| 释义 |
▪ I. -in, suffix1 Chem.
A modification of the chemical suffix -ine5, introduced into systematic nomenclature by Hofmann a 1860, used systematically in Watts' Dict. Chem. in 1866, and subsequently adopted by the Chemical Society, for the names of neutral substances, such as glycerides, glucosides, bitter principles, colouring matters, and proteids, which are thus distinguished from names of alkaloids and basic substances in -ine. Examples, albumin, casein, fibrin, globulin, mucin, myosin, pepsin; cerebrin, chitin, chondrin, gelatin, lecithin; acetin, alizarin, aloïn, arbutin, cerotin, curcumin, dextrin, hæmatin, indigotin, inulin, isatin, palmitin, purpurin, salicin, ulmin, vanillin. Some of these were formerly spelt with -ine, and in that spelling had passed into popular use before the rectification of the nomenclature, esp. dextrine, gelatine, margarine, which are still commonly so spelt in non-scientific use. Also used systematically to form the names of certain unsaturated six-membered heterocyclic monocyclic compounds having no nitrogen atom in the ring, as dioxin. Cf. -ine5.
1881Chemical Society, Instructions to Abstractors ⁋16 Basic substances should invariably be indicated by names ending in -ine, as aniline, instead of anilin, the termination -in being restricted to certain neutral compounds, viz. glycerides, glucosides, bitter principles, and proteids, such as palmitin, amygdalin, albumin. 1928[see -ine5]. 1940in Patterson & Capell Ring Index 21. 1957 E. H. Rodd Chem. Carbon Compounds IVa. 4 Six membered rings in their least hydrogenated forms have names ending in ‘-in’ when non-nitrogenous and ‘-ine’ when nitrogenous.
▪ II. -in, suffix2
an obs. variant of -ine1 in adjs., as feminin, genuin, etc.; also an occasional variant of -ine4:—L. -īna, as in ruin.
▪ III. -in, suffix3
The adverb in used as a suffix originally designating a communal act of protest by Negroes in the United States against racial segregation (cf. sit-in); subsequently indicating any group protest or large gathering for some common purpose. Examples are very numerous: e.g. apply-in, be-in, bury-in, chain-in, cook-in, drive-in, eat-in, fish-in, hate-in, join-in, kiss-in, kneel-in, lie-in, love-in, marry-in, mill-in, pedal-in, play-in, pray-in, read-in, scrub-in, sew-in, shout-in, sit-in, sleep-in, solve-in, stall-in, stand-in, study-in, sweep-in, swim-in, teach-in, wade-in, walk-in. Chiefly attached to verb stem, but also to adjectives, e.g. fat-in, nude-in, and to substantives designating a participant in the protest or gathering, e.g. kneeler-in, sitter-in, wader-in.
1960Newsweek 16 May 34/1 Into the already-roiled waters of the South, Negroes will wade this summer in a campaign to break down segregation at public beaches—a wade-in counterpart to the widespread lunch-counter sit-ins of recent weeks. 1960in Amer. Speech (1961) XXXVI. 282 Negro college students have initiated a new ‘kneel-in’ campaign..by attending services at white protestant Atlanta churches. 1961in Ibid., He called for walk-ins in art galleries and museums, drive-ins at segregated motels and roadside ice cream stands, sit-ins in court rooms, study-ins at segregated schools, and bury-ins to integrate cemeteries. Ibid., Negro teen-aged boys in an impromptu swim-in at an undesignated beach drew a crowd of 300 shoving, shouting Memorial Day bathers and boaters yesterday. Ibid. 284 A Chattanooga, Tenn., Negro stand-in demonstrator says his son's life has been threatened. 1961Guardian 26 May 11/1 The United Presbyterian Church of America..recommended a ‘kneel-in’ campaign as a manifestation of the belief in the right of all people to worship regardless of race. 1961N.Y. Times 9 Nov. 37 Last night, twenty-four students gathered in the campus library for an all-night ‘read-in’ demonstration. 1963Time 30 Aug. 12 Demonstrators..prostrate themselves before bull-dozers at construction-site ‘lie-ins’. Ibid., The ‘pray-in’ at churches. 1964Economist 25 Apr. 376/1 The threatened ‘stall-in’ of thousands of motor cars [by Negroes]. 1965N.Y. Times 28 Mar. 2E/8 There have been sit-ins, lie-ins, stand-ins, eat-ins, shop-ins, sleep-ins, swim-ins, and sing-ins. 1965Economist 19 June 1401/2 This week Mr Johnson countered the university ‘teach-ins’, protesting against his foreign policy, with a cultural ‘play-in’ demonstrating his respect for the arts. 1966Daily Tel. 12 Aug. 11/3 William Bryden-Smith, aged 10, who wrote to us, wants to take part in the cook-in. 1967Ibid. 3 Mar. 23/7 A ‘kiss-in’ to protest against Michigan University's stern regulations on ‘public displays of affection’ was described by students last night as the most enjoyable form of demonstration yet devised. 1967New Statesman 17 Mar. 356/3 Last week police arrested scores of teenagers at a rave-in, and left-wing Catholics staged a pray-in. 1967Times 28 Mar. 4/7 It took the police three hours to clear a ‘mill-in’ at the intersection of Haight and Ashbury streets, celebrated as the chief resort of the bearded and sandalled ‘hippies’ who travel to San Francisco from all over the United States to signify their dissent from modern society. 1967Observer 11 June 10 If everyone was fat there'd be no war. No one would pass the physical.—A speaker at the New York Central Park ‘Fat-in’. 1967Listener 10 Aug. 188/3 This is a very exciting inversion of psychedelic soulfulness, a hate-in. 1967World Study Dec. 7/1 Chain-in, demonstrators locking themselves to a city hall pillar,..until the mayor listened to their grievances. Ibid. 7/2 Stand-in, demonstrators lining up at a theater ticket booth until given admission to the theater, not simply to a segregated section in the rear of the house but to any area where a white patron— or a member of any race—may sit. 1968Lebende Sprachen XIII. 68/1 Their action fits into a wave of unofficial, unconnected nude-ins so far this year in Golden Gate Park, starting with freebeachers dancing nude at the great be-in. 1968Listener 26 Dec. 849/1 Charge of the Light Brigade, 20th-century style: a lie-in at Porton Microbiological Research Establishment. 1969New Yorker 3 May 31/1 Another rally was held at the Campus Center, followed by what was termed a ‘mill-in’ at the Army, Air Force, and Marine recruiting site. 1969Daily Tel. 29 Jan. 1/6 About 20 of the militants..ended their vigil yesterday with a 3 a.m. ‘swim-in’ in the basement pool. Ibid. 2 July 18/3 Practical tests in revolutionary rhetoric (‘shout-ins’), wall-defacement and anti-Establishment violence. 1970Ibid. 2 Mar. 16 To teach-in..and sit-in..have now been added walk-in and work-in. The first means the occupation of premises outside undergraduates' recognised territory, the second a teach-in during vacation. 1971Guardian 28 Sept. 15/3 A student sleep-in began last night. 1973Daily Tel. 3 Dec. 13/8 College catering would be disrupted by students alternately boycotting canteens and then holding mass eat-ins. |