| 释义 |
hurst|hɜːst|
Forms: 1 hyrst, 3– hurst, (4 hurste, 5 hirste, 6 hyrst, 6– hirst).
[OE. hyrst:—OTeut. type *hursti-z, whence OHG., MHG. hurst, G. dial. horst ‘heap, cluster, thicket, top of rock, sandbank’ (Flügel); MLG. horst hill, wooded or bushy eminence, small wood, LG. horst, host, a bushy piece of land surrounded with marsh, a wooded eminence, EFris. hörst, horst, höst, thicket, copse, sandy eminence (prob. formerly overgrown with brushwood); MDu. horst (Kilian horscht, horst) thicket of brushwood. In the forms -hurst, -hirst, -herst, a frequent element in place-names, as in Hawkhurst, Chislehurst, Ferniehirst, Amherst. (So -horst in Du. and LG.)
Icel. hrjóstr rough place, barren rocky place, Norw. dial. rust, ryst, little wood, thicket, clump of alders and dwarf birch, wooded tract on a mountain, lateral ridge of a mountain, Færöese rust ridge, show similarity of sense, but are difficult to connect phonologically.]
I.
1. An eminence, hillock, knoll, or bank, esp. one of a sandy nature.
a1000Riddles xli. 61 (Gr.) Swylce ic eom wraðre þonne wermod sy Þe her on hyrstum heasewe stondeð. c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 300/18 Opon þe hexte hurste of al þe hulle atþe laste he him fond. Ibid. 473/378 Huy lokeden heom bi-side and seiȝen an heiȝh hurst Swiþe feor in þe se. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 419 At Nemyn in Norþ Wales A litel ilond þere is, Þat hatte Bardeseie..Men lyueþ so longe in þat hurste, Þat þe eldest deiȝeþ furst. 1513Douglas æneis xi. vii. 56 Thai hard hillis hirstis for to eir [colles, atque horum asperrima pascunt]. 1781J. Hutton Tour to Caves Gloss., Hirst, a bank or sudden rising of the ground. 1814Scott Wav. xxxviii. note, We are bound to drive the bullocks, All by hollows, hirsts, and hillocks.
b. A sandbank in the sea or a river; a ford made by a bed of sand or shingle.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvi. i. (Tollem. MS.), It is harde and most perel to falle and smyte on hurstes of grauel [arenarum obstaculis] hid in þe see under water. 1576in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford 384 The..Cytie dothe suffer the Thames to geather a great hurst or banck. 1805State, Fraser of Fraserfield 192 (Jam.) If..there would be a ford or hirst in the water. 1820J. Cleland Glasgow 113 To remove the ford at Dambuck and some other prominent hirsts. 1879G. F. Jackson Shropsh. Word-bk. s.v., A bed of shingle in the Severn is called a hurst.
2. A grove of trees; a copse; a wood; a wooded eminence. (The last variety of sense, found in mod. dialects, may be the primary one.)
The OE. quots. are of uncertain sense.
822Charter in O.E. Texts 458 Iu hyrst, sciofingden, snad⁓hyrst. 858Ibid. 438 Stanehtan denn, et illa silva, sand⁓hyrst nominatur quae pertinet to wassingwellan. a1400Morte Arth. 3370 Brawnches so heghe..they heldede to hir heste alle holly at ones, The hegheste of iche a hirste. 1612Drayton Poly-olb. ii. 27 Each rising hurst Where many a goodlie oake had carefullie been nurst. 1628Coke On Litt. 4 b, Hurst or hirst signifieth a wood. 1825Brockett, Hirst, Hurst, a woody bank. 1827J. Hodgson Northumbld. ii. I. 100 note, Scraggy hirsts of hazel. 1871R. Ellis Catullus lxiii. 72 In hursts that house the boar.
b. Her. ‘A charge representing a small group of trees, generally borne upon a mount or base’ (Cassell).
1889Elvin Dict. Her., Hurst, a wood, or thicket of trees.
II. Technical senses. (The connexion of these with the prec. is doubtful.)
3. The frame of a pair of millstones.
1710Ruddiman Gloss. Douglas s.v., Miln-hirst, is the place on which the Cribs or Crubs (as they call them) ly, within which the mil-stone hirsts, or hirsills. 1764Croker, etc. Dict. Arts & Sc. s.v. Mill, The hurst or round frame..containing the lower mill-stone..and the upper one. 1884Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl., Hurst, the frame on which a run of millstones is placed. A husk.
4. The ring of the helve of a trip- or tilt-hammer, which bears the trunnions.
1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 336 The centre..or axis of the hammer, is supported in a cast-iron frame..called the hirst. 1875Knight Dict. Mech., Hurst.
III. 5. Comb. hurst-beech, the Hornbeam; hurst-frame = sense 4.
1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 336 To form a pillar of solid timber; on the top of which the hirst-frame..is placed, and firmly held down by the four bolts, which descend through all the platforms, and have secure fastenings in the solid masonry beneath. 1866Treas. Bot., Hurstbeech, Carpinus Betulus. 1879Prior Plant-n., Hurst- or Horst- or Horse-beech, the hornbeam. |