| 释义 |
‖ hypophysis|hɪp-, haɪˈpɒfɪsɪs|
Pl. hypophyses |haɪˈpɒfɪsiːz|.
[a. Gr. ὑπόϕυσις offshoot, outgrowth (cf. apophysis, epiphysis).]
†1. Path. Cataract in the eye. Obs.
1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Hypophysis, a Fault in the Eye, the same as Hypochyma. 1886in Syd. Soc. Lex.
2. Bot.
a. A part of the embryo in angiosperms, from which the root and root-cap are developed.
1875Bennett & Dyer Sachs' Bot. 515 A cell..which arises between the end of the pro-embryo and the body of the embryo..is especially to be noted. It is from this that the root is subsequently developed. Hanstein calls it and the tissue which proceeds from it the Hypophysis.
b. ‘In mosses, an enlargement of the pedicel at the base of the capsule’ (Cent. Dict.).
3. Anat. (In full hypophysis cerebri.) [First used by S. T. Soemmerring (De Corporis Humani Fabrica (rev. ed., 1798) IV. 70).] The pituitary body of the brain. A small endocrine organ that is attached or adjacent to the hypothalamus in the brain of vertebrates, has two lobes distinct in origin, nature, and function (cf. adeno- and neurohypophysis), and produces a number of hormones, some of which regulate the activity of other endocrine organs; in man it lies within a cavity of the sphenoid bone under a covering of dura mater and is attached by the infundibulum to the undersurface of the brain.
The application of the term has varied. Some writers have restricted it to the anterior or the posterior lobe only (differentiating the hypophysis from the pituitary body); others have taken it to include not only the two lobes but also the infundibulum.
1825A. Monro Elem. Anat. Human Body II. vi. ii. 371 The Pituitary Gland, or Hypophysis, is a small oblong-shaped body, which is inclosed by the dura mater, and situated in the tela sphenoidalis. 1864in Webster. 1877W. Turner Introd. Human Anat. I. v. 213 This ventricle is prolonged downwards into a funnel-shaped process, the infundibulum, which is connected with the pituitary body, or hypophysis cerebri. 1898W. H. Howell in Jrnl. Exper. Med. III. 246 The hypophysis cerebri is usually described as consisting of two lobes. One, the large anterior lobe, is distinctly a glandular structure... Properly speaking the term hypophysis cerebri should be restricted to this lobe, and this significance is now given to it by morphological writers, although in human anatomy it is still commonly employed to include the so-called posterior lobe as well. Ibid. 247 Extracts were made of both the hypophysis cerebri, or anterior lobe, and the infundibular body. 1899F. H. Gerrish Text-bk. Anat. 534 The hypophysis has been found greatly enlarged in cases of giantism, and hence has been supposed to sustain a relation to the stature of the individual. 1906J. P. McMurrich Devel. Human Body (ed. 2) xiv. 428 At its extremity the hypophysis comes in contact during the fifth week with the enlarged extremity of Rathke's pouch..and applies itself closely to the posterior surface of this..to form with it the pituitary body. 1915A. M. Paterson Man. Embryol. ii. i. 110 The pituitary body has a double origin... The tuber cinereum, infundibulum, and posterior lobe (hypophysis cerebri) are outgrowths from the ventral aspect of the diencephalon. The anterior lobe of the pituitary body is derived from Rathke's pouch. 1919W. B. Bell Pituitary 2 The word ‘hypophysis’, strictly speaking, refers to the epithelial portions of the Pituitary—the pars anterior and the pars intermedia—and should only be used in this connexion. 1926G. R. de Beer Compar. Anat. Pituitary Body ii. 26 The term pituitary body should be used to denote the well-defined anatomical unit consisting of four parts—anterior, intermedia, nervosa, and tuberalis. Other structures, such as the infundibulum and the tuber cinereum, may be grouped with the pituitary body to form a functional unit, the pituitary complex. The term hypophysis is often loosely used as synonymous with pituitary body, but wrongly, since it definitely refers only to the epithelial constituent of the body. 1936Jrnl. Morphol. LX. 127 A cytological study of the hypophyses of more than 100 female bats. 1940Res. Publ. Assoc. Res. Nerv. & Mental Dis. XX. 22 The mammalian hypophysis consists of three major divisions: lobus glandularis, lobus nervosus and the infundibulum or neural stalk. This classification has been recommended by the International Commission on Anatomical Nomenclature (1935). 1944E. T. Bell Text-bk. Path. (ed. 5) xxviii. 755 The hypophysis exercises a certain amount of control over the other glands of internal secretion and the growth and activity of various organs by means of specific hormones which it elaborates. 1954A. White et al. Princ. Biochem. xlv. 957 The hypophysis is one of the most important endocrine glands in the body, exerting a profound influence over other endocrine structures and thereby regulating a large portion of the endocrine activity of the organism. 1960B. I. Balinsky Introd. Embryol. xviii. 452 The agent necessary for activating the thyroid gland is produced in the anterior (epidermal) lobe of the hypophysis. |