| 释义 |
hybridize, v.|ˈhaɪbrɪdaɪz, hɪb-|
[f. hybrid + -ize.]
1. a. trans. To subject (species or varieties of plants or animals) to cross-breeding; to cause to interbreed and thus to produce hybrids.
1845Florist's Jrnl. 258 Suited to the purposes of hybridising. 1849Florist 201 This [sameness] led enterprising cultivators to hybridise the sorts they possessed. 1861Delamer Fl. Gard. 53 The produce therefrom [a large bed] is completely hybridized by the agency of the wind and of bees.
b. To form or construct (words) in a hybrid manner (Cent. Dict.).
c. Physical Chem. To combine (atomic orbitals) mathematically so as to obtain hybrid orbitals.
1933[implied in hybridized ppl. a.]. 1939L. Pauling Nature Chem. Bond iii. 96 It is found on hybridizing these orbitals that four strong bonds directed to the corners of a square can be formed. 1962Cotton & Wilkinson Adv. Inorg. Chem. iii. 67 The s and the three p orbitals are hybridized to produce four sp3 hybrids.
d. Biochem. To cause (a subunit of a macromolecule) to combine with, or become attached to, a complementary subunit of the same or a very similar molecular species from a different source; to cause (two such subunits) to combine together.
1959Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXXXI. 3169/1 When labelled and unlabelled hemoglobins are hybridized, the hybrids contain both labelled and unlabelled chains. 1965Jrnl. Molecular Biol. XII. 829 The procedure involves immobilizing denatured DNA on nitrocellulose membrane filters, hybridizing complementary RNA to the membrane⁓fixed DNA, and eliminating RNA ‘noise’. 1966Lehmann & Huntsman Man's Haemoglobins xxi. 226 When canine haemoglobin and human haemoglobin are hybridised together, the new hybrids that result differ considerably in their mobility. 1969Nature 10 May 573/1, 100 µg of RNA was hybridized with 50 µg of DNA. 1972Arch. Biochem. & Biophysics CL. 407 Phosphofructokinases from rabbit muscle and rabbit liver were hybridized by dissociation at low pH followed by recombination at neutrality. 1972S. L. Wolfe Biol. Cell ix. 199/1 The best evidence that transcription is asymmetric comes from experiments in which RNA is hybridized with its DNA template... The RNA will form hybrid double helices with no more than 50 percent of its template DNA... Thus the RNA is complementary to only one of the two DNA strands, and only one..serves as a template for RNA transcription.
2. intr.
a. To produce a hybrid or hybrids between two distinct species or varieties.
1853Blackw. Mag. LXXIII. 131 He grafted, and budded, and hybridised, and experimented. 1885Manch. Exam. 23 Feb. 5/4 His attempts to hybridise with the other tuberous species have failed.
b. Of an animal or plant: To produce hybrid offspring by crossing with another species or variety; to cross or interbreed.
1862Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. IX. 119 [Sorghum] Its disposition to hybridize with broom-corn. 1880Chamb. Encycl. s.v. Canary, The canary hybridizes readily with some other species of finch.
c. Biochem. Of a protein or nucleic acid: to exchange complementary subunits in hybridization (sense 1 d). Const. with (or to).
1962Science 21 Dec. 1331/2 Their sequences are unique, since they hybridize readily only to homologous DNA. 1965Jrnl. Molecular Biol. XII. 830 RNA molecules possessing an extensive secondary structure will not hybridize until their own melting temperature is approached. 1969Times 16 May 14/7 Each kind of RNA chemically recombines or hybridizes with the DNA segment off which it was copied. 1971Biochemistry (Easton, Pa.) X. 3509/2 Hexokinases A and B can hybridize in 0·1 m sodium phosphate solution at pH values near 8. 1972S. L. Wolfe Biol. Cell ix. 206/2 For example, rRNA from Drosophila will hybridize to some degree with chick DNA or vice versa, even though there are wide differences in base composition of the total DNA complement from the two species.
3. fig. (trans.).
1964M. McLuhan Understanding Media v. 50 With literacy now about to hybridize the cultures of the Chinese, the Indians, and the Africans. 1971Nature 24 Sept. 241/2 In the more remote future it may well be, when further improvements in the combustion intensity of low grade fuel mixtures are required, that they will be achieved by hybridizing the high and low temperature branches. |