| 释义 |
▪ I. id1 Biol.|ɪd|
[Formed in German (1891) by Weismann: see first quot.]
In Weismann's theory of heredity: A unit of germ-plasm or idioplasm.
1893tr. Weismann's Germ-Plasm i. i. 62 We are led to the assumption of groups..composed of determinants, which in their turn are made up of biophors. These are the units which I formulated..long ago, and to which the name of ancestral germ-plasms was then given. I shall now speak of them as ‘ids’, a term which recalls the ‘idioplasm’ of Nägeli. 1893M. Hartog in Contemp. Rev. July 57 Each of the reproductive cells of an organism is supposed to contain in its nucleus a number of ‘ids’, and each id represents the personality of an ancestral member of the species or of an antecedent species. 1895Vines Text-bk. Bot. 782 When..in hybridisation all the parental ids exert their full influence the offspring is precisely intermediate in character.
▪ II. id2 Psychoanalysis.|ɪd|
[A use of L. id it, as a rendering of G. es it, which was adopted by Freud (Das Ich und das Es (1923)) following its use in a similar sense by G. Groddeck (Das Buch vom Es (1923)).]
The inherited instinctive impulses of the individual, forming part of the unconscious and, in Freudian theory, interacting in the psyche with the ego and the super-ego. Also attrib.
[1917Freud Briefe 5 June (1960) 316 [To Georg Groddeck] Ich muß Anspruch auf Sie erheben, muß behaupten, daß Sie ein prächtiger Analytiker sind, der das Wesen der Sache unverlierbar erfaßt hat. Wer erkennt, daß Übertragung und Widerstand die Drehpunkte der Behandlung sind, der gehört nun einmal rettungslos zum wilden Heer. Ob er das ‘Ubw’ [sc. Unbewußte, ‘unconscious’] auch ‘Es’ nennt, das macht keinen Unterschied. ]1924J. Riviere et al. tr. Freud's Coll. Papers II. xxi. 250 The essay..describes the various allegiances the ego owes, its mediate position between the outer world and the id, and its struggles to serve all its masters at one and the same time. [Translators' note.] To translate the German ‘es’, which means ‘it’ and thus implies the impersonality of the mind apart from its ego, the Latin ‘id’ has been selected. Ibid. 254 Keep in mind this dissection of the mental apparatus that I have proposed, namely, into ego, super-ego and id. 1927J. Riviere tr. Freud's Ego & Id ii. 27 We need feel no hesitation in finding a place for Groddeck's discovery in the fabric of science. I propose to take it into account..by following Groddeck in giving to the other part of the mind, into which this entity [sc. the ego] extends and which behaves as though it were Ucs [sc. unconscious], the name of Id (Es). [Note] Groddeck himself no doubt followed the example of Nietzsche, who habitually used this grammatical term for whatever in our nature is impersonal and, so to speak, subject to natural law. 1942Essays & Stud. XXVII. 12 Dreams..that fulfil the much darker wishes of the Id. 1943H. Read Educ. through Art vi. 176 The super-ego is the direct representative of the unconscious, of the id, and hence the possibility, indeed, the inevitability, of a conflict with the ego. 1952Shaffer & Lazarus Fund. Concepts Clin. Psychol. vi. 188 The forces which keep the id impulses in check as an adaptation to the pressures of the outside world comprise the ego. 1957J. Braine Room at Top xxvi. 208 Roy, a quiet type normally, seemed to become, as Charles said, all Id when he'd had one over the eight. 1961R. W. Lundin Personality i. 21 The id is entirely unconscious, having no contact with reality except through the ego. One may liken the id to the primitive or animal nature of man. 1962R. Fine Freud xi. 156 The id is the source of all drives, the reservoir of instincts. 1965C. M. & S. Grossman Wild Analyst xii. 109 It became clear, when the two books [sc. Groddeck's Das Buch vom Es and Freud's Das Ich und das Es] were translated, that it had been wise to distinguish between the ‘Id’ and the ‘It’, because Freud's concept of the Id, broadened as it was, was still not as broad as Groddeck's concept of the It. Ibid. 110 He [sc. Groddeck] gave Freud the Id as a gift—he, too, had borrowed it, from Nietzsche. 1967R. R. Greenson Technique & Pract. Psychoanal. I. i. 20 The combing of her hair stirred up repressed id impulses which brought her into conflict with her ego and super-ego... There were indications that her ego already was relatively depleted and her id lacked adequate discharge possibilities... As a consequence the fantasies mobilized by the hair combing increased the id tensions to a point where they flooded the infantile defenses of the ego and involuntary discharges took place, eventuating in acute symptom formation. |