| 释义 |
ˌhybridiˈzation
[f. hybridize + -ation.]
1. a. The formation of hybrids; cross-breeding between parents of different species.
1851Illustr. Catal. Gt. Exhib. 205 In the hybridization of plants experiments are always of much interest. 1883G. Allen in Longm. Mag. July 314 The possibility of fertile hybridisation in such a manner shows that the plants have not long diverged from the common central stock.
b. Petrol. The formation of a hybrid rock.
1926G. W. Tyrrell Princ. Petrol. ii. 31 There is a good deal of commingling of the magmas, with enclosure of fragments and hybridisation, along the interior contacts. 1968B. Bayly Introd. Petrol. ix. 100 At the interface between a magma and a solid rock, the possibility of inter⁓penetration exists... Where the environment is solidified magma from an earlier stage of the same magmatic event, the process is called hybridization; when, as is more common, the environment is some independent solid, the process is contamination.
c. Physical Chem. The mathematical combination of atomic orbitals to form a hybrid orbital.
1932Physical Rev. XL. 1037, sp3 hybridization is encountered only when the repulsions between the four electrons of the H atoms are included. 1962P. J. & B. Durrant Introd. Adv. Inorg. Chem. v. 145 Table 5.1 shows some of the valence states of atoms which can be produced by the hybridisation of atomic orbitals. 1968[see hybrid n. and a. A. 2 c].
d. Biochem. The formation of a hybrid macromolecule by artificially recombining complementary subunits (single polynucleotide strands in the case of nucleic acids and individual polypeptide chains in the case of proteins) obtained from slightly different varieties of the same molecular species or (in the case of RNA-DNA hybrids) of similar molecular species.
1959Wolstenholme & O'Connor Biochem. Human Genetics (Ciba Found. Symp.) 123 Vinograd, Schroeder and Hutchinson (1959) have shown by an ingenious ‘hybridization’ experiment involving haemoglobin labelled with 14C that the α chains of haemoglobins A and S are interchangeable and therefore similar. 1962Science 21 Dec. 1329/1 It is perhaps not surprising that s-RNA is resistant to hybridization since x-ray analysis..suggests that s-RNA is a hairpin structure kept together by a highly regular system of hydrogen bonding. Until this secondary structure is disrupted there is no opportunity for pairing between s-RNA molecules and complementary sequences in the DNA. 1965Jrnl. Molecular Biol. XII. 830 Hybridization in solution has one obvious disadvantage, stemming from the fact that RNA-DNA formation must compete with the re-formation of the DNA-DNA complexes. 1966Lehmann & Huntsman Man's Haemoglobins xxi. 224 (heading) Hybridisation of abnormal human haemoglobin variants. 1968W. A. Schroeder Primary Struct. Proteins 206/1 (index) Hybridization of ribonuclease. 1972Arch. Biochem. & Biophysics CL. 407 (title) Hybridization of rabbit muscle and liver phosphofructokinases. 1972W. V. Brown Textbk. Cytogenetics ii. 13/1 The biochemical techniques of nucleic acid hybridization, either DNA-DNA or RNA-DNA.., have recently been providing new and unexpected understanding about the DNA sequences in the nucleus.
e. Cytology. The fusion, by artificial means or in artificial cultures, of two somatic cells of different karyotypes to form a hybrid cell containing the nuclear material of both.
1961Nature 13 May 653/2 (heading) Karyological demonstration of hybridization of mammalian cells in vitro. 1965Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. LIII. 1040 Hybridization of somatic cells in vitro..has since been shown to occur in mixed cultures of many different pairs of cultured mouse cells. 1970Nature 18 Apr. 280/2 Somatic cell hybridization is a potentially useful technique for the introduction of genetic variability into plant species. 1970McGraw-Hill Yearbk. Sci. & Technol. 214/2 Whereas these first experiments involved two closely related transformed mouse cell lines,..somatic hybridization can occur between cells derived from different species, such as mouse and man.
2. fig.
1960E. R. Goodman in J. A. Fishman Readings Sociol. of Lang. (1968) 733 One should add that the idea of ‘hybridization’ or fusion of languages, which Stalin continued to use, was Marrist in origin. 1964M. McLuhan Understanding Media v. 48 The crossings or hybridizations of the media release great new force and energy as by fission or fusion. 1971Farmer & Stockbreeder 23 Feb. 3/1 We shall be the old Stockbreeder Redivivus: not dead, not reborn, just rejuvenated. Or, if you prefer it, reinvigorated by hybridization; for we join forces with the British Farmer, the journal of the NFU. |