| 释义 |
▪ I. reformer1|rɪˈfɔːmə(r)|
[f. as prec. + -er1.]
1. One who reforms another. rare.
1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 88, I sholde accompte it amonge my great lukers and vauntages..to be reproued or correcte of my reformer or mender. 1570Dee Math. Pref. b ii j, That any..Sober Student..will..become a Reasonable Reformer of three Sortes of people, about these Influentiall operations, greatly erring from the truth.
transf.1869Lowell Under the Willows 348 God's passionless reformers, influences, That purify and heal and are not seen.
2. One who reforms, or effects a reform in, a state of things, practice, etc.
1548Elyot Dict., Reformator, a reformer, he that bryngeth to a new or better facion. 1553M. Wood (Bale) tr. Gardner's True Obed. To Rdr. B iij, God hath appointed them..to be priuate persons, and not refourmers of common causes. 1585T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. iv. xxxiii. 155 Solon beyng..chosen for the general reformer of their lawes. 1660R. Coke Justice Vind. 16 These are the glorious Reformers of our Church and State. 1767Gooch Treat. Wounds I. 447 note Ambroise Paré was a great Reformer of Surgery. 1788Gibbon Decl. & F. l. V. 222 The elders of the city..affected to despise the presumption of..the reformer of his country. 1846McCulloch Acc. Brit. Empire (1854) II. 499 The plan..advocated by the early reformers of prison discipline. 1853Maurice Proph. & Kings xxii. 381 Have we yet to learn that a great teacher or reformer..does that which swords cannot do..?
3. spec.
a. One of the leaders in the reformation of religion in the 16th century.
1561Winȝet Cert. Tract. i. Wks. (S.T.S.) I. 12 Sum for saying only to our ruid reformearis..hes libertie to bruke the kirk rentis. 1563Ibid. I. 83 Of the ceremonies among the new reformaris. 1616A. Champney Voc. Bps. 29 The question between the Catholike Roman Church, and the pretended Reformers. 1714Swift Pres. St. Aff. Wks. 1751 IV. 284, I think Luther and Calvin seem to have differed as much as any two among the Reformers. 1796T. Green Diary Lover of Lit. (1810) 14, I should have conducted myself just as he did, towards the pope and the reformers. 1839Keightley Hist. Eng. II. 28 Fourteen Dutch reformers, who had taken refuge in England. 1880Swinburne Stud. Shaks. 304 The struggle of episcopalian with Calvinistic reformers.
b. An advocate or supporter of political or parliamentary reform; esp. one who took part in the reform movement of 1831–2.
radical reformer: see radical a. 3 c.
1780G. Selwyn in 15th Rep. R. Comm. Hist. Manuscripts App. vi. 443 in Parl. Papers 1897 (C. 8551) LI. 1 My best and ablest friends here are dead; their survivors supine and superannuated; their connections new Whiggs and Reformers, and Associators. 1785Pitt Sp. 18 Apr. in Hansard Parl. Hist. (1815) XXV. 435/1 Such a House of Commons it was the wish of every reformer now to establish. 1817Cobbett Weekly Reg. 8 Feb. 169/1 How do you trace that riot to the Reformers? 1832Disraeli Let. 22 Feb., I am still a Reformer, but shall destroy the foreign policy of the Grey faction. 1868Daily News 8 Nov., In Birmingham, of all places, he cannot be required to stand on his defence as a Reformer.
c. U.S. A member of one of the reformed sects of various Protestant denominations in the 19th century, esp. the Campbellite Baptists. Obs. exc. Hist.
1831J. M. Peck Guide for Emigrants 258 The Reformers, or Methodist Protestant church, have several societies and preachers in the State [of Illinois]. 1834[see Campbellite 1]. 1871E. Eggleston Hoosier Schoolmaster xii. 101 Squire Hawkins..had become a member of the ‘Reformers’..who now call themselves ‘Disciples’, but whom the profane will persist in calling ‘Campbellites’. 1931W. W. Sweet Relig. on Amer. Front I. ii. 26 Between 1829 and 1832, something like 10,000 Kentucky Baptists withdrew to form the Disciples Church. Besides the Campbell followers, who were known as Reformers, there were several thousand anti⁓mission Baptists in Kentucky.
d. An advocate or adherent of Reform Judaism (cf. reform n. 6 b).
1855Jewish Chron. 20 July 245/3 The two parties, orthodox and reformers. 1870N.Y. Times 3 Apr. 3/3 The tenets of Mr. Lewin represent the most advanced opinions of the Reform School, and are therefore shared in full by a minority only of the Reformers themselves. 1892I. Zangwill Childr. Ghetto III. ii. iv. 39 ‘By worshipping bare-headed, and by seating the sexes together, they have defiled Judaism.’ ‘Stop..who told you the Reformers do this?’ 1934Times Lit. Suppl. 10 May 334/3 The ‘Reformers’, too, are unlikely to have much material earlier than their foundation, though, no doubt, their papers throw light on the schism and their ritualia are of great beauty. 1976B. Williams Making of Manchester Jewry iv. 105 To Reformers the future of Judaism..appeared to depend upon.. a degree of accommodation to the values of the surrounding milieu.
4. A reviser, corrector, improver. rare.
1656Earl of Monmouth tr. Boccalini's Advts. fr. Parnass. i. xxviii. (1674) 30 Apollo..received the Poem, and..gave it to the Reformer [It. censore] of the Library..that it might be revewed. 1837Hallam Hist. Lit. i. viii. §7 note, This reformer of Boiardo [Domenichi] did not alter the text nearly so much as Berni.
5. An installation or apparatus for the reforming of petroleum products (reforming vbl. n. 2).
1934Jrnl. Inst. Petroleum Technologists XX. 347 One of the new refineries in France..includes a cracking still, a viscosity breaker and a naphtha reformer. 1958Times Rev. Industry May 24/3 The pilot scale installation incorporates..a catalytic reformer in which gaseous hydrocarbons interact with steam to produce the hydrogen. 1971Daily Tel. 6 Dec. 6/7 The board found it necessary to retain specialist workers employed on a hydro-carbon reformer plant. 1974Times 22 Mar. 21/4 A ‘reformer’ unit which processes the fuel (natural gas or propane) to produce a hydrogen-rich feed for the fuel cell. 1978Trends in Oil & Gas Refining (Shell Internat. Petroleum Co.) 3 In a simple refinery there are few secondary units—perhaps..a catalytic reformer (for the improvement of octane quality of motor gasoline).
Hence reˈformeress, a female reformer.
1611Cotgr., Emendatrice, she that correcteth..[or] reformeth..; a correctresse, reformeresse. a1843Southey Doctor ccxiii. (1848) 575 Holy Colette of portentous sanctity, the Reformeress of the Poor Clares. 1849Sara Coleridge Mem. & Lett. II. 234 Substantially the reformeresses must be in the right.
▪ II. † reformer2, -ier Obs. rare.
[irreg. f. reform v.1 10 + -er, -ier.]
= reformado1.
1644Sir W. Mure Let. in Wks. (S.T.S.) Introd. p. xvi, For the most part they are reformer officers under the commandment of the Earle of Craufurd and Mackay. 1645Lithgow Siege Newcastle (1820) 25 Lieutenant Colonell Henderson, a Reformier. |