastration, the three kindes of grafting. 1658Sir T. Browne Gard. Cyrus iv. 172 Nor could we ever make it [mistletoe] grow where nature had not planted it; as we have in vain attempted by inocculation and incision, upon its native or forreign stock. 1709Addison Tatler No. 146 ⁋7 Harsh Fruits..enriched by proper Grafts and Inoculations. 1768–74Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 161 Gardeners by inoculation cause the trees to bear other than the natural fruits.
b. transf. A junction in which the two parts become continuous.
1615Crooke Body of Man 187 Now betweene the hollow and the gate-veines wee know there is no communion vnlesse it bee by the mingling of their mouths in the substance of the liuer; for some of the new writers haue obserued many such inoculations betwixt them in that place.
2. Path. The introduction into the body, by puncture of the skin, or through a wound, of the virus or germs of an infectious disease.
a. Originally applied, after 1700, to the intentional introduction of the virus of small-pox in order to induce a mild and local attack of the disease, and render the subject immune from future contagion; also, in 1799, to vaccine inoculation, afterwards called vaccination; and in 19th c. to the similar treatment of other infectious or contagious diseases.
1714E. Timone in Phil. Trans. (Abr.) VI. 88 (title), An Account of the procuring of the Small Pox by Incision or Inoculation, as it has for some time been practised at Constantinople. 1722Lady M. W. Montagu Lett., to C'tess Mar (1887) I. 338 Accounts of the growth and spreading of the inoculation of the small-pox, which is become almost a general practice, attended with great success. 1732Arbuthnot Rules of Diet 414 It is evident by Inoculation that the smallest quantity of Matter mixed with the Blood produceth the Disease. 1743Mrs. Delany Autobiog. & Corr. (1861) II. 240 In great joy that the inoculation of the girls has been as successful as that of the boys, and they have one fear less to struggle with. 1773Goldsm. Stoops to Conq. ii. Wks. (Globe) 657/1 Since inoculation began there is no such thing to be seen as a plain woman. 1798Jenner Causes Variolæ Vaccinæ 37 The boy was rendered unfit for inoculation from having felt the effects of a contagious fever in a work-house. 1800Med. Jrnl. IV. 253 On the Introduction of the Vaccine Inoculation at Paris. 1856Miss Mulock J. Halifax xxv, Though inoculation and vaccination had made it less fatal among the upper classes. 1866A. Flint Princ. Med. (1880) 1041 As a means of rendering the disease..mild..and of preventing pitting, inoculation had been practised from time immemorial in China and Persia.
b. Now also applied to the introduction (accidentally or otherwise) of the virus or germs of any bacterial disease into the body through a wound. Also, the (usually intended) introduction of infective material into a plant or of cells or organisms to be cultured into a culture medium.
1838Penny Cycl. XII. 399/2 Hydrophobia..is the disease occasioned by inoculation with the saliva of a rabid animal. 1861Bumstead Ven. Dis. (1879) 350 The chancroid can be developed upon the head and face by artificial inoculation. 1881G. M. Sternberg tr. Magnin's Bacteria (1883) 265 Anthrax is an infectious disease of animals which may be transmitted to man by inoculation. This occurs, occasionally, from the bite of an insect (fly) which has been feeding upon the carcass of an infected animal; and also from accidental inoculation while handling hides, wool, etc., taken from the victims of anthrax. 1886H. M. Biggs tr. Hueppe's Methods Bacteriol. Investigation iv. 160 Inoculations are made by picking out, with a platinum needle..a particle from a pure culture..and introducing it quickly into the solution. 1910Hiss & Zinsser Text-bk. Bacteriol. viii. 141 For the inoculation of solid media and the making of stab cultures, a straight ‘needle’ or wire should be used. 1920E. F. Smith Introd. Bacterial Dis. Plants iii. iii. 165 The inoculations may be made by spraying or by touching the leaf-tip with an infected platinum needle. 1933K. M. Smith Rec. Adv. Study Plant Viruses viii. 194 The second method of artificial virus transmission is that of inoculation, using this term in its restricted sense of actual application of the virus-containing sap to the plant tissue. 1958Pelczar & Reid Microbiol. viii. 81/1 After inoculation of the media..and following a suitable period of incubation, it is possible to determine the cultural characteristics of the organism being studied.
c. fig. The imbuing of a person with feelings, opinions, etc.
1824Byron Juan xv. l, The inoculation Of others with her own opinions. 1864Bowen Logic xiii. 448 We must all begin life without any opinions which we can call our own by any better right than that of passive inheritance or unconscious inoculation. 1876Mozley Univ. Serm. vi. (1877) 124 A new feature of the world..the popular pursuit of natural beauty, the inoculation of the crowd with it.
3. Metallurgy. The addition of an inoculant to molten metal, esp. iron (see inoculate v. 4).
1932Proc. Inst. Brit. Foundrymen XXIV. 122 After remelting the graphite particles were restored artificially, when the metal solidified pearlite-flake graphite. The process of putting graphite back into the melt is conveniently referred to as ‘inoculation’. 1950Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. CLXVI. 260/1 D. J. Reese gave some details of the production and properties of nodular cast iron produced in the U.S.A., using the technique of magnesium inoculation. 1963B. Harocopos Princ. Struct. Metall. viii. 104 The graphite may also be made to appear as spheroids in a ferritic matrix by inoculation with an alloy of silicon, magnesium and zirconium..and the resulting iron has a U.T.S. of 32 t.s.i., elongation 15%, in the annealed state. 1968E. N. Simons Outl. Metall. iv. 88 In the inoculation of cast iron in Britain calcium silicide is added to the ladle or the cupola spout at the rate of about 120 oz./ton.
4. attrib. and Comb., as inoculation process, inoculation-tuberculosis; inoculation-mad adj.
1760E. Lucas Jrnls. & Lett. (1850) 27 But y⊇ people in Charles Town were inoculation mad, I think I may well call it. 1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 20 Inoculation-tuberculosis has occurred in the human being. Ibid. 636 Such inoculation process, whichever way induced, is known as vaccination. |