| 释义 |
▪ I. valve, n.1|vælv|
Also 5 valwe, 7 value.
[ad. L. valva leaf of a door (usu. pl. valvæ a folding door). So F. valve (1611), Pg. valva.]
I.
1. a. One or other of the halves or leaves of a double or folding door.
1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) IV. 449 At þe laste þey brende þe valves of þe temple þet were i-heled wit gold. c1440Promp. Parv. 508/1 Valwe, valva, vel valve. 1661Blount Glossogr. (ed. 2), Valves, folding doors or windows. 1718Pope Odyss. i. 555 The bolt, obedient to the silken cord, To the strong staple's inmost depth restored, Secured the valves. 1834Beckford Italy I. 326 Throwing open the valves, we entered the chapel. 1863Baring-Gould Iceland 280 The outside of the valves [of the triptych] was painted with figures of S. John the Baptist and Moses. 1871B. Taylor Faust (1875) II. iii. 164 Ye valves of yon dark iron portals!
transf.c1530Judic. Urines i. iii. 8 For to delyuer and purge them oute by that membre, that is to say, by the matryce, and so out by the value, that is to say, by y⊇ gate of hyr body.
b. A door controlling the flow of water in a sluice.
1790Act 33 Geo. III, c. 90 §65 If any Person..cause to be opened..any Lock Gate, or any Paddle, Valve, or Clough, belonging to any Lock..on the said Canal. 1847Dwyer Princ. & Pract. Hydraul. Engin. 74 The gate or valve of a sluice is generally made to move by machinery in a vertical position.
2. Conch. One of the halves of a hinged shell; a single shell of similar form; a single part of a compound shell.
1661Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. Isagoge b 7 b, Some are covered on every side, as oisters, cocks, and tellinæ; others have but one valve, the other side sticking to rocks. 1771Phil. Trans. LXI. 232, I separated the valves, and the rising part of the hinge to the edge shewed them to be shells. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) VII. 69 These shells take different forms, and are often composed of a different number of valves; sometimes six; sometimes but three. 1828Stark Elem. Nat. Hist. II. 80 The hollow valve of this species..was formerly used as a drinking cup. Ibid., The lower valve white, and longitudinally sulcated; upper valve rufous. 1871T. R. Jones Anim. King. (ed. 4) 540 The elastic ligament for opening the valves..being placed externally instead of within the shell.
3. Ent.
a. = valvula 2.
1802W. Kirby Monographia Apum Angliæ I. 110 Linneus, in his character of Ichneumon, calls them the valves of the vagina of the aculeus. They are the covers of the genuine vagina. 1919Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. XII. 277 The sternal region of segment nine is shifted.., thus bringing the bases of the dorsal and inner valvulæ into the same transverse plane with those of the ventral valves. 1969R. F. Chapman Insects xvii. 325 If the insect oviposits in plant or animal tissue the valves are sclerotised and lanceolate.
b. (See quot.)
1826Kirby & Sp. Entomol. xxxiii. III. 390 Valvæ (the Valves), two lateral laminae, often coriaceous, by which the ovipositor when unemployed is covered.
c. A clasper of a male butterfly.
1864Trans. Linn. Soc. XXV. 35 There remain therefore only the characters of the perfect insect, the most important of which are the anal valves in the male. These..are furnished with projecting points or spines..which serve to attach the male more firmly to the female in copulâ. 1883Ibid.: Zool. II. 332 C. Eubule has a very curious valve, armed as elaborately, and as singularly, as that of many a Papilio. 1964R. M. & J. W. Fox Introd. Compar. Entomol. iii. 109 Other orders with periphallic claspers (harpes, harpagones, valves, etc.) form them from the coxae and exite styli of the appendages of at least the ninth segment.
4. Bot.
a. One of the halves or sections of a dehiscent pod, pericarp, or capsule.
1760J. Lee Introd. Bot. i. vi. (1765) 13 Siliqua, a Pod, is a Pericarpium of two Valves, wherein the Seeds are fastened along both the Sutures or Joinings of the Valves. 1796Withering Brit. Plants (ed. 3) I. 294 Pod long, cylindrical;..valves 2, opening with a jerk, and the valves rolling back. 1861Bentley Man. Bot. 452 The valves of the fruit opening longitudinally, and bearing transverse septa in their interior. 1870Hooker Stud. Flora 235 Capsule globose;..valves septiferous.
b. In various applications (see quots.).
1785Martyn Lett. Bot. xiii. (1794) 130 The inner [chaff] consisting also of two parts or valves, which you may call petals. 1796Withering Brit. Plants (ed. 3) I. 176 Bloss[om]. 1 petal, funnel-shaped. Tube cylindrical, crooked... Mouth closed by 5 prominent, convex, approaching valves. 1812New Bot. Gard. I. 23 The stamina have six filaments, subulate, inserted into the valves of the nectary. 1832Lindley Introd. Bot. 104 The pieces of which these three classes of bracteæ are composed are called valves or valvulæ by the greater part of botanists. Ibid. 126 In the most common state of the anther the cells..open with two valves, by a longitudinal fissure from the base to the apex. 1870Hooker Stud. Flora 12 Anthers opening by 2 ascending lids or valves.
c. Each of the two siliceous cell walls of a diatom, similar in shape but slightly different in size, with one overlapping the other.
1852A. Pritchard Hist. Infusorial Animalcules (rev. ed.) iii. 295 Siliceous valves are deposited exterior to a cell-membrane. 1857Henfrey Bot. §629 The cells [of Diatomaceæ]..enclosed by a membrane..impregnated with silex and separable into valves. 1898H. C. Porter tr. Strasburger's Text-bk. Bot. ii. i. 313 Both valves are so strongly impregnated with silica, that, even when subjected to intense heat, they remain as a siliceous skeleton, retaining the original form and markings of the cell walls. 1973R. G. Krueger et al. Introd. Microbiol. iii. 125/1 The newer valve of any diatom is invariably the smaller valve, because it is constructed within the confines of the older valve.
II.
5. Anat. a. A membranous fold in an organ or passage of the body (esp. in the heart, arteries, and veins), which automatically closes after the manner of a trap-door to prevent the reflux of blood or other fluid.
1615Crooke Body Man 180 In each of these passages there are Values which hinder the refluence of the choler. 1653More Antid. Ath. Scholia ii. xii. §6 As to the Fabrick of the Valves and Veins of the Heart. 1688Boyle Final Causes iv. 157 Our famous Harvey..took notice that the valves in the veins..were so placed that they gave free passage to the blood towards the heart. 1799Med. Jrnl. II. 371 This foramen in the embryo..is closed by a valve which prevents the reflux of the blood. 1830R. Knox Béclard's Anat. 208 The valves..close the vein, sustain the blood, and prevent its reflux towards the capillary vessels. 1870Rolleston Anim. Life p. xlv, The valves, which in other Vertebrata guard the entrance of the great veins into the right auricle.
b. A similar part or structure serving to close a passage for other reasons.
1805Bingley Anim. Biog. (ed. 3) I. 97 Within each [ear] there is a kind of secondary auricle..so placed as to serve for a valve or guard to the auditory passage. 1813Ibid. (ed. 4) I. 110 The ears are short, and have each a very small inner valve. 1835–6Todd's Cycl. Anat. I. 322/1 The pyloric orifice of the gizzard is guarded by a valve in many birds. 1863A. M. Bell Princ. Speech 192 When the Stammerer has brought the valve of the throat—the glottis—under due control.
fig.1871R. H. Hutton Ess. (1877) I. 74 Animals.. have, so to say, fewer valves in their moral constitution for the entrance of divine guidance.
†6. A supposed check (similar to above) to the reflux of sap in plants. Obs.
1664Phil. Trans. I. 30 About the Pores of bodies, and a kind of Valves in wood. 1673–4Grew Anat. Pl., Anat. Trunks (1682) 126 Which..plainly shews, That in the Sap-Vessels of a Plant, there are no Valves. a1704Locke Elem. Nat. Phil. ix. (1754) 35 The heat dilating, and the cold contracting those little tubes; supposing there be valves in them, it is easy to be conceived how the circulation is performed in plants. 1807Vancouver Agric. Devon (1813) 435 These valves possess a contractile force,..whereby the regress of the moisture is prevented, and of course it is taken up by the tree.
7. a. Mech. A device of the nature of a flap, lid, plug, etc., applied to a pipe or aperture to control the passage of air, steam, water or the like, usually acting automatically by yielding to pressure in one direction only.
Many classes and varieties of valves are in use, and are distinguished by special epithets denoting form or purpose, as ball-, clack-, cone-, disk-, flap-valve; air-, escape-, feed-, injection-valve, etc. See also safety-valve.
1659J. Leak Waterwks. 13 Of the Value or Suspiral. It will be also necessarie..to demonstrate the manner of the value of Copper which openeth itself by intervals. 1667Phil. Trans. II. 447 A Square Woodden Bucket..on the ends of which are the moveable bottoms or Valves EE. 1702Savery Miner's Fr. 68 Will not these Brass Valves..in your Engine speedily ware out? 1800Vince Hydrost. ix. (1806) 91 Each sucker has a valve opening upwards. 1839R. S. Robinson Naut. Steam Eng. 11 The pressure shuts the valve in the neck of the air vessel, and opens the valve in the piston. 1889Welch Naval Archit. 133 Self-acting or automatic valves are fitted where watertight bulkheads..are pierced for ventilation purposes.
fig.1830Gen. P. Thompson Exerc. (1842) I. 295 The slightest degree of popular interference which can act as a valve to the great boiler, and prevent the whole from blowing up. 1847De Quincey Secr. Soc. Wks. 1863 VI. 236 There was a valve in reserve, by which your perplexity could escape. 1930Auden Poems 56 No chattering valves of laughter emphasized..the sessile hush. 1933E. O'Neill Ah, Wilderness! iv. i. 116 Seizes this as an escape valve—turns and fixes his youngest son with a stern forbidding eye.
b. Electronics. = thermionic valve s.v. thermionic a.
1905J. A. Fleming in Proc. R. Soc. LXXIV. 478 We have in this vacuum valve and associated mirror galvanometer a means of detecting feeble alternating electric currents or oscillations. Ibid. 479 This arrangement of a differential galvanometer and two valves transforms..more of the alternating oscillation into direct current than when one valve alone is used. 1924Gibson & Cole Wireless of To-Day xxiv. 307 Monster valves have now been manufactured absorbing as much as 100 kw. each, and in consequence of the tremendous heat generated, the electrodes are specially constructed permitting water to circulate within for cooling purposes. 1928Electr. Communication VI. 241/2 The high-power amplifying tubes, which over here [sc. in Britain] we call ‘valves’. 1943C. L. Boltz Basic Radio x. 165 All battery-fed radio apparatus utilizes directly-heated valves, which need 2V on the filament. 1968M. Guybon tr. Solzhenitsyn's First Circle lxxv. 476 He was a radio engineer by training, and hadn't a box containing two valves been found during the search of his flat?
c. Chess. (See quot. 1930.)
1930White & Hume Valves & Bi-Valves 7 In chess problem terminology, the designation of a Valve has been given to any move which simultaneously opens one line while it closes another. In a broad sense, Valves include a large domain with many varied combinations of themes. There is a much narrower application of the term: Valve, and that is the particular case where not only is the move made by Black, but both of the lines affected are also Black. 1936P. W. Sergeant tr. Znosko-Borovsky's Art of Chess Combination ii. v. 62 In the interception of lines one closes lines to the adversary at critical points, while here one opens lines to one's own pieces. The skilled hand deals with the valves on this side and on that.
8. attrib. and Comb.
a. In sense 7 a, as valve-board, valve-box, valve casing, valve chest, valve engine, valve face, etc.; valve governor, valve lifter; valve-like, valve-shaped adjs.; also in collocations used attributively, as valve-guide stem, valve-rod end; also used to designate brass instruments whose range is increased by the addition of valves, as valve horn, valve trombone (so valve trombonist), valve trumpet; in sense 7 b, esp. designating apparatus employing valves, as valve circuit, valve detector, valve heater, valve-holder, valve oscillator, valve receiver, valve set, valve voltmeter.
The number of attributive uses is very great, esp. in recent technical works.
1869Eng. Mech. 24 Dec. 352/3 There is a board screwed down on the top of A. That is the *valve-board. 1885C. G. W. Lock Workshop Receipts Ser. iv. 290/2 The valve-boards are next hinged on to the feeder-boards.
1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVII. 766/2 Above..is the seat of the lower steam valve, opening into the *valve box. 1869Eng. Mech. 3 Dec. 282/2 Take the high pressure valves out of the valve-box.
1839R. S. Robinson Naut. Steam Eng. 44 The flange to which is bolted the *valve casing. 1887D. A. Low Machine Draw. (1892) 74 An elevation of the valve casing with the cover and the valve removed.
1839R. S. Robinson Naut. Steam Eng. 62 The blow-through pipe, terminating in a *valve chest. 1889Welch Naval Archit. xi. 124 In the former, a suction-box or valve chest V is fitted beneath the pump.
1915Hawkhead & Dowsett Handbk. Wireless Telegraphists 119 If an E.M.F. be applied to the *valve circuit a more sensitive condition is obtained. 1934Times Rev. 1933 1 Jan. p. ix/4 The Wireless Exhibition at Olympia illustrated the exceptional advances made during the year in valve and valve-circuit technique.
1915Hawkhead & Dowsett Handbk. Wireless Telegraphists 120 The *valve detector is used with various circuits.
1797J. Curr Coal Viewer 44 The plug floor in all the common engines falls 17½ inches below the top of the boiler, and in the *valve engine it falls 2 feet 1 inch below.
1864Webster, *Valve-face. 1887D. A. Low Machine Draw. (1892) 70 The angle which the valve face makes with its axis is generally 45°.
1842Penny Cycl. XXII. 508/2 To bring the *valve-gear within..reach of the engineer.
1835Ure Philos. Manuf. 27 *Valve governors, shafts, and other geering of mills.
1875Knight Dict. Mech. 2476/1 The *valve-guide stem has an end knob, by which its falling out is prevented.
1929Radio Times 8 Nov. 443/3 Get the necessary output from a Regentone mains unit for A.C. *valve heaters. 1960Practical Wireless XXXVI. 326/2 Commence wiring the valve heaters by taking a tightly twisted pair of insulated wires from V1 to V2.
1922Wireless World 4 Mar. 748/1 The base..carries the *valve holder. 1960Practical Wireless XXXVI. 392/2 Positions for the valve holders can be marked out from the measurements indicated in Fig. 2.
1877*Valve horn [see valve trumpet below]. 1938Oxf. Compan. Mus. 439/2 The valve horn has the immense advantage of..a chromatic series, for three valves add instantaneously to the air column a length corresponding respectively to a semitone, two semitones, and three semitones. 1959Listener 4 June 1001/3 The more limpid yet penetrating tone of the narrower-bored French valve-horn. 1977Early Music Apr. 221/2 Scores of the valve horn era.
1839R. S. Robinson Naut. Steam Eng. 97 The eccentric rod pulled backwards and forwards by means of the *valve lifter.
1851S. P. Woodward Mollusca (1856) 34 The in-coming and out-going currents..are kept apart by a *valve-like fringe. 1859Semple Diphtheria 296 A valve-like sound or a peculiar hissing noise.
1871Leisure Hour 8 Apr. 222/2 The balloon had been gyrating, and the *valve-line become twisted. 1963[see rip line s.v. rip n.4 5]. 1969Gloss. Aeronaut. & Astronaut. Terms (B.S.I.) vii. 8 Valve line, a cord for the operation of a valve.
1935Discovery Aug. 226/1 In some forms of *valve oscillator, the high-tension supply is such that only half of the wave of the a.c. feed mains is rectified.
1836–41Brande Chem. (ed. 5) 524 A slender pipe, open at both ends, inserted into the *valve-plug.
1913Wireless World Nov. 478/1 A *valve receiver of rather longer range than usual is used. 1929Radio Times 8 Nov. 437/1 This popular Loud Speaker unit..gives..perfect results with any valve Receiver.
1831–3Encycl. Metrop. (1845) VIII. 187/1 In this engine the working the valves is effected by eccentrics..below the *valve rods. 1861Sir W. Fairbairn Iron 123 To knock off the point of the trigger from the shoulder on the valve-rod. 1887D. A. Low Machine Draw. (1892) 119 Valve-rod end for a marine engine.
1841Civil Eng. & Arch. Jrnl. IV. 379/2 H, the *valve-seat.
1844Ibid. VII. 190/2 The next valve was composed of several triangular pieces, opening on leather joints, from the circumference of the *valve seating.
1929Radio Times 397/1 Her nursery..is wired for broadcasting and..her movements or cries are now heard loud in the sitting-room..where our *valve set is placed. 1981S. Briggs Those Radio Times i. 28/2 By 1926..the valve set playing through loudspeakers replaced the simple crystal set.
1879St. George's Hosp. Rep. IX. 365 Small *valve-shaped wound over outer side of fracture.
1844Civil Engin. & Arch. Jrnl. VII. 192 It was quite clear the *valve-spindle must be of adequate strength.
1888Lockwood's Dict. Mech. Engin. 397 Valve stem, a *valve spindle or rod. 1889J. M. Whitham Steam-Engine Design iv. 98 If the valve..is long, the weight, friction, and diameter of the valve⁓stem are increased. 1970K. Ball Fiat 600, 600D Autobook i. 13/1 Valve stems, once bent, cannot be straightened satisfactorily.
1883O. Coon Harmony & Instrumentation xxvi. 73 The *valve Trombone is often substituted for the one with a slide. 1979Jazz Jrnl. XXXII. 11/1 (caption) Thad Jones on valve trombone.
1946R. Blesh Shining Trumpets (1949) xii. 263 The *valve trombonist Brad Gowans.
1877E. Prout Instrumentation v. 81 The *valve-trumpet..possesses, like the valve-horn, a complete chromatic scale. 1979Oxf. Junior Compan. Music 331/4 The trumpet now in everyday orchestral use is the valve trumpet. That is to say, it has extra lengths of tubing coiled alongside its main tube, and these can be brought into action by pressing down a ‘valve’.
1827Faraday Chem. Manip. xv. (1842) 373 Applying the mouth to the lower aperture of the *valve tube.
1925*Valve voltmeter [see slide-back s.v. slide- c].
b. In sense 4, as valve-flap, valve-lesion, valve segment.
Many others occur in recent medical works.
1879St. George's Hosp. Rep. IX. 433 The junction of two of the aortic valve-flaps. 1898Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 952 A deformed valve segment must..be a strained segment. Ibid. 1024 In the remainder there was no valve-lesion.
c. Special Combs.: valve head Mech., the part of a lift valve that is lifted off the valve aperture to open the valve; valve-shell, a gasteropod of the genus Valvata; valve-tailed bat (see quot.); valve train Mech., in an internal-combustion engine, the gearing and linkages by which the crankshaft is caused to open and close a valve at the proper time.
1904A. B. F. Young Compl. Motorist (ed. 2) iv. 91 The valve-head is provided with a slot for the insertion of a tool for grinding purposes. 1971B. Scharf Engin. & its Lang. xii. 176 One also differentiates between ordinary, high lift and full lift safety and relief valves according to the distance by which the valve head is automatically raised.
1851Woodward Mollusca i. 140 Valvata,..Valve-shell.
1871Cassell's Nat. Hist. I. 316 note, The Valve-tailed Bat..is remarkable..for the presence of a curious horny case, composed of two parts, which covers the extremity of the tail.
1955W. H. Crouse Automotive Engines vii. 222 The L-head engine uses a relatively simple valve train, or valve mechanism. 1981Pop. Hot Rodding Feb. 31/1 A Sig Erson camshaft actuates the mildly worked valve⁓train, composed of Crane valve-springs, steel retainers, and TRW chrome-moly pushrods.
▪ II. † valve, n.2 Obs.
[perh. an error for *volve, by confusion with prec.]
A turn of a bandage.
1689J. Moyle Abstr. Sea Chyrurgery i. vi. 45 Then a soft Rouler to come several turns about it, and every valve as it comes over the wound cut..in the middle. Ibid. 46.
▪ III. valve, v. rare exc. in ballooning, etc.
[f. valve n.1]
1. trans. To furnish with a valve or valves; to govern or check, to hold back, by a valve or similar device. Also fig.
1861Smiles Engineers II. 160 Whilst the fresh waters should be allowed freely to escape, the sea should be valved back, and prevented flowing in upon the land. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 512 It is probable that by these synapses the circuits of the nervous system..are..securely valved against regurgitation. 1960R. W. Marks Dymaxion World B. Fuller 11/1 The harnessing factor—the activity which ‘valves’ the mass-energy of the universe to human advantage—is inventive wisdom born of intuition and experience and put to use in a global industrial complex.
2. intr. To make use of a valve or valves; spec. in ballooning, to open a valve in order to descend.
1906Westm. Gaz. 3 Oct. 8/1 All we could do was to undulate, alternately valving and ballasting. 1936Nat. Geogr. Mag. LXIX. 71 Andy valved, and valved again and again! 1963A. Smith Throw out Two Hands v. 63 You valve a little. You start coming down.
3. trans. To discharge gas from (an airship or balloon) by opening a valve; to discharge, or let off, (gas) thus.
1925Sci. Amer. Nov. 301/3 She was swept rapidly upwards..Commander Lansdowne valved her freely, pointed her nose down with engines running, and she came down with..rapidity. 1928Engineering 3 Aug. 141/3 As an airship uses up its fuel, it is necessary to reduce the lift, and hitherto this has been done by simply ‘valving’ off some of the hydrogen used for inflation. 1928Daily Tel. 18 Sept. 9/6 The extra lifting effect of the expanding gas cannot be counteracted by allowing the gas to escape, or in other words by valving the gas. 1936Nat. Geogr. Mag. LXIX. 71 He opened the valves for..another half-minute interval (which is a very long time for a balloon to be valved at low altitude). |