| 释义 |
idio-|ˈɪdɪəʊ|
repr. Gr. ἰδιο-, combining form of ἴδιος own, personal, private, peculiar, separate, distinct. Of compounds occurring in Greek, idiopathy and idiosyncrasy are Eng. representatives; but a number of recent scientific terms have been formed on Greek types, or even with a Latin second element, as idio-muscular, -repulsive. idioˈchromosome Cytology = sex chromosome. idiˈocracy nonce-wd. [see -cracy], personal rule or government. ˌidiocyˈclophanous a. [see cyclo- and idiophanous], exhibiting axial interference figures without the use of polarizing apparatus. idioˈdinic a. Zool. [Gr. δῖν-ος, δίν-η eddy, vortex, taken in sense ‘pore’], having a special opening for the extrusion of genital products. † idio-eˈlectric a. [see electric], capable of being electrified by friction. idioˈglossia [Gr. ἰδιόγλωσσος of distinct tongue], a form of dyslalia in which the person affected consistently makes substitutions in his speech sounds to such an extent that he seems to speak a language of his own. idioˈglottic a. [see glottic, and cf. Gr. ἰδιόγλωσσος], using words of one's own invention. idioˈgonaduct, the gonaduct of an idiodinic animal. ˈidiograph [Gr. ἰδιόγραϕον], one's private mark or signature; hence idioˈgraphic a., (a) of or pertaining to an idiograph; (b) concerned with the individual, pertaining to or descriptive of single and unique facts and processes (opp. nomothetic a.). idiolalia |-ˈleɪlɪə| [-lalia] = idioglossia above. idiˈolatry nonce-wd. [Gr. λατρεία worship], self-worship. idiˈometer [-meter], an instrument for measuring the ‘personal equation’ of an observer, by observation of the transit of an artificial star whose actual motion is exactly known. idioˈmuscular a. Path. [see muscular], in idiomuscular contraction, Schiff's term for the local contraction, under physical stimulus, of a muscle which is fatigued or dying, the movement not being transmitted to the whole length of muscular fibre. idioˈneural a. Path. [see neural] (see quot.). † idiˈonomy [Gr. -νοµία arrangement], individual constitution. idiˈophanism, idiophanous nature or property. idiˈophanous a. [Gr. -ϕανής appearing] = idiocyclophanous. idiophone, a percussion instrument that consists simply of elastic material (as metal, wood, etc.) capable of producing sound (as opp. to a membranophone in which stretched skin is used as the agent of sound). idioˈphoneme Linguistics, a phoneme in individual speech; hence idiophoˈnemic a. idioˈphrenic a. Path. [Gr. ϕρήν mind], ‘Tuke's term for the form of insanity which is caused by disease of the brain itself’ (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1886). ˈidioplasm Biol., Nägeli's term for the special portion of protoplasm in a germ or cell which is supposed to determine the character of the resulting organism; hence idioplasˈmatic a. idiopsyˈchology, the psychology of one's own mind; hence idiopsychoˈlogical a. idioreˈpulsive a., self-repelling. idioˈretinal a., applied to what is seen when the eyes are shut and there is no external stimulation of the retina. idioˈ(r)rhythmic a. [Gr. ἰδιόρρυθµος living in one's own way], of monastic institutions: allowing freedom to the individual (opposed to cœnobitic); also as n. idioˈstatic a. [see static], not employing any auxiliary electrification in the measurement of electricity: opposed to heterostatic. idioˈthalamous a. Bot. [thalamus], ‘having a different colour or texture from the thallus; a term used among lichens’ (Treas. Bot. 1866). ˈidiotype Chem. [type] (see quot.); hence idioˈtypic a. ˌidiovenˈtricular a. Med., proper to the ventricle alone; used of the rhythm of contraction set up within the ventricle when the normal auricular stimulus to ventricular contraction is blocked.
1905Science 20 Oct. 500/2 In type B all of the spermatozoa contain the same number of chromosomes.., but they are..of two classes, one of which contains a large and one a small ‘*idiochromosome’. 1920L. Doncaster Introd. Study Cytol. xi. 159 Most frequently the idio-chromosomes lag behind the autosomes in the spermatocyte anaphases, and the presence of such a lagging pair has sometimes been the first observed indication of the existence of a pair of idio-chromosomes.
1878T. Sinclair Mount 103 No Jew of them all would..set up a theocracy, or *idiocracy, for this is the exact word, more eagerly and remorselessly.
1890Athenæum 29 Mar. 408/3 ‘On Bertrand's *Idiocyclophanous Prism’, by Prof. S. P. Thompson.
1883E. R. Lankester in Encycl. Brit. XVI. 682/1 note, The Porodinic group is divisible into Nephrodinic and *Idiodinic, in the former the nephridium serving as a pore, in the latter a special (ἴδιος) pore being developed.
1828Webster, *Idioelectric, electric per se, or containing electricity in its natural state. Gregory. 1830R. Knox Béclard's Anat. 160 They [hairs] are idio-electric.
1891White & Bird in Proc. R. Med. Chirurg. Soc. Lond. III. 92 The two children..express themselves in..sounds..unlike those of any known language, but the same sound is always used by the same child to express the same word. Each child has thus a language of its own, and the authors have named the defect to which this peculiarity is due ‘*Idioglossia’. 1940Nature 6 July 33/1 A child may develop idioglossia, that is, a language of its own; this is not a gibberish but is found on study to be subject to certain laws of sound-changes. 1961W. R. Brain Speech Disorders xii. 137 For a number of years the child may not speak at all. Sooner or later, however, most patients acquire a vocabulary of their own which is comprehensible only to those who have been closely associated with them. This defective form of speech is called ‘idioglossia’ and ‘lalling’, and constitutes one form of dyslalia.
1888H. Hale in Science 28 Sept. 146/1 The boy soon gave up his *idioglottic endeavors.
1883E. R. Lankester in Encycl. Brit. XVI. 682/1 note, The genital ducts of Idiodinic forms may be called *Idiogonaducts, as distinguished from the Nephrogonaducts of nephrodinic forms.
1623Cockeram, *Idiograph, priuate writings. 1656Blount Glossogr., Idiograph, a private writing, or of one's own hand writing. 1897Westm. Gaz. 27 Nov. 8/2 He had asked Sir William how he wrote his name phonetically, and he had given him an idiograph.
[1894W. Windelband Geschichte & Naturwissenschaft (1904) 12 Das wissenschaftliche Denken ist—wenn man neue Kunstausdrücke bilden darf—in dem einen Falle nomothetisch, in dem andern idiographisch.] 1909Cent. Dict. Suppl., *Idiographic. 1931A. Wolf in W. Rose Outl. Mod. Knowl. 570 History..is idiographic, that is to say, it is concerned with individuals and individual events in all their particularity. a1943R. G. Collingwood (1946) Idea of Hist. 166 Idiographic science, which is history. 1971Jrnl. Gen. Psychol. Apr. 320 The findings imply that it is possible to study both normative and idiographic data about the emotional response to sound.
1931Robbins & Stinchfield Dict. Terms Disorders Speech (Amer. Speech & Healing Assoc.) 15 *Idiolalia, a form of dyslalia characterized by so extreme vowel and consonant substitution that a child's speech may be made unintelligible and appear to be another language to one who has not the key to the literal changes; but the same word is always used to express the same idea. 1933S. M. Stinchfield Speech Disorders iii. 51 Idiolalia. This is a form of dyslalia characterized by the substitution of unusual and inaccurate sounds for vowels and consonants..; the same sound..is always used to express the same idea, however. Many refer to it as idioglossia.
a1626Bp. Andrewes Serm. (1841–4) II. 393 (Cent.) Idolatry..differs but a letter from *idiolatry.
1881Daily News 19 Sept. 6/2 The *idiometer invented by Colonel Walker was adopted by the Indian Survey Department.
1878Foster Phys. i. ii. §2. 72 The wheal in many respects resembles a very slow or almost fixed contraction-wave, and has been called an ‘*idio-muscular’ contraction.
1896Allbutt Syst. Med. I. 109 The belief in the idiomuscular or, more truly, *idioneural action of the heart-muscle.
1651Biggs New Disp. ⁋234 We have assigned the precedency and priority to purges from regular *Idionomy and propriety of natures with their appellatives.
[1913C. Sachs Real-Lexikon der Musikinstrumente 195/1 Wir schlagen deshalb vor, dieser Klasse die Bezeichnung ‘Idiophone’, also ‘ihrer Natur nach klingende’ Instrumente zu geben.] 1940C. Sachs Hist. Mus. Instrum. (1942) 455 The first of the five main classes is called *idiophones. 1954[see autophone 2]. 1970W. Apel Harvard Dict. Mus. (ed. 2) 414/1 Idiophones. Struck: triangle, gong, bell [etc.]. Shaken: rattle, sistrum, crescent. Plucked: Jew's harp, music box. Rubbed: glass harmonica, nail violin. 1971Sci. Amer. Dec. 92/1 The instrument used to send messages in the Upper Congo is made solely of wood, and the entire instrument vibrates when it is struck. It is thus an idiophone, like metal gongs and the wood and metal bars of the xylophone and the glockenspiel.
1955A. A. Hill in Q. Jrnl. Speech XLI. 255 The old concept of the phoneme turned on individual speech, the idiolect. Individual phonemic structures are therefore structures of *idiophonemes. 1958― Introd. Ling. Struct. iv. 58 Phonemes in individual speech can be called ‘idiophonemes’. Ibid. iv. 60 Irregularities can characterize the over-all pattern as well as the *idiophonemic patterns. 1959Amer. Speech XXXIV. 265 The diaphonemic inventory is a composite of all the idiophonemic inventories.
1889Mivart in Dublin Rev. Oct. 293 Thus the *idio-plasm was changed more and more in the course of generations.
1890Weismann in Nature 6 Feb. 320 The *idioplasmatic nature of the nuclear substance.
1886F. L. Patton in New Princeton Rev. Mar. 181 ‘*Idiopsychological’ and ‘heteropsychological’ are the epithets employed to denote these two methods.
c1833W. H. Brookfield in Life Tennyson (1897) I. 126 At autopsychography I am not good, if I had any *idiopsychology to autopsychographize.
1828Webster, *Idio-repulsive, repulsive by itself; as, the idio-repulsive power of heat. 1843Grove Corr. Phys. Forces (1846) 23 The early theories regard its phenomena as produced either by a single fluid idio-repulsive, but attractive of all matter, or else as produced by two fluids, each idio-repulsive but attractive of the other.
1890Billings Med. Dict. 679/2 *Idioretinal light. 1929C. Murchison Found. Exper. Psychol. iv. 183 If the intensity of the stimulus is zero over the entire area of the retina, the accompanying experience is not typically a black, but is, instead, a dark gray, which is sometimes known as the ‘idioretinal light’ and is attributed to retinal self-excitation. 1938R. S. Woodworth Exper. Psychol. xxii. 540 The readiest way of experiencing expanse color is to close the eyes and observe the gray field of idioretinal light.
1862Lond. Rev. 17 May, They live..in regular monasteries, either of the stricter cœnobitic form..or under the laxer *idiorrythmic constitution. 1934Downside Rev. LII. 483 But Mount Athos in 1928 still had nearly 5,000 monks, including the ‘idiorrhythmics’ with their very special kind of life. 1957Oxf. Dict. Chr. Ch. 676/2 Idiorrhythmic, a term applied to certain monasteries on Mount Athos. 1960D. Athill tr. Valentin's Monks of Mt. Athos 45 But the idiorhythmics keep their property? Indeed they do, and they have to look after it as well as possible because on their death everything they own goes to the monastery.
1880J. E. H. Gordon Electr. & Magn. I. ix. 56 The accessory electrometer, or gauge, is called an *idiostatic electrometer.
1865–72Watts Dict. Chem. III. 242 *Idiotype, a term applied by Guthrie..to bodies derived by replacement from the same substance, including the typical substance itself; ammonia..is *idiotypic with ethylamine, phenylamine, and all the organic bases derived from it by substitution, and these are idiotypic one with the other.
1909Heart I. 70 The continuous ventricular rhythm, at about 30 per minute, met with in complete heart-block (*idioventricular rhythm). 1961Lancet 9 Sept. 575/2 During this interval electrocardiographic monitoring should clarify the diagnosis of..idioventricular rhythm with inadequate cardiac output. |