| 释义 |
hybrid, n. and a.|ˈhaɪbrɪd, ˈhɪbrɪd|
Also 7 hi-, hybride.
[f. L. hybrida, more correctly hibrida (ibrida), offspring of a tame sow and wild boar; hence, of human parents of different races, half-breed. Cf. F. hybride (1798 in Hatz.-Darm.).
A few examples of this word occur early in 17th c.; but it was scarcely in use till the 19th. The only member of the group given by Johnson is hybridous a.; Ash and Todd have also hybrid adj., to which Webster 1828 adds hybrid n. As to the ultimate etym. of L. hybrida see Prof. Minton Warren in Amer. Jrnl. Philol. V. No. 4.]
A. n.
1. The offspring of two animals or plants of different species, or (less strictly) varieties; a half-breed, cross-breed, or mongrel.
reciprocal hybrids, hybrids produced from the same two species A and B, where in the one case A is male and B female, in the other B is male and A female; e.g. the mule and the hinny.
a. of animals. (In 17th c. only as in original L.)
1601Holland Pliny II. 231 There is no creature ingenders so soon with wild of the kind, as doth swine: and verily such hogs in old time they called Hybrides, as a man would say, halfe wild. 1623Cockeram, Hibride, a Hog ingendred betweene a wilde Boare and a tame Sow. 1828Webster, Hybrid, a mongrel or mule; an animal or plant, produced from the mixture of two species. 1851D. Wilson Preh. Ann. (1863) II. iv. ii. 232 Grotesque hybrids, half-bird, half-beast. 1859Darwin Orig. Spec. i. 26 The hybrids or mongrels from between all the breeds of the pigeon are perfectly fertile. 1862Huxley Lect. Wrkg. Men 112 There is a great difference between ‘Mongrels’ which are crosses between distinct races and ‘hybrids’ which are crosses between distinct species.
b. of human beings.
1630B. Jonson New Inn ii. ii, She's a wild Irish born, sir, and a hybride. 1861J. Crawfurd in Trans. Ethnol. Soc. (N.S.) I. 357 At the best we [English] are but hybrids, yet, probably, not the worse for that. 1878R. B. Smith Carthage 434 Negroes from the Soudan, not such sickly..hybrids as you see in Oxford Street..but real down-right Negroes halfnaked, black as ebony.
c. of plants.
[1788J. Lee Introd. Bot. (ed. 4) Gloss., Hybrida, a Bastard, a monstrous Production of two Plants of different Species.] 1828[see a]. 1845Lindley Sch. Bot. x. (1858) 167 No hybrids but such as are of a woody perennial character can be perpetuated with certainty. 1846J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) II. 358 Swedes are generally sown first. Hybrids..are usually sown next, and white turnips the last. 1867Darwin in Life & Lett. (1887) III. 306 The common Oxlip found everywhere..in England, is certainly a hybrid between the primrose and cowslip.
2. transf. and fig.
a. Anything derived from heterogeneous sources, or composed of different or incongruous elements; in Philol. a composite word formed of elements belonging to different languages.
1850H. Rogers Ess. II. iv. 213 A free resort to grotesque compounds..favours the multiplication of yet more grotesque hybrids. 1860Darwin in Life & Lett. (1887) II. 338, I will tell you what you are, a hybrid, a complex cross of lawyer, poet, naturalist, and theologian! 1874L. Carr Jud. Gwynne II. vii. 163 A remarkable hybrid between a frank..bumpkin, and a used up exquisite. 1879Morris Eng. Accid. 39 Sometimes we find English and Romance elements compounded. These are termed Hybrids. 1895F. Hall Two Trifles 28 The ancient Romans would not have endured scientistes or scientista, as a new type of hybrid.
b. Petrol. A hybrid rock (see sense B. 2 b below).
1918Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. LXXIV. 129 Compared with the Potter-Fell type..they would be hybrids, the former are transitional varieties. 1934Ibid. XC. 599 The hybrid or its parent magma rose along the bedding-planes of the sediments. 1950E. E. Wahlstrom Introd. Theor. Igneous Petrol. x. 234 The products of intermingling of these magmas originally were called hybrids, a term which..has come to have a broader meaning and now includes all rocks resulting from the assimilation or melting of solid igneous rocks by later intrusions from the same source.
c. Physical Chem. A hybrid orbital (see sense B. 2 d below).
1932Physical Rev. XL. 62 A hybrid of 3d, 4s, and 4p electrons. 1962P. J. & B. Durrant Introd. Adv. Inorg. Chem. v. 144 The bond angles, at a given atom, are determined by the angles between its σ hybrids. 1968K. F. Reid Prop. & React. Bonds in Org. Molecules iii. 43 The second kind of hybridized orbital, termed the trigonal hybrid, arises through the hybridization of one s and two p A[tomic] O[rbital]s.
B. adj.
1. a. Produced by the inter-breeding of two different species or varieties of animals or plants; mongrel, cross-bred, half-bred.
1775Ash, Hybrid, begotten between animals of different species, produced from plants of different kinds. 1789E. Darwin Bot. Gard. 149 note, Many hybrid plants described. 1823J. Badcock Dom. Amusem. 47 These hybrid, or mule productions. 1857Darwin in Life & Lett. (1887) II. 96, I think there is rather better evidence on the sterility of hybrid animals than you seem to admit. 1865Palgrave Arabia II. 211 The town inhabitants..are at present a very hybrid race, yet fused into a general..type.
b. As the first element in the names of varieties of rose, esp. hybrid China, a variety produced by crossing Rosa chinensis and R. semperflorens, characterized by a long flowering period; hybrid perpetual, a cross between Rosa damascena and a hybrid China rose; hybrid polyantha = floribunda; hybrid tea, a cross between a hybrid perpetual and a tea-scented rose (Rosa odorata).
1837T. Rivers Rose Amateur's Guide i. 20 Perhaps no plant presents such a mass of beauty as a finely grown hybrid China rose in full bloom. 1848W. Paul Rose Garden ii. 121 The Bourbon Perpetual..is a division embracing the varieties of Hybrid Perpetual, in which the characters of the Bourbon Rose are strikingly developed. 1859,1890, [see perpetual n. 1 b]. 1890Gardeners' Chron. 1 Feb. 132/1 Primrose Dame and Vicomtesse Folkestone are also included with hybrid Teas. 1931M. Grieve Mod. Herbal II. 688/1 The most suitable are the so-called Hybrid Perpetuals, flowering from June to October. 1945,1956[see floribunda]. 1951Dict. Gardening (R. Hort. Soc.) IV. 1824/1 Hybrid Perpetual Roses..originated in the crossing of the Damask Rose with the Hybrid China varieties. 1968A. Christie By Pricking of Thumbs. vi. 82 Got some old-fashioned roses here... Better than them new-fashioned Hybrid Teas. 1970[see floribunda]. 1973Rose Ann. 37 The first of the new race to bear the characteristics of the hybrid tea was ‘Victor Verdier’ (1859), although some may claim that ‘La France’ (1867) was the first true hybrid tea rose.
2. transf. and fig.
a. Derived from heterogeneous or incongruous sources; having a mixed character; composed of two diverse elements; mongrel.
hybrid bill, a bill in Parliament combining the characteristics of a public and private bill, which is referred to a hybrid committee, i.e. a committee nominated partly (as in a public bill) by the House of Commons and partly (as in a private bill) by the Committee of Selection.
a1716South Serm. (1737) V. xii. 118 As Saint Paul..did [deal] with those judaizing hybrid Christians. 1805Med. Jrnl. XIV. 309 Incomplete vaccination..again followed by a sort of hybrid result or modified variolæ. 1837–9Hallam Hist. Lit. I. i. i. §87. 79 The historians use a hybrid jargon intermixed with modern words. 1859Erskine May Law of Parl. (ed. 4) xxiv. 613 Established by a public bill, brought in by the government, but otherwise treated as a private or ‘hybrid’ bill. 1864Bowen Logic v. 120 As well executed as such a hybrid scheme can be. 1887Skeat Princ. Eng. Etymol. I. 430 English abounds with Hybrid compounds..words made up from different languages. 1888Bryce Amer. Commw. I. xiii. 185 note, In England..Hybrid committees are appointed partly by the House and partly by the Committee of Selection. 1893May's Law of Parl. (ed. 10) 444 Public bills which affect private rights..are termed in practice ‘hybrid bills’.
b. Petrol. Of rock: formed by the mixing of two different magmas or by the incorporation into an intruding magma of adjacent solid rock (esp. rock of the same origin as the magma).
1904A. Harker Tertiary Igneous Rocks Skye xi. 183 The processes..were of a less simple kind, mere admixture being supplemented by diffusion. The resulting hybrid rocks..are thus only in a general sense intermediate in composition between the two parent rocks, and may be abnormal in comparison with any ordinary igneous rocks formed from a single magma. 1954H. Williams et al. Petrogr. vi. 110 Most diorites..are probably hybrid rocks, and many contain xenoliths that exhibit various stages of magmatic reaction.
c. Computers. Utilizing or involving both analogue and digital methods.
1959E. M. Grabbe et al. Handbk. Automation, Computation, & Control II. xxix. 4 The purpose of the hybrid system..is to combine the advantages noted above for each of the two types of conventional computer, while at the same time obviating the disadvantages. 1964Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. CXV. 573 More complex operations such as multiplication are not as critical to most hybrid operations and can be slower. 1968Brit. Med. Bull. XXIV. 193/1 The limited accuracy of analogue computers..can be overcome by using ‘hybrid’ computers in which certain elements..are digitally designed to preserve accuracy.
d. Physical Chem. Applied to a bond or valence orbital obtained by the linear combination of two or more different atomic orbitals.
1939L. Pauling Nature Chem. Bond iii. 82 The strength of the best s—p hybrid bond orbital. 1960J. W. Linnett Wave Mech. & Valency viii. 128 The appropriate hybrid orbitals are the most successful for indicating the spatial distribution of the electrons. 1968K. F. Reid Prop. & React. Bonds in Org. Molecules iii. 42 The 2s and the three 2p orbitals of the excited atom are treated in such a way that..they combine to produce four equivalent orbitals, each termed a tetrahedral or sp3-hybrid orbital, which have their axes directed towards the four corners of a regular tetrahedron.
3. Special Combs.: hybrid coil Electr., a type of transformer used in two-wire telephone circuits when amplification in both directions is required, having four pairs of terminals so arranged that if the impedances connected to two pairs balance, a voltage applied to a third pair divides equally between them without inducing a voltage in the fourth pair; also called a hybrid transformer; hybrid swarm Ecol., a variable population caused by the hybridization of neighbouring species; hybrid vigour = heterosis 3.
1925C. A. Wright Telephone Communication x. 244 Conjugate alternating-current bridges or hybrid coils..are generally used in repeater and multiplex telephone lines. 1959K. Henney Radio Engin. Handbk. (ed. 5) xxviii. 33 Instead of connecting the respective input of one amplifier and output of the other amplifier directly to a line circuit, there is introduced a balancing coil or so-called hybrid coil.
1926Nature 30 Oct. 623/2 (heading) The naming of wild hybrid swarms. Ibid. 624 Nor do the ‘Rules’ have in view the existence of the highly polymorphic hybrid swarms—in no few cases hundreds or probably thousands of distinct individuals—that are known to exist. 1947New Phytologist XLVI. 229 The Oxlip is confined in Britain to a small area in East Anglia, and at the edges of this area Oxlip-Primrose hybrid populations are found; such well-defined hybrid swarms are not common amongst British plants. 1963E. Mayr Animal Species & Evol. vi. 118 The barrier between two sympatric species sometimes breaks down so completely, locally or over wide areas, that the two parental species are replaced by a hybrid swarm that serves as a continuous bridge between the two parental extremes. 1969Briggs & Walters Plant Variation & Evol. xi. 186 Hybrid swarms are found in which there is a remarkable range of variation.
1941Stand. Handbk. Electr. Engin. (ed. 7) xxii. 2055 (caption) Principle of hybrid transformer. 1962Newnes Conc. Encycl. Electr. Engin. 379/1 A separating device consisting of a pair of matched ‘hybrid’ transformers is a common method of securing two-way amplification.
[1909E. M. East in Amer. Naturalist XLIII. 179 In every case an increase in vigor over the parents [sc. maize plants] was shown by the crosses. ]1918Babcock & Clausen Genetics Rel. Agric. xii. 230 Not all species hybrids, however, display hybrid vigor. 1949C. C. Lindegren Yeast Cell xxvii. 2 The degeneration or ‘running out’ of hybrids showing heterosis has been one of the principal problems of hybrid vigor. 1970Watsonia VIII. 131 Its robust growth, vigorous vegetative spread and large fronds..suggest hybrid vigour.
So † ˈhybridal, † ˈhybridan adjs. = hybrid a.
1623Cockeram, Hybridan, whose parents are of diuers and sundry Nations. 1801T. Jefferson Writ. (ed. Ford) VIII. 16, I am persuaded the squash..is a hybridal plant. |