| 释义 |
humoral, a.|ˈhjuːmərəl|
Also 8–9 humoural.
[a. F. humoral (14th c. in Littré), ad. L. type *hūmōrāl-is, f. hūmor humour: see -al1.]
1. a. Med. Of or belonging to, consisting of, or containing, any of the humours or fluids of the body. Also in mod. use, contained in or involving the blood or other body fluid; involving or consisting of a chemical agent, esp. one present in the blood (such as hormones or ions).
humoral theory: (a) the theory that immunity is due to the presence of bactericidal substances in the blood (rather than the action of whole cells); (b) the theory that the transmission of nerve impulses at a synapse or a neuromuscular junction involves a chemical (rather than an electrical) agent. (See also sense 1 c.)
1543Traheron Vigo's Chirurg. ii. viii. iii. 80 Apostemes engendred in the knees, hote, and colde,..wyndy, and humorall, or full of water. 1665G. Harvey Advice agst. Plague 2 Pestilential Miasms, insinuating into the humoral and consistent parts of the Body. 1758J. S. Le Dran's Observ. Surg. (1771) 20, I found this Tumour not to be humoral. 1878T. Bryant Pract. Surg. I. 15 Products which emanate from textural and humoral waste. 1898W. S. L. Barlow Man. Gen. Path. ix. 408 It was obvious..that a purely humoral theory..is insufficient, that natural immunity cannot be explained by the presence of ‘alexins’ in the blood. 1924E. D. Adrian in Brain XLVII. 400 The ‘inhibiting substance’ theory (and the ‘humoral’ theory of Loewi and others) derives all its evidence from the peripheral inhibition of cardiac or plain muscle. 1935O. Loewi in Proc. R. Soc. B. CXVIII. 302 Some important investigations..suggest the possibility that the stimulation also of spinal nerves is transmitted by humoral means, namely, by liberation of acetylcholine. 1950G. P. Wright Introd. Path. vii. 113 The early history of immunology contains many vigorous controversies which arose from the sharp division of opinion between the so-called ‘cellular’ and ‘humoral’ schools. 1952W. E. Le Gros Clark Tissues of Body (ed. 3) xiii. 356 The conception of chemical (or humoral) transmitters [of nerve impulses] suggests an alternative explanation. 1968Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Studies I. xxvii. 2/1 The immune response can be purely humoral, mediated by circulating antibodies, or cellular, mediated by small lymphocytes, but often mixtures of both mechanisms are found. 1971A. C. Guyton Textbk. Med. Physiol. (ed. 4) xxv. 284/2 Superimposed onto the intrinsic regulations of the circulation..are two additional types of regulation: (1) nervous and (2) humoral. 1971Nature 26 Feb. 593/1 Human breast cancer..may well be initiated by a virus but promoted by humoral factors, in particular sex hormones.
b. Of diseases: Caused by (or attributed to) a disordered state of the humours.
1547Boorde Brev. Health cxlii. 52 b, The putrifyed or humorall fever. 1655Moufet & Bennet Health's Improv. (1746) 86 Their old Men..subject to Palsies..and humoral Diseases. 1727Bradley Fam. Dict. s.v. Flux, The humoral Flux or Diarrhœa. 1822–34Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) IV. 44 In hysteria, and humoral asthma.
c. Relating to the bodily humours; applied esp. to the ancient medical doctrine (which continued in vogue till the 18th c.), that all diseases were due to the disordered state of the humours.
1793Beddoes Lett. Darwin 119 The loose analogies of the humoral pathology. 1809Pearson in Phil. Trans. XCIX. 313 Groundless hypotheses, originating in the humoural doctrines of Galen. 1825Coleridge Aids Refl. (1848) I. 68 Terms and phrases from the humoral physiology long exploded. 1858Whewell Hist. Sci. Ideas ix. ii. §2 (ed. 3) II. 179 The humoral pathology of the ancients.
†2. gen. Of the nature of, or containing, ‘humour’ or moisture; humid; fluid. Obs.
1605Timme Quersit. iii. 162 That moyst euaporation taken from the more waterie part of humoral or mercurial things.
†3. Full of humours or fancies; whimsical: = humorous 3. Obs.
1591Sir H. Unton Corr. (Roxb.) 84 Certeyne idle brayned humorall persons.
Hence ˈhumoralism, humoral pathology (see 1 c); ˈhumoralist, a believer in humoral pathology; humoraˈlistic a., of or belonging to the humoralists.
a1846Caldwell in Worcester s.v. Humoralism. 1847Craig, Humoralism Humoralist. 1864W. T. Fox Skin Dis. 11 On the one hand the humoralist, on the other the neuropathist. 1875H. C. Wood Therap. (1879) 371 The term ‘purifying the blood’..is sufficiently suggestive of their function as viewed from the pathological stand-point of the old humoralist. Ibid., As the accepted pathology has been humoralistic or otherwise. |