| 释义 |
▪ I. view, n.|vjuː|
Forms: 4–6 vewe, 5–7 vew, 6 veu(e, vue; 5, 7 vywe, 5–7 viewe (6 veiwe), 5–8 vieu (6 vieue, 8 viue), 5– view.
[a. AF. vewe, veue, vue, vieue, view, = OF. veue (F. vue), ppl. n. from veoir (F. voir) to see. The OF. veüe corresponds exactly to It. veduta in the same sense.]
I.
1. a. A formal inspection or survey of lands, tenements, or ground, for some special purpose. Now rare or Obs.
1415–6in Madox Form. Ang. (1702) 16 Wee [masons and carpenters], beyng Vewers for the tyme of the seid Cite, have to these Vewes afore writton, putte our sealles. c1450Oseney Register 123 We schall ȝeve to them sufficient Eschaunge, by the vewe of lawfull men, in my othir londes to a conuenient valewe. 1509Sel. Cases Star Chamber (Selden) II. 7 As it apperith by the viewe and ouerseyng [of the fields] takyn by maister Brudenell one of the kynges Justeses. 1523Fitzherb. Surv. 35 b, The vieu of the maner of Dale taken the tenth day of May, the .xiiii. yere of the raygne of kyng Henry the .viii. 1607J. Norden Surv. Dial. i. 21 It is true that you say, such a view was taken at the time, that euery Tribe might haue his portion of inheritance. 1622Callis Stat. Sewers (1647) 80 There is a diversity between a view and a survey, for by the view one is to take notice only by the eye, but to survey is..by using other ceremonies and circumstances. 1834Lincoln, etc., in Nicolay & Hay Life (1890) I. 119 note, We..respectfully report that we have performed the duties of said view and location [of a road], as required by law, and that we have made the location on good ground.
†b. A formal examination or inspection of something, made by a properly appointed or qualified person; the charge or office of inspecting something. Obs.
In early quots. denoting the submitting of accounts to inspection. The sense in quot. 1654 is not quite clear. view of frank-pledge: see frank-pledge 1 b.
1454Rolls of Parlt. V. 273/1 That the Collectours..paye the money..in youre seid Reseit, and make the views of their accomptz. 1472Paston Lett. III. 49 And on Saturday next comyng he shall send me a vewe of hys acompte. 1497Naval Acc. Hen. VII (1896) 83 It semeth necessarie that another viewe be taken of all the Kynges said ordenaunces within his said Tour of London. 1520Coventry Leet Bk. 674 A veu was takon by the said Maier and his brethern what stores of all Maner of Corne, and what nombre of people was then whithin the said Cite. 1538Cartular. Abb. de Rievalle (Surtees) 353 The office of the ferme gathering in Swawdall, and the oversight of the woddes and vue of ther grownde. 1558in Feuillerat Revels Q. Eliz. (1908) Table i, The Master and officers..shall..peruse the remaines of the whole stuffe and other stoare lefte at the laste vewe. 1647N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. xxxviii. 92 The Coroner..even in those old daies had the view of bloodshed. 1654G. Goddard in Burton's Diary (1828) I. Introd. 188 That the excise of all tobacco of the English plantations, be reduced from 3d. to 1d. the pound; and that thereupon, no view or allowance be made for, or in respect of the said tobacco. 1700J. Tyrrell Hist. Eng. II. 819 Our Regarders or Viewers shall go through the Forests to make a View or Regard. 1802James Milit. Dict. s.v., The view of a place is said to be taken when the general, accompanied by an engineer, reconnoitres it. 1812J. Smyth Pract. of Customs (1821) 329 Bill of View or Sight. 1827Hallam Const. Hist. ix. (1876) II. 132 A view of this armour was to be taken twice in the year by constables chosen in every hundred.
†c. A review (of troops, etc.). Obs.
1565Cooper Thesaurus s.v. Condo, Lustrum condere, to apoynt a muster or view. 1681W. Robertson Phraseol. Gen. (1693) 1269 A View of souldiers at a Muster, armilustrium. 1693Luttrell Brief Relat. (1857) III. 15 The duke of Ormond took a view yesterday of his troop, and ordered all that had bay or grey horses to change them for black. 1721De Foe Mem. Cavalier (1840) 56 The view being over, and the troops returned to their camps.
d. Law. (See quots.) ? Obs.
1567Expos. Termes of Law (1579), Viewe is when anye actyon real is brought and the tenaunt knoweth not well what lande it is, that the demaundaunt asketh, then the tenant shal praye the viewe. 1607Cowell Interpr., Veiours..signifieth in our common lawe those, that are sent by the court to take view of any place in question, for the better descision of the right. a1625Sir H. Finch Law (1636) 366 View is in reall actions of the thing demanded,..when it is so necessarie as without view the defendant cannot well answer. 1768Blackstone Comm. III. 298 He may, in real actions, demand a view of the thing in question, in order to ascertain it's identity and other circumstances.
†e. by view of, under the inspection of. Obs.—1
1700Tyrrell Hist. Eng. II. 820 Every..Earl, or Baron, coming to us at our Command, and passing through our Forest, may Lawfully take one or two Deer by view of the Forester if present.
2. In general use: An examination, inspection, or survey. (Cf. 18.)
1568Grafton Chron. II. 277 They roade in the fieldes all that daye, and made a diligent vewe. 1592Stow Ann. 518 The which volume was since againe,..by viewe of diuers written copies, corrected by my self. 1622Bacon Hen. VII (1876) 29 Edward Plantagenet..having passed the view of the streets, was conducted to Paul's church. 1668Denham Poems Ep. Ded. A iij b, Neither have I any need of such shifts, for most of the parts of this body have already had Your Majesties view. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 450 We too far the pleasing Path pursue; Surveying Nature with too nice a view.
†3. An interview or meeting. Obs. rare.
1520Sir R. Wingfield in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. i. I. 170 Suche personnaiges as shall attende apon hym at the Veue. Ibid. 173 The noble personnaiges of thys Realme..be asmoche affectionatt to this Veue as could be wysshyd.
4. The exercise of the faculty of sight; the faculty or power of vision; the possibility or opportunity of seeing something:
a. Without article.
field of view: see field n. 16 b.
1573Tusser Husb. (1878) 211 At length by vew, to shore I drew. 1577Holinshed Chron. I. 35/1 Thinking it good to vnderstand all things by view that might appertaine to the vse of that warre. c1600Shakes. Sonn. cxli, 'Tis my heart..Who in dispight of view is pleasd to dote. 1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 193 Hoise him vp to his greater height of view. 1671Milton Samson 723 And now at nearer view, [it is] no other..Than Dalila thy wife. 1697Dryden æneid xii. 1333 The hero measur'd first, with narrow view, The destin'd mark. 1727–[see point n.1 D. 12]. 1864Ecclesiologist XXV. 274 The steeple..may..be taken into view with the loftier saddleback of S. Alban's. 1876–7in Abney Photogr. (1878) 207 The diminution of light from the centre towards the margins of the pictures from both these causes increases rapidly with any increase of angle of view beyond 40°.
b. In the phr. to view, chiefly after vbs.
a1593Marlowe & Nashe Dido i. i, Whose lookes set forth no mortall forme to view. 1695Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth (1723) 24 Their Parts when dissolved have the same Appearance to View. 1746Francis tr. Horace, Art of Poetry 5 If he gave to View a beauteous Maid. 1757W. Wilkie Epigoniad ix. 270 Towards the Cadmean gate; where full to view Expos'd, the armies and the camp she knew. 1817Jas. Mill Brit. India II. v. vi. 586 One of the most important features of the case was then held up to view. 1852Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. xl, Tom was already lost to view among the distant swamps of the Red River. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. iii. 28 The snow-floor had, in fact, given way, and exposed to view a clear green lake.
c. Similarly with the. (Cf. 14.)
1585T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. ii. ix. 42 b, Where he sayth the second to lye on the North part, he may by the view & eisight onely be reproued. 1603G. Owen Pembrokeshire i. (1892) 3 That euerye shere is of biggnes as the same appeareth to the vywe. 1664Power Exp. Philos. Pref. 15 The Knowledge of Man (saith the learn'd Verulam) hath hitherto been determin'd by the View or Sight. 1721Ramsay Tartana 148 These give not half that pleasure to the view. 1791Mrs. Radcliffe Rom. Forest ii, It seemed as if heaven was opening to the view. 1820Shelley Skylark 50 Like a glow-worm..Among the flowers and grass, which screen it from the view! 1842Tennyson Vision of Sin 23 [They] Caught each other with wild grimaces, Half-invisible to the view.
d. With limiting terms (possessives, etc.).
1587Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1357/2 He hath set downe to the vew of all men these necessarie notes following. 1592Shakes. Rom. & Jul. i. i. 177 Alas that loue, whose view is muffled still, Should without eyes, see path-wayes to his will. 1614Latham Falconry (1633) 73 For your flight to the Hearne, it is wrought, flown, and maintained by the eie and view of the Hawke. 1640Bp. Reynolds Passions Ded., This treatise hath had the marvellous felicity to light on the view..of a very gracious Princess. a1668R. Lassels Voy. Italy (1698) II. 118 None are suffered..to do or speak anything scandalously that may shock civility or publick view. 1711Pope Temple Fame 420 Before my view appear'd a structure fair. 1812Cary Dante, Parad. xxii. 19 Elsewhere now I bid thee turn thy view. 1833Tennyson Lady Clara Vere de Vere 34 When thus he met his mother's view,..She spake some certain truths of you. 1903Morley Gladstone I. Pref. note, Between two and three thousand papers of one sort or another must have passed under my view.
fig.1590Spenser F.Q. iii. xi. 11 My Lady and my loue is cruelly pend In dolefull darkenesse from the vew of day.
e. Range of sight or vision.
1591Savile Tacitus, Agricola (1622) 184 Lest any sparkle of honesty should by mischance remaine within view. 1722Wollaston Relig. Nat. i. 29 No one can tell, in strict speaking, where another is, if he is not within his view. a1732T. Boston Crook in Lot (1805) 11 Providing that the crook in his lot should not be set afresh in his view. 1850Tennyson In Mem. lxxv, Somewhere, out of human view, Whate'er thy hands are set to do Is wrought. 1855― Maud i. xx, Was it gentle to reprove her For stealing out of view From a little lazy lover?
5. a. An act of looking or beholding; a sight, look, or glance.
1581W. S. Compend. 21 b, The first view would displease many. 1590Shakes. Mids. N. iii. i. 144 Mine eare is much enamored of thy note; On the first view to say,..I loue thee. 1611Sir W. Mure Misc. Poems i. 50 Seik no to subdue And kill ane hert, bot for a vieu. 1667Milton P.L. ii. 190 Who [can] deceive his mind, whose eye Views all things at one view? 1697Dryden Virg. Past. viii. 53, I view'd thee first; how fatal was the View! 1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I. s.v. Measures, To see in one View an Account of the Ancient and Present Measures of several Parts of the World. 1746Francis tr. Horace, Art of Poetry 495 That gives us Pleasure for a single View; And this, ten Times repeated, still is new. 1813Shelley Q. Mab ii. 100 The thronging thousands, to a passing view, Seemed like an ant-hill's citizens. 1886Cornh. Mag. Aug. 224 For an hour at each view will this monstrous eye..gaze analysingly on many hundreds of stars at once.
b. ellipt. A view-halloo.
1903Longm. Mag. Jan. 244 There is, however, in my humble opinion, no great harm in a view when the hare is first found.
6. The sight or vision of something. Also with possessives.
1588Shakes. Tit. A. iii. ii. 55 Out on the murderour: thou kil'st my hart, Mine eyes cloi'd with view of Tirranie. 1600Fairfax Tasso xiv. xiv, Thy weak armies..Shall take new strength, new courage at his view. 1632Guillim's Heraldry (ed. 3) iii. ii. 113 Thus should their view put us euer more in minde, to raise our thoughts to Godward. 1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 23 Towards night [we] got view of Ioanna Ile. a1771Gray Dante 29 Pisa's Mount, that intercepts the view Of Lucca. 1794Godwin Caleb Williams 247 The view of his figure immediately introduced a train of ideas into my mind. 1820W. Irving Sketch Bk. (1821) II. 29 We had now come in full view of the old family mansion. 1837Lockhart Scott IV. viii. 263 He proceeded to thread his way westwards, across moor and bog, until we lost view of him.
transf.1815J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 191 Hitherto the distinction..appears to have been scarcely thought of. The distinct view of it was accidentally obtained by Stephen Grey, in the year 1729.
7. a. Visual appearance or aspect.
1551Recorde Cast. Knowl. (1556) 152 If the earthe were of anye bygnes in comparison to the worlde, then should his semidiameter beare some vewe of byggenesse to the semidiameter of the skie. 1570–6Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) 102 The same man also, persuaded partly by the viewe of the place itselfe,..supposeth, that Richborow was of auncient time a citie of some price. 1592Shakes. Rom. & Jul. i. i. 175 Alas that loue so gentle in his view, Should be so tyrannous and rough in proofe. 1603G. Owen Pembrokeshire i. (1892) 2 It most Consequentelye followe that the shere must be but little, much lesse then other sheres which seem lesse in vywe. 1667Milton P.L. iv. 142 A Silvan Scene,..a woodie Theatre Of stateliest view. Ibid. 247 A happy rural seat of various view. 1713Guardian No. 1 ⁋1 His Countenance is communicated to the Publick in several Views and Aspects. 1718Pope Iliad xvi. 203 Like furious, rush'd the Myrmidonian crew, Such their dread strength, and such their dreadful view. 1812Crabbe Tales xviii. 9 As certain ores in outward view the same.
fig.1581G. Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. iii. (1586) 123 To maintaine himselfe in that view which belongeth to his calling.
b. Aspect as affected by position.
1847J. Leitch tr. C. O. Müller's Anc. Art 450 The coins exhibit his head generally in front view.
8.
†a. Hunting. The footprints of a buck or fallow-deer. Obs.
Common in 17th c. works of reference, but merely as an echo of Turbervile.
1576Turberv. Venerie xxxvi. 97 Then if she aske, what Slot or view I found, I say, the Slot, or view, was long on ground. Ibid. 239 The footyng or printe of an Hartes foote is called the Slot. Of a Bucke and all other Fallow Deare, it is to be called the View. 1611Cotgr., Foulée, the Slot of a Stag, the Fuse of a Bucke (the view, or footing of either) vpon hard ground, grasse, leaues, or dust. 1679Lovell Indic. Univ. 26 The strain, view, slot or footing of a deer are the marks he makes in soiling.
b. A sight or prospect of some landscape or extended scene; an extent or area covered by the eye from one point.
1606L. Bryskett Civ. Life 93 Hauing the prospect not onely of the citie, but also of the sea and hauen,..and some commending the ayre, some the delightfulnesse of the view. 1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 14, I neuer saw ground more pleasant for view. 1667Milton P.L. ii. 890 Before thir eyes in sudden view appear The secrets of the hoarie deep. 1718Prior Solomon ii. 22 Fish-ponds were made, where former Forrests grew; And Hills were levell'd to extend the View. 1756M. Calderwood in Coltness Collect. (Maitl. Cl.) 192 It is the finest viue ever I saw; the ground lies about it, you would think, in a circle. 1766[Anstey] Bath Guide vii. 4 Fine Walks, and fine Views, and a Thousand fine Things. 1808Pike Sources Mississ. ii. 220 From the flat roof of the church we had a delightful view of the village. 1847Tennyson Princess Prol. 68 Here were telescopes For azure views; and there a group of girls In circle waited. 1883Manch. Exam. 30 Oct. 8/4 A local resident..whose house..has a beautiful view down the valley.
c. A drawing, painting, print, etc., representing a landscape or other prospect.
a1700Evelyn Diary 18 Jan. 1645, We were then conducted into a new Gallery, whose sides were painted with views of the most famous places, towns, and territories in Italy. 1709(title), Britannia Illustrata; or, Views..of the Principal Seats of the Nobility and Gentry of Great Britain. 1791Robertson Hist. India App., Wks. 1851 VI. 510 Mr. Hodges has published views of three of these [fortresses]. c1811Fuseli in Lect. Paint. iv. (1848) 449 That kind of landscape which is entirely occupied with the tame delineation of a given spot,..what is commonly called ‘views’. 1853Mrs. Carlyle Lett. (1883) II. 220 The little view at the top of this sheet is where I live in London. 1854Hawthorne Eng. Note-Bks. (1883) I. 527 A photographist preparing to take a view of the castle. 1898Binns Story of the Potter 222 Portraits, views, and fancy scenes were produced in different self-colours.
II.
9. a. Mental contemplation or vision (alone or combined with ocular inspection); observation, notice.
point of view: see point n.1 D. 12.
c1440Alph. Tales 530 Þer is no thyng bod som peple will giff þer vew and þer fantasye þer-vnto. 1593Norden (title), Speculum Britanniæ. By the travaile and vew of John Norden. 1612in Eng. Hist. Rev. April (1914) 249, I will be bold out of my zeale and duty to present yt [a proposition] unto his Magesties vieu. 1642in Verney Mem. (1907) I. 243 But I hate to have my secrets laid open to everybodie's view. 1746Francis tr. Horace, Epist. i. ii. 26 The Poet sets Ulysses in our View. 1762Kames Elem. Crit. i. (1833) 20 The mind extends its view to a son more readily than to a servant. 1846Whately Rhetoric (ed. 7) Introd. vi. 34 Such a habit..also, in a rhetorical point of view, if I may so speak, often proves hurtful. 1850Hawthorne Scarlet Letter Introd., One..who appeared to have been rather a noteworthy personage in the view of our ancestors. 1911J. H. Round King's Serjeants 254 After this, the scalding serjeanty..fades from view.
b. A single act of contemplation or attention to a subject.
1570Levins Manip. 94 A view of things, æstimatio. 1676Dryden Aureng-zebe Ded., The hasty Critick, who judges on a view, is as liable to be deceived. 1776Adam Smith W.N. i. i. (1869) I. 10 The advantage..is much greater than we should at first view be apt to imagine it.
10. a. A particular manner or way of considering or regarding a matter or question; a conception, opinion, or theory formed by reflection or study. Freq. const. of.
1573G. Harvey Letter-bk. (Camden) 1 Uppon a reasnable vew of the matter. 1679Penn Addr. Prot. ii. ii. (1692) 60 Let us take the most impartial View we can. 1736Butler Anal. i. iii. 50 Good Actions are never punished, considered as beneficial to Society, nor ill Actions rewarded, under the view of their being hurtful to it. 1780Mirror No. 100 ⁋1 The view of Hamlet's character, exhibited in my last Number. 1800Trevelyan in G. O. Trevelyan Macaulay (1876) I. i. 22 Miss Hannah took a more unselfish view of the subject. 1836J. Gilbert Chr. Atonem. ix. (1852) 281 Atonement presents to us this view of God. 1855Bain Senses & Int. i. ii. §8 The application of this view of the plan of structure of the brain will appear in the sequel. 1884Sir W. B. Brett in Law Rep. 14 Q.B.D. 798 That was the view which the judgment of the Court below upholds.
b. An aspect or light in which something is regarded or considered. (Cf. 7.)
1713Guardian No. 5 ⁋3 The Widow of Sir Marmaduke is to be considered in a very different View. 1729Law Serious C. x. 145 If we consider mankind in a farther view, as a redeemed order of fallen spirits. 1794Paley Evid. iii. iv. ⁋22 We are well warranted in calling the view, under which the learned men of that age beheld Christianity, an obscure and distant view.
c. pl. Opinions, ideas, or theories, of an individual or speculative character, held or advanced with regard to some subject.
1769Robertson Chas. V, iii. ⁋33 Nor did his political views and maxims seem less strange. 1792J. Barlow Conspir. Kings 86 Gallia's sons..Make patriot views and moral views the same. 1818Cobbett Pol. Reg. XXXIII. 106 Reformers, not so well able to express as to think, would have had an answer to all questions relating to their views. 1841Arnold in Life & Corr. (1844) II. ix. 270 Of course, he who believes his own views to be true, must believe the opposite views to be error. 1870Jevons Elem. Logic ii. 11 It does not seem that the views of the logicians named are irreconcileable. 1883Law Times 20 Oct. 408 The time must come when the views of our committee will prevail.
d. Without article: Comprehensive survey.
1821–30Ld. Cockburn Mem. (1856) 177 Allen's single lecture contained as much truth and view as could be extracted from all the books in Europe on the subject.
11. A survey, a general or summary account, of something.
1604Dallington (title), The View of Fraunce. 1623Cockeram ii, The full View of a thing, synopsie. 1647May Hist. Parl. Title-p., A short and necessary view of some precedent yeares. 1729Butler Serm. Wks. 1874 II. Pref. 14 It may not be amiss to give the reader the whole argument here in one view. 1779Mirror No. 31, An author who draws characters in the other manner..gives a view of the particulars themselves. 1800Asiat. Ann. Reg. ii. 44/1, I proceed finally to offer a combined view of the whole. 1815J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art. II. 157 With the record of a late excursion of his we shall close this view of the practice of aërostation.
12. a. An aim or intention; a design or plan; an object or purpose.
1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 83 [Nicanor slew Antiochus], because interposing the view of his ambition. 1711Marlborough in 10th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. I. 144, I haue no other views then what tend to the firmest vnion with his Lordship. 1759Franklin Ess. Wks. 1840 III. 483 Whatever view the governor had to serve by his opposition, he neither did himself or views any service by it. 1771Wesley Wks. (1872) V. 20 It is necessarily implied, that a man have a sincere view of pleasing God in all things. 1815Scott Guy M. xxii, Part of Brown's view in choosing that unusual tract..had been a desire to view the remains of the celebrated Roman Wall. 1831Society I. 295, I have told you my views for Jemima. 1849Grote Greece ii. xlvii. (1862) IV. 160 Such were the views of Pericles in regard to his country.
b. Regard or reference to a person or thing (rare). † out of a view to, with an eye to.
1718M. Tomkins in W. Wilson Dissenting Ch. (1808) II. 540 He assured me he had no particular view to me, or suspicion of me, when he brought down that sermon among others to Newington. 1728Chambers Cycl. s.v. Choir, But the antient Ballustrades have been since restor'd; out of a View to the Beauty of the Architecture. 1736L. Welsted Wks. (1787) 486 In view to the second [commandment], this necessity was greater.
13. A prospect, anticipation, expectation, or outlook.
1719W. Wood Surv. Trade 17 That we were brought in View of a truly safe, honourable, and advantagious Peace. 1726G. Shelvocke Voy. round World 210 We could have no better views at present than of falling into their hands sooner or later. 1755Smollett Quix. (1803) II. 50 He that hath good in his view, and yet will not evil eschew, his folly deserveth to rue. 1758S. Hayward Serm. xiv. 408 It gives the christian..the sweetest composure in the views of death. 1813Shelley Q. Mab iv. 253 Are not thy views of unregretted death Drear, comfortless, and horrible? 1827D. Johnson Ind. Field Sports Pref. p. x, I entertain no view of any emolument whatever from the present publication.
III. In various phrases.
†14. at or to the view (in hawking and hunting): By sight. Also in fig. context. Obs.
1486Bk. St. Albans d j, An hawke flieth to the vew, to the Beke, or to the Toll. 1607Chapman Bussy D'Ambois ii. Wks. (1895) 148 Both fell as their spirits flew Upwards; and still hunt honour at the view. 1628Bp. H. King Exp. Lord's Prayer 144 'Tis dangerous to hunt such abstruse mysteries at the view, or looke too neere. 1657― Poems (1843) 17 Teach me to hunt that kingdom at the view Where true joyes reign.
15. in (..) view.
a. in (the) view of, in the sight of, so as to be seen by; also, within sight of, near enough to see.
a1548Hall Chron., Hen. VI, 174 These armies thus liyng, the one in the conspect and vewe of the other, studied all meanes and pollecies, how to take aduauntage eche of other. 1594Sec. Pt. Contention (1843) 122 Richard The second in the view of manie Lords Resignde the Crowne to Henrie the fourth. 1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 22 An Iland called Mæottey scituate in view of some three other. 1667Milton P.L. ii. 394 Neerer our ancient Seat; perhaps in view Of those bright confines. 1719De Foe Crusoe i. (Globe) 22 While I was in View of the Moor that was swimming, I stood out directly to sea with the Boat. 1728Watts Let. 20 July in Pearson's Catal. No. 76 (1894) 64 Are not my sermons in your view and within your reach? a1774Goldsm. Hist. Greece II. 101 Here he chose his station, in view of a temple dedicated to Hercules. 1814Wordsw. Excursion ix. 706 For sacrifice performed Exultingly, in view of open day. 1848Thackeray Van. Fair li, Shaking hands with them and smiling in the view of all persons.
b. in view, in sight, in such a place or position as to be seen; also (b) in contemplation or notice, under attention; (c) as an end or object aimed at.
In the latter uses chiefly after have or keep.
1605Shakes. Lear v. i. 51 The Enemy's in view. 1667Milton P.L. i. 563 And now Advanc't in view they stand, a horrid Front Of dreadful length. 1731W. Halfpenny Perspective 4 Here inserted more plainly to discover what part of the Cube is in View. 1769Robertson Chas. V, iv. Wks. 1813 V. 415 His soldiers, now that they had their prey full in view, complained neither of fatigue nor famine. 1780Cowper Progr. Error 570 None sends his arrow to the mark in view, Whose hand is feeble, or his aim untrue. 1812Sporting Mag. XXXIX. 88 The hounds..were running a hare hard in view. 1856Kane Arct. Expl. II. xxvi. 262 There was nothing in view except Dalrymple Rock.
fig.1757Foote Author ii. Wks. 1799 I. 149, I shall never be able to hold out long; I had rather be taken in view.
(b)1667Milton P.L. x. 1030 Then let us seek Som safer resolution, which methinks I have in view. 1690Locke Hum. Und. ii. x. §1 By keeping the idea..for some time actually in view, which is called contemplation. 1779Mirror No. 66, It is necessary that we keep in view the character of Lady Anne. 1793Smeaton Edystone L. Introd. 2 It is probable the resemblance Josephus had in view, was chiefly that of the outward form. 1840Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. I. iv. 455 This should always be kept in view. 1891‘L. Malet’ Wages of Sin II. 38, I have a quantity of work in view.
(c)1720Ramsay Prosp. Plenty 165 This, this our faithfu' trustees have in view, And honourably will the task pursue. 1771Junius Lett. lviii. (1788) 312 Liberty..we all profess to have in view. 1782A. Shirrefs Poems (1790) 278 So fiercely they fought, having honour in view, Ten hours quite elaps'd. 1853Browning In a Balcony Wks. 1907 VII. 30 Who keeps one end in view makes all things serve. 1878Stubbs Const. Hist. (1896) III. 453 It may be questioned whether the advisers of Henry VI..had any deep political object in view. 1908Animal Managem. 291 And with this in view, the saddles are very generally left on.
c. in that (this, etc.) view, on that account, for that reason or consideration. ? Obs.
1734tr. Rollin's Anc. Hist. (1827) I. 108 It is in that view that Socrates..set so high a value upon Euripides. 1788Priestley Lect. Hist. v. lii. 401 How vastly profitable these our plantations are to us in every view. 1827in Scott Chron. Canongate Introd. App., It was in that view that he proposed to drink to the memory of his late Royal Highness the Duke of York.
d. in view of, (a) in prospect or anticipation of, with a view to; (b) in consideration or regard of, on account of.
(a)1709Mrs. Manley Secret Mem. (1736) III. 16 Let us with a chearful Boldness loose the Reins, in View of attaining the Latter. Ibid. 277 In view of marrying Ethelinda. 1859S. Wilberforce Sp. Missions (1874) 182 He writes to this lady, in a letter with which she has entrusted me, in view of this meeting. 1867C. S. Parker in Quest Reformed Parl. 197 An unreformed Parliament, which..has never been more disposed to bestir itself for good than now in view of approaching dissolution. 1878R. Simpson Sch. Shaks. I. 26 Musters were being taken through England in view of wars with Scotland and France.
(b)1819T. Hope Anastasius II. 160 In view of the readiness she showed to second my search, all was, or appeared to be, forgiven. 1831― Ess. Origin Man III. 113 In view of the excellencies of the works embodied in it, [the language] continued to be occasionally used. 1874Morley Compromise 54 Error, therefore, in view of such considerations may surely be allowed to have at least a provisional utility. 1885L. Oliphant Sympneumata 212 In view of this aspect of the class of phenomena in question, we regard with leniency their presence in the human nature of the past.
16. a. on or upon (the) view of, on ocular inspection or perception of, spec. by way of inquest.
1488Rolls of Parlt. VI. 414/1 All Enditements..taken afore any of your Corowners.., upon the viewe of the Body of the said Thomas Portyngton. 1512Act 4 Hen. VIII, c. 20 Preamble, [They] caused a Crouner to sit and inquere on the vieu of the Bodies of the said John Cristofore, Gerard, and Genet. 1541Act 33 Hen. VIII, c. 12 §1, All inquisicions upon the viewe of persons slayne..within any the Kinges saide pallaces or houses. 1600E. Blount tr. Conestaggio 228 Yet vpon view of the horse, they mette them with the keies of the citie. 1661W. Lowther in Extr. St. P. rel. Friends ii. (1911) 118 His Maiestyes Justices of the peace, vpon viewe or haueing Informacion of such persons soe offending. 1779Mirror No. 66, The feelings that arise on the view of ability, self-possession, knowledge of character. 1815Ann. Reg., Chron. 47 An inquest was held..on view of the body. 1841L'pool Mercury 2/5 An inquest was held before Mr. Curry, on view of the body of Wm. Clare, aged 21.
b. on the view, by simple inspection.
1823J. Badcock Dom. Amusem. 31 Making an estimate of the original purity of the material..may be accomplished, first on the view; second by heat. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. xxi. IV. 615 The High Bailiff then walked round the three companies of horsemen, and pronounced, on the view, that Montague and Fox were duly elected.
c. on view, on exhibition; open to general or public inspection.
1850Punch 19 Oct. 164/1 The South Western Railway..keeps a quantity of hissing, smoking, screaming engines always ‘on view’. 1882M. E. Braddon Mt. Royal III. vi. 104 He shall be on view in the drawing-room before dinner.
17. a. with the (or a) view of, with the object or design of (doing something).
1723Pres. St. Russia II. 112 You acted only with a view of deceiving me. 1754Sherlock Disc. (1759) I. i. 18 Religion must be formed with a View of securing a future Happiness. 1802O. Gregory Treat. Astron. 257 With a view of ascertaining more accurately the nature of the sun. 1827Faraday Chem. Manip. xxiv. 590 With the view..of expediting the acquirement of the necessary habits. 1884in A. Cawston Street Improv. London (1893) 106 Power of taking possession..with the view of carrying out the necessary work.
b. with a view to, with the aim or object of attaining, effecting, or accomplishing something; const. (a) with nouns or pronouns, or (b) with verbs. Also (c) , with regard to; (d) in view of.
(a)1728Chambers Cycl. s.v. Hair, It was with a View to this, that such..procured their Hair to be shaven off. 1767Cowper Let. 20 Oct., I am willing to suspect that you make this inquiry with a view to an interview when time shall serve. 1833H. Martineau Vanderput & S. i. 20 [He] allowed that such an indulgence might,—especially with a view to increased knowledge,—be extended to a sufferer like Christian. 1866R. Chambers Ess. Ser. ii. 89 Providence has constituted us with a view to activity. 1875Helps Soc. Press. iii. 49 The tendency is more and more to promote individual effort with a view to individual comfort. 1891Law Times XC. 373/1 The Belgian Government desired his extradition with a view to his trial in Belgium.
(b)1723Present St. Russia I. 160 With a View to secure the Cuban-Tartars to the Russian Interest. 1765–8Erskine Inst. Law Scot. iv. iv. §55 The forcible..abduction of the woman's person, with a view to violate it. 1800Asiat. Ann. Reg., Charac. 54/2 The troops had been embarked with a view to retake the island of Grenada. 1842Loudon Suburban Hort. 53 They might..be advantageously introduced with a view to watering summer crops. 1891Law Times XCII. 105/2 The lady had contracted specifically with a view to bind definite separate estate.
(c)1785Paley Mor. Philos. vi. xii, War may be considered with a view to its causes and its conduct.
(d)1808E. Sleath Bristol Heiress V. 329 With a view to his approaching nuptials, Lord Castleton presented him with a handsome service of plate.
c. with this (or that) view, with this intention or aim, for this purpose.
1765H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (ed. 2) III. 159 Preudhomme went to Wilton with that view. 1769Robertson Chas. V, iv. Wks. 1813 V. 413 With this view he dispatched a courier to Bourbon. 1815J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 191 With this view he fixed a cord to a nail which was in one of the beams of the ceiling. 1857Buckle Civiliz. I. ix. 573 With this view, the people, even in their ordinary amusements, are watched and carefully superintended. 1893Liddon Life Pusey II. xxv. 164 With this view the writer reviews fourteen of the Articles.
18. a. to take a view of, to take a look at, to make an inspection, examination, or survey of. † Also with the or without article.
1476Paston Lett. III. 162, I suppose that my lorde wille take the vywe off alle hys retynywe heer. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 17 [They] had sente theyr spyes to take the vewe of the countre. 1557Order of Hospitalls F v, When Veiwe is taken, whether the same Childe be living..in the Howse or at Nurse. 1578in Feuillerat Revels Q. Eliz. (1908) 298 When my Lord Chamberleyne toke a viewe of the stuffe at mr Brydemans. 1631Weever Anc. Funeral Mon. To Rdr., I likewise tooke view of many ancient Monuments not inscribed. 1658Wood Life (O.H.S.) I. 236 He had taken a view of the monuments. a1774Goldsm. Hist. Greece II. 233 The next day he took a view of all Darius's money and moveables. 1780Newgate Cal. V. 30 No sooner had he taken a view of it, than he declared, that..he had made the paper. 1815J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 305 In order to take a view of the means employed, to lessen, increase, or otherwise modify the affinities of bodies.
b. to take the long view, to have regard for more than the present; to provide for the future.
1924Times Trade & Engin. Suppl. 29 Nov. 247/2 Those who took the long view and ordered more than just to meet current needs are now reaping the benefit of such a policy.
c. to take a poor view: see poor a. (n.) 5 f. Also (in same sense) to take a dim view.
1941Newsweek 7 July 27/2 Take a dim view—disapprove. 1947H. Grieve Something in Country Air 13 Mr Everard took a dim view of his youngest niece. 1977Daily News (Perth, Austral.) 19 Jan. 6/3 Bukovsky said he took a dim view of the way the West was pursuing detente.
IV.
19. attrib. and Comb. a. In senses 1 and 4, as view-day, view-making, view-worthy adj.
1589Greene Ciceronis Amor Epistle Ded., Thinking nothing rare, nor view-worthy, sufficiently-patronized, vnlesse shrowded vnder the protection of so honorable a Mæcenas. 1600Maldon (Essex) Documents (Bundle 162) ii, xxiiid for fire, and bredd, and beare spent in the Moote-halle on the pettie vew daye. 1607in W. H. Hale Prec. in Causes of Office (1841) 10 They shall certify..of the vew making by the workmen..and likewise how farr they have proceeded in the repayer of the church. 1850Art Jrnl. July 224 The rooms were crowded during the ‘view’ days with visitors.
b. In senses 8 b and 8 c, as view-hunter, view-hunting, view-lens, view-painter, view-painting, view-station, view-taking, etc.; view card, a picture postcard showing a view; view-finder, an attachment to a camera by which it is more readily adjusted to take a particular view; view-phone, a (proposed) device for enabling telephone users to see each other during a call; viewsite, a site (for a house or other building) with a view (sense 8 b).
1938Blunden On Several Occasions, Buying a view⁓card and a book. 1973Express (Trinidad & Tobago) 17 Mar. 14/2 Hobbies—art, stamps and collecting viewcards.
1889View-finder [see finder 3 d]. 1891Anthony's Photogr. Bull. IV. 426 A revolving view-finder, flash-lamp, dark slide covers.
1837J. E. Murray Summer in Pyrenees II. 65 The most greedy view-hunters of them all will leave it [Canigoû] satisfied with the beauty and magnificence of the prospect.
1831Carlyle Sart. Res. ii. vi, I mean the epidemic, now endemical, of View-hunting.
1889Anthony's Photogr. Bull. II. 38 When the ordinary view lens, giving barrel distortion, is used.
1968Listener 20 June 796/1 Flocks of academic view painters.. used to set up their easels round the picturesque little harbour at St. Ives. 1971Country Life 2 Sept. 536/3 Worcester's view-painters may fairly be compared with such fellow professionals. Ibid., Topographical view-painting was not confined to fortunate Worcester, of course. 1982Nat. Gallery News Feb. 1 Tourists visited Venice, wanting to take away reminders of the city they might not see again. The growing market must have encouraged both Canaletto and Guardi to turn to view painting.
1964F. Pohl Alternating Currents (1966) 38, I turned off the viewphone, got up and walked out. 1966New Scientist 24 Nov. 440/3 A ‘viewphone’ service (which could enable telephone users, to see each other during a call). 1978Times 3 Nov. 27/4 The Post Office itself has listed the main telecommunications services..envisaged for the years 1985 and 2000... By 1985 there will be..radiopaging, confravision.., viewphone.
1971Sunday Express (Johannesburg) 28 Mar. 20/2 (Advt.), Each stand a spectacular viewsite! 1977Chicago Tribune 2 Oct. (TV Week Suppl.) 4/1 (Advt.), This economical two-story home turns its back to the street (or takes beautiful advantage of a viewsite) to create an uncommon sense of privacy even in a busy urban setting.
1886Pall Mall G. 11 Sept. 4/2 It was his delight to make..good roads to all the best view stations on his estate.
1889Anthony's Photogr. Bull. II. 339 If they are view-taking in a region of streams and woods.
Add:[I.] [1.] f. An exhibition of objects to be sold, usu. by auction, organized for prospective purchasers shortly before the sale. Cf. view-day, sense 19 a below. press view: see press n.1 17 b. private view: see private a. 4 c.
1873C. Schreiber Jrnl. 5 Apr. (1911) I. 178 Went to look at a ‘View’ of things to be sold on Monday. 1984A. Fraser Shroud for Delilah ix. 81 How did the view go?.. I see quite a few of the paintings are sold.
▪ II. view
var. vew (yew-tree). dial.
▪ III. view, v.|vjuː|
Forms: 6–7 veue (6 vue), vewe (6 veawe), viewe (6 vieue); 6 vieu, veu, vew, 6– view (6 veiw, Sc. wew).
[f. the n. Cf. aview v.]
1. a. trans. To inspect or examine in a formal or official manner; to survey carefully or professionally; † to review (troops).
1523Ld. Berners Froiss. I. cccxcvii. 278 b/2 Whan they were nombred and viewed, they thought themselfe able to fight with the greatest prince in all the worlde. 1539Cromwell in Merriman Life & Lett. (1902) II. 237 Furthermore his Maieste woolde that you shuld cause the stretes and Lanes there to be vieued for the pavementes. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 258 Captaynes were sente oute to view the situation of theyr ennemies Campe. 1617Moryson Itin. ii. 251 In Christmas holidayes his Lordship viewed the toune of Galloway, and judging it a place of great importance [etc.]. 1623Gouge Serm. Extent God's Provid. §15 The Coroner and his Inquest comming to view the bodies, found remaining but 63. 1697J. Lewis Mem. Dk. Glocester (1789) 21 About this time, there came Scotch regiments of dragoons to be viewed by the King in Hyde Park. 1714Fr. Bk. of Rates 419 Offices..in which all Goods coming from Foreign Parts, or going to Foreign Parts, shall be declared, viewed, visited, and discharged. 1749Fielding Tom Jones vii. xii, The Surgeon,..having viewed the wound,..ordered his Patient instantly to bed. 1793Smeaton Edystone L. §227 We..took the opportunity of viewing the progress of our moorstone works at Lanlivery. 1819Shelley Cenci i. i. 17, I once heard the nephew of the Pope Had sent his architect to view the ground, Meaning to build a villa. 1852Dickens Bleak Ho. xi, ‘Well, gentlemen!’ resumes the Coroner,..‘the first thing to be done is to view the body’.
†b. spec. To inspect or examine (records, accounts, etc.) by way of check or control. Obs.
1534Henry VIII in J. Bacon Liber Regis (1786) p. vi, [They shall] also se and veu such regesters, boks of accoumpt, Ester boks, and all other writings. c1545in J. S. Leadam Sel. Cas. Crt. Requests (1898) 88 A commaundement..to vue, serche, & ouersee certayn Courte Rollis. 1554–5in Feuillerat Revels Q. Mary (1914) 178 Comissyoners specially appoynted and aucthorised to vewe and take the accompte state and remayne of and within that offyce. 1647in 10th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. V. 495 The said twelve men..shall view the late booke of Excise.
†c. To survey or explore (a country, coast, etc.). Obs.
1551Bible Josh. vii. 2 Then Josua sent men from Jericho to Ai.., saying, get you vp, and vewe the countre. 1607J. Norden Surv. Dial. i. 21 Joshua commaunded..that euery tribe should choose out three men, that he might send them thorow the land of Canaan, to view, suruey, and to describe it. 1652Needham tr. Selden's Mare Cl. 189 They permitted none besides Merchants to sail unto the Island without their leav, nor any man at all to view or sound the Ports and Sea Coast. 1745P. Thomas Jrnl. Anson's Voy. 32 The Commodore sent the Trial Sloop to view the Island. 1796Morse Amer. Geog. I. 143 John Davis..viewed that and the more northern coasts.
d. absol. To look over a property to assess its suitability for purchase or rent.
1914‘E. Bramah’ Max Carrados 79 The place is to be let... We will go on to the agents and get a card to view. 1967N. Marsh Death at Dolphin i. 9 We hold the keys. Were you wanting to view? 1971G. Sims Deadhand ii. iii. 92 Is it the house? No good—you can't view without a docket.
2. a. To look at (something) more or less attentively; to scrutinize; to observe closely.
Cf. examples of view and re-view s.v. review v. 2.
1548Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Luke xxiv. 199 Vieu and beholde you my handes. 1563B. Googe Eglogs, etc. (Arb.) 115 When I had vewd these wrytten lines and markde the Storye well, I ioyed muche. 1577― Heresbach's Husb. i. (1586) 7 b, Let vs walke aboute, that I may viewe your house tyll dinner be redy. a1593Marlowe & Nashe Dido ii. i. 73 Illio. Looke where she comes: æneas, viewe her well. æn. Well may I view her, but she sees not me. 1632Lithgow Trav. ix. 390 [He] sent a Guide with me..to view the Mountayne more strictly... Hauing viewed and reuiewed this [etc.]. 1673Ray Journ. Low C. 27 A Museum well stored with natural and artificial Rarities, which we viewed. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 36, I, to the Temple will conduct the Crew: The Sacrifice and Sacrificers view. 1718Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to Abbé Conti 31 July, The women flocked in to see me, and we were equally entertained with viewing one another. 1748Anson's Voy. iii. x. 405 The Chinese contented themselves with viewing it [the conflagration]. 1791Mrs. Radcliffe Rom. Forest ii, She stood for some time viewing the shadowy scene. 1835T. Mitchell Acharn. of Aristoph. 428 note, The writings of one who had viewed the manners of Greece with no incurious eye. 1892Photogr. Ann. II. 875 They..give no false impression when viewed in the developing tray.
absol.1818Shelley Hymn Minerva 18 Pallas from her immortal shoulders threw The arms divine; wise Jove rejoiced to view. 1827Pollok Course T. i. vi, Thus viewing, one they saw, on hasty wing, Directing towards heaven his course.
b. To see or behold; to catch sight of.
c1586C'tess Pembroke Psalms cxix. G ii, I quake to view how people vile Doe from thy doctryne swerve. 1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 51 Where a little from us, wee viewed a Blacke Tent, and going thither found three old Arabians. 1660F. Brooke tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 331 One plainly views the Isle, and go to the place you find nothing. 1706Estcourt Fair Example v. i, Whims. Look up and view me then. Sym. That's a Jest indeed, when 'tis so dark I can't see my own Hand. 1773Life N. Frowde 27, I..was not a little surprized to view such an extent of Sky and Water. 1810Sporting Mag. XXXV. 152 The fox was viewed several times by the horsemen. 1848Thackeray Van. Fair lxiv, The alternations of splendour and misery which these people undergo are very queer to view. 1887Field 31 Dec. 981/3 Mr. Godson viewed our hunted fox sneaking away.
†c. To admit to an interview. Obs.
1676Dryden Aurengz. iii. i. 1435 I'll view this Captive Queen; to let her see, Pray'rs and Complaints are lost on such as me.
d. Hunting. With away: To see (a fox) break cover; to give notice of (the fox as doing so) by hallooing.
1853G. J. Whyte-Melville D. Grand x, Excitement..not diminished by me ‘viewing away’ a magnificent old fox. 1856‘Stonehenge’ Brit. Rural Sports 127/2 The first whip is sent on to the point where the fox is most likely to break, in order to view him away, and save time by hallooing.
e. To watch (television); to watch on television. Also absol.
1935Discovery Sept. 277/2 The comfort and interest with which the [television] pictures may be viewed in a semi-darkened room. 1936Times 3 Nov. 9/2, I should be unwilling to lay heavy odds against a resident in Hindhead viewing the Coronation procession. 1948Something Done 15 A number of people might now be viewing without having bothered about taking out a licence. 1956B.B.C. Handbk. 1957 104 Asking them what broadcasts they listened to or viewed ‘yesterday’. 1958Listener 25 Dec. 1090/1 They view on average for thirteen hours a week. 1966C. Mackenzie Paper Lives x. 145, I was anxious for Humphrey Mowart to explain to me the operation of the various knobs..of a television set so that I shall be in control of the machine when we are what they call viewing.
3. a. To survey mentally; to pass under mental review or examination; to consider.
1591Savile Tacitus, Agricola 255 When I view and consider the cause of this warre, and our present necessity. 1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 33 Hee had well viewed her seuerall forces. 1657Sparrow Bk. Com. Prayer (1661) 50 These..have been viewed and allowed by the..Church for many ages past. 1679Penn Addr. Prot. ii. ii. 65 If we will yet rise higher in our enquiry and view the Mischiefs of Earlier Times. a1704T. Brown Satire Antients Wks. 1730 I. 22 When we view him to the bottom, we find in him all the Gods together. a1768Secker Serm. 1 Thess. v. 21–2 (1770) I. 16 Viewing Things on every Side..is grievous Labour to Indolence and Impatience. 1845M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 13 Bede viewed the world only from the retirement of his cell. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 12 All knowledge may be viewed either abstracted from the mind, or in relation to the mind. 1875Helps Soc. Press. v. 65 He..has viewed the matter in hand more gravely.
b. Const. with (pleasure, etc.).
1746Francis tr. Horace, Epist. i. viii. 14 Whate'er may hurt me, I with Joy pursue; Whate'er may do me good, with Horror view. 1758S. Hayward Serm. xvii. 509 The soul..views his various perfections..with pleasure. 1769Robertson Chas. V, iii. ⁋38 To view all the constable's actions with a mean and unbecoming jealousy.
c. To regard or consider in a certain light.
1765Museum Rust. IV. 110 If you, gentlemen, view this matter in that important light I do. 1779Mirror No. 28, He seems to have viewed the unhappy people of that country merely as the instruments..to furnish himself and his countrymen with..wealth. 1832Lewis Use & Ab. Pol. Terms x. 84 A third manner of viewing mixed governments. 1861Paley Aeschylus (ed. 2), Agam. 1548 note, So far from regarding the murder of her husband as a crime, she views it simply as a just retaliation. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 32 Wisdom, viewed in this new light merely as a knowledge of knowledge and ignorance.
4. intr. To look or see into something. rare—1.
1711Swift Exam. No. 27 ⁋11 Mr. Harley [is] sagacious to view into the remotest consequences of things.
Hence viewed |vjuːd|, viewing, ppl. adjs.
1577Grange Golden Aphrod. F ij b, For my vewyng eyes haue seene your paynting penne. 1882Society 4 Nov. 5/1 The hounds ran on the line of a viewed fox. 1958Spectator 6 June 730/3 It was a great deal better than half a dozen others which the viewing public has taken to its heart. 1975Listener 18 Sept. 368/1 NHK..will continue..to give Japan's viewing public all of what it wants. |