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‖ hysteresis|hɪstəˈriːsɪs|
[a. Gr. ὑστέρησις a coming short, deficiency, f. ὑστερέειν to be behind, come late, etc., f. ὕστερ-ος late.]
1. a. A phenomenon observed in some physical systems, by which changes in a property (e.g. magnetization, or length) lag behind changes in an agent on which they depend (e.g. magnetizing force, or stress), so that the value of the former at any moment depends on the manner of the previous variation of the latter (e.g. whether it was increasing or decreasing in value); any dependence of the value of a property on the past history of the system to which it pertains.
1881Proc. Roy. Soc. XXXIII. 22 The change of polarisation lags behind the change of torsion. To this action..the author [J. A. Ewing] now gives the name Hysteresis. Ibid., The effects of hysteresis may be wiped out by subjecting the wire to mechanical vibration. 1882J. A. Ewing in Proc. R. Soc. XXXIV. 40 All changes of magnetisation produced by slow or fast, continuous or discontinuous, changes of the magnetising force exhibit hysteresis. 1894–5S. P. Thompson Elem. Less. Electr. & Mag. §368 Ewing has given the name of Hysteresis to the subject of the lag of magnetic effects behind their causes. Ibid., Ewing has also shown that under constant magnetizing force the magnetism will go on slowly and slightly increasing for a long time: this is called magnetic creeping, or viscous hysteresis. 1903Nature 17 Dec. 160/2 In the relationship of stress to strain, or twisting couple to twist produced, rocks exhibit a marked hysteresis. 1906Biochem. Jrnl. II. 72 The slow change in osmotic pressure observed in colloidal solutions, such as that back to normal conditions in gelatine after a short period at a higher temperature,..indicates a kind of hysteresis in such solutions, or a very slow return to equilibrium after the state of aggregation has been disturbed. 1931E. S. Hedges Colloids xv. 197 The hysteresis in the case of agar is..far more striking, gelation occurring at about 40° and melting at about 85°. 1939L. F. Bates Mod. Magnetism ix. 279 Temperature hysteresis, i.e. the ferromagnetic loses its ferromagnetism at θf on heating and regains it at a temperature below θf on cooling. 1950J. W. McBain Colloid Sci. xi. 166 There is a good deal of hysteresis, that is, a time lag between the cooling and the setting to be expected of the jelly. 1956J. F. D. Smith in McPherson & Klemin Engin. Uses of Rubber v. 130 An inspection of load-deflection diagrams reveals that the loading line may not be the same as the unloading line, for hysteresis plays an important part in flexometers. 1965A. P. Boresi Elasticity Engin. Mech. iv. 103 Whenever a body exhibits the phenomenon of hysteresis—that is, of returning to its original size and shape only slowly or not at all—its behavior is not perfectly elastic.
b. = hysteresis loss.
1896Min. Proc. Inst. Civil Engin. CXXVI. 216 If B = 2,500 were taken as the limit of the cycle the hysteresis of this ‘record’ specimen would be only 0·16 watt per lb.
2. Comb., as hysteresis curve = hysteresis loop; hysteresis loop, a graph showing how the value of some property of a hysteretic system varies as the agent causing it is varied from one value to another and back again, having the form of a closed curve whose area is a measure of the loss of energy in the cycle; hysteresis loss, the energy dissipated as heat in a system as a result of hysteresis.
1894Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 577 The three stages of magnetic displacement each have a sharply defined position on the hysteresis curve. 1954C. Zwikker Physical Prop. Solid Materials xii. 208 Permanent magnet materials are chosen for having a large area of loop on the B–H hysteresis curve.
1896F. Bedell Princ. Transformer iii. 32 Curves of magnetization for a complete cycle, or ‘hysteresis loops’, as they are called, are shown in Fig. 33. 1897A. G. Webster Theory Electr. & Magn. ix. 394 The hysteresis-loop..has an important physical significance. 1946Rubber in Engin. (H.M.S.O.) iv. 69 The stress–strain curve for rubber on retraction does not follow the same course as during extension, but forms a hysteresis loop. 1966McClintock & Argon Mech. Behavior Materials i. 6 Under cyclic straining, any kind of inelastic strain leads to a hysteresis loop on a stress–strain plot.
1893Proc. R. Soc. LIV. 76 Great permeability does not necessarily imply small hysteresis losses. 1927T. F. Wall Applied Magnetism xv. 233 A simple and rapid means for measuring the hysteresis loss in a transformer. 1962A. Edwards in D. Hadfield Permanent Magnets vi. 294 If the flux density in a magnet continually increases and decreases in use, there is hysteresis loss at every cycle and some eddy-current loss.
Hence hysteresial |-ˈiːsɪəl| a., of or pertaining to hysteresis.
1887Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1886 551 The hysteresial dissipation of energy per unit volume of iron is the same whether the magnetic circuit be open or closed. 1894–5S. P. Thompson Elem. Less. Electr. & Mag. §368 Mechanical agitation tends to help the magnetizing forces to act, and lessens all residual and hysteresial effects. 1971J. A. C. Harwood in C. M. Blow Rubber Technol. & Manuf. iii. 69 Stress softening, a hysteresial phenomenon observed at moderate and high extensions, is probably also viscoelastic in origin. |