| 释义 |
▪ I. hull, n.1|hʌl|
Forms: α. 1 hulu, ? 2–3 *hule, (? 3) 4–6 hul, 4– hull, (4 hulle, 5 holl). β. 4–5 hole, 5 hoole, 8– hool, Sc. 8–9 huil, hule (ü).
[OE. hulu husk, from ablaut grade hul- of helan to cover: cf. OHG. hulla, Ger. hülle covering, cloak, etc.:—*hulja, and OHG. hulsa, Ger. hülse (:—*hulisi, *hulusi), hull of beans or pease. The normal Eng. descendant of OE. hulu is hull; but dialectally the u was lengthened in ME. to ō (see Luick Engl. Lautgesch. §§506, 536) giving hoole, mod. dial. hool, Sc. huil, hule (ʏ).]
1. The shell, pod, or husk of pease and beans; the outer covering or rind of any fruit or seed.
αc1000ælfric Gloss. in Wr.-Wülcker Voc. 127/38 Culliola, hnutehula. c1380Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. II. 71 Man coveitiþ to be fild wiþ þes hulis [v.r. holis]. 1495Trevisa's Barth. De P.R. xvii. lxiv. (W. de W.), Beenys ete wyth the hullys [Bodl. MS. holes] ben harde to defye, but..whan the hull is awaye it clensyth. 1589Cogan Haven Health x. (1636) 34 Take..Jorden Almonds, and beate them in a Morter with the huls and all on. a1693Urquhart Rabelais iii. xviii. 145 The Bean is not seen till..its swad or hull be shaled. 1847O. A. Brownson Two Brothers Wks. VI. 327 The mere hull without the kernel. 1853C. Morfit Tanning & Currying 75 The horse-chestnut. The hulls, as well as the young fruit, also contain tannin.
βc1380Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. II. 69 Þis sone coveitide to fille his beli wiþ þese holes. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. lxxx. (Bodl. MS.), Some greyne and sede..is ingendred in coddes and holes as it fareþ in benes. c1440Promp. Parv. 242/2 Hoole, or huske (S. hole, P. holl), siliqua. 1724Ramsay Tea-t. Misc. (1733) I. 115 Ilk kind of corn it has it's hool. Mod. Sc. Pea-huils, bean-huils, grosel huils.
b. collectively. The cuticle of grain; bran.
c1450Two Cookery-bks. 105 Take w[h]ete, and bray it in a morter, that al þe hole holl be awey. 1798Trans. Soc. Arts XVI. 206, I take all the hull or bran out of the flour.
2. a. The core of an apple. b. The encompassing calyx of certain fruits.
1883E. C. Rollins New Eng. Bygones 180 Others [apples], mild and fine-grained, were relishable close up to the hulls. 1883Evang. Mag. Oct. 461 We miss the hollow, thimble-like cavity which is seen on turning a raspberry upside-down after pulling it from its ‘hull’.
3. transf. and fig. Something that encases or encloses; a covering, envelope; the case of a chrysalis; pl. clothes, garments.
α1831Carlyle Sart. Res. i. ix, What hadst thou been without thy blankets, and bibs, and other nameless hulls? 1845― Cromwell ix. cciii. (1871) IV. 136 No hulls, leathern or other, can entirely hide it. 1850― Latter-d. Pamph. iii. (1872) 90 They, across such hulls of abject ignorance, have seen into the heart of the matter. 1878Emerson Sovereignty Ethics in N. Amer. Rev. CXXVI. 405 The poor grub..casts its filthy hull, expands into a beautiful form with rainbow wings.
β1718Ramsay Christ's Kirk Gr. iii. xvi, I'se rive frae off ye'r hips the hool. Mod. Sc. (Mother undressing child) Now, out o' your huils!
b. The encompassing membrane of the heart; the pericardium.
a1605Montgomerie Misc. Poems xxviii. 18 Hope micht..fray ane hairt..out of his huill. 1725Ramsay Gentle Sheph. v. i, My heart out of its hool was like to loup. 1785Burns Halloween xxvi, Poor Leezie's heart maist lap the hool.
4.
†a. A hut or hovel. Obs.
b. A sty or pen for animals. north. dial. (Cf. hulk n.1 1.)
a1225Ancr. R. 100 Leswe þine ticchenes bi heordmonne hulen of ris & of leaues. 1570Levins Manip. 185/19 An Hul for hogs, porcile. 1637in Sheffield Gloss. s.v., Tho. Hartley holdeth a cottage at will and a swine hull next the Church lane. a1804J. Mather Songs (1862) 42 (ibid.) Two steps there go up to his hull. 1825Brockett, Hull, a place in which fowls, etc. are confined for the purpose of fattening. 1888Sheffield Gloss. s.v., Pig-hull, rabbit-hull.
5. ‘The house or building of a grinding wheel’ (Sheffield Gloss.).
1831J. Holland Manuf. Metal I. 289 Internally the building is divided into hulls, and these into troughs. 1884Harper's Mag. June 75/1 In the dust of a ‘hull’ of grinding ‘troughs’. 1885St. James's Gaz. 2 Jan. 6/1 Many protective ‘hulls’ are necessary to this handicraft.
▪ II. hull, n.2|hʌl|
[Of obscure origin: not known before c 1550; possibly the same word as hull n.1, but decisive evidence is wanting.
It has been conjectured by some to be identical with the 15–16th c. holl (n. 2), corrupted as early as 1591 to hold (n.2); but, beside the phonetic difficulty, this appears nearly always to mean the internal cavity of the ship (so Du. scheepshol; cf. hole n. 6), and not to be applied like hull to the external framework. There is an equivalent sense of hulk n.2, which, however, is not known before c 1630, and thus does not help the explanation of hull. The following is app. the only quot. which favours the connexion of the word with holl, hole, hold.
c1440Promp. Parv. 243/1 Hoole of a schyppe (K., P. holle), carina.]
1. a. The body or frame of a ship, apart from the masts, sails, and rigging. Also of an airship, flying boat, etc.
1571Digges Pantom. i. xxi. G j a, Till suche time as ye can see the shippe, or rather the very hull next to the water. 1627Capt. Smith Seaman's Gram. ii. 4 By the hull is meant, the full bulke or body of a ship without masts or any rigging from the stem to the sterne. 1676tr. Guillatiere's Voy. Athens 14 We discovered by her Hull she was a Christian Frigot. 1742Woodroofe in Hanway Trav. (1762) I. ii. xvii. 77 The russian government build hulls after the dutch manner fit for shoal water. 1869E. J. Reed Our Iron-Clad Ships ii. 24 Modes of..disposing the armour upon the hulls of our iron-clad ships. 1918Aviation 15 Mar. 231/1 A hull for flying boats having its elevational aspect determined by lines rounding off rearwardly. 1923Gloss. Aeronaut. Terms (B.S.I.) iv. 35 Hull, the main flotation body of a boat sea plane. 1923Glazebrook Dict. Appl. Physics V. 128/2 The curves may be taken as representing the type of distribution which had been found for models of airship hulls. 1936[see air stewardess (air n.1 III. 4)]. 1950Gloss. Aeronaut. Terms (B.S.I.) I. 37 Hull, the main structural and flotation body of a flying boat or boat amphibian. 1951Oxf. Jun. Encycl. IV. 396/2 The hull of a flying boat has a planing bottom like a speedboat.
†b. A dismantled vessel; = hulk n.2 3. Obs.
1582N. Lichefield tr. Castanheda's Conq. E. Ind. lxxv. 154 A certaine ship..Afterward that he had taken the spoyle of the same, hee lefte the Hull in keepinge. 1666Lond. Gaz. No. 59/3 We saw the Admiral made a Hull, and three of the Enemy were fired.
2. Phrases.
a. to lie at († a, on, to) hull (cf. a-hull): = hull v.2 1. Also to lie hull, try a hull, strike (a) hull, in kindred sense.
b. hull down: so far away that the hull is invisible, being below the horizon; also attrib. and fig. Used also of a tank (see quot. 19482). So hull out: with the hull above the horizon.
c. hull-to = a-hull.
a.1556W. Towrson in Hakluyt Voy. (1589) 98 We lay at hull about an hour after. 1582N. Lichefield tr. Castanheda's Conq. E. Ind. xxix. 73 All this time the shippes laye a hull. 1597J. Payne Royal Exch. 33 The ship on hull, the helme on lee. 1634Brereton Trav. (Chetham Soc.) I. 12 In stormy weather they take down their masts, and fish, the vessel lying at hull. 1635Voy. Foxe & James to N. West (Hakluyt Soc.) I. 181 He strooke sayle and lay to hulle. 1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v., To strike a Hull, is to lie closely or obscurely in the sea in a storm. 1773N. Frowde Life etc. 122 Let the Ship drive with the Tempest, and at length, to try a Hull. 1828J. H. Moore's Pract. Navig. (ed. 20) 184 When she lies hull, that is, with all her sails furled. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. s.v., To strike hull in a storm, is to take in her sails and lash the helm on the lee side of the ship, which is termed to lie a-hull.
b.1775Dalrymple in Phil. Trans. LXVIII. 395 The vessel was hull down when they came aboard. 1804Naval Chron. XII. 318 As soon as she was hull out I made sail. 1839T. Beale Sperm Whale 283 Exclaimed, ‘She is hull down’, meaning that..the convexity of the sea between us and the ship was greater than the height of the body of the vessel. 1883Stevenson Silverado Sq. 180 They were hull-down for us behind life's ocean, and we but hailed their topsails on the line. 1899Westm. Gaz. 29 Nov. 1/3 He shook his fist at the hull-down coasting schooner. 1905J. C. Lincoln Partners of Tide xiv. 264 You've got me beat, hull down. 1933‘L. Luard’ All Hands 132 We was goin' to see our Mary [Pickford]. Don't alf 'old with 'er. She's got the rest of 'em 'ull down. 1944Return to Attack (Army Board, N.Z.) 18/1 Using the slight undulations of the desert to get hull down and so present the smallest target, they manœuvred for position. 1948C. Day Lewis Poems 1943–47 29 Alas, hull-down upon hope's ashen verge Hastens the vessel that our joined hands launched. 1948Partridge Dict. Forces' Slang 96 Hull down, a position for tanks and self-propelled guns where only the turret was visible, the rest being protected by a bank or fold in the ground. 1953C. Day Lewis Italian Visit iv. 51 A cloud vibrating In the wash of the hull⁓down sun. 1960C. S. Lewis Studies in Words iv. 105 But ten years later he and Cowley are leagues apart, each ‘hull down’ to the other.
c.1744Lond. Mag. 142 Some of the Weathermost Ships were, at Night, Hull-to. 1794Rigging & Seamanship II. 252* Hull-to, the situation of a ship when she lies with all her sails furled; as in trying.
▪ III. † hull, n.3 Obs.
[cf. hulver.]
Holly.
1557Tusser 100 Points Husb. xlii, Get Iuye and hull, woman deck vp thyne house. 1573― Husb. xviii. (1878) 46 To plots not full ad bremble and hull. 1586W. Webbe Eng. Poetrie (Arb.) 74 Oft did a left hand crow foretell these thinges in her hull tree.
▪ IV. hull, v.1|hʌl|
Forms: see hull n.1
[f. hull n.1]
trans. To remove the hull, shell, or husk of; to strip of the outer covering.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. lxvii. (Bodl. MS.), Pollenta is corne isode ipeled and holed [ed. 1495 hullyd] and ischeled wiþ frotinge of handes. c1430Two Cookery-bks. 33 Take Whyte Pesyn, and hoole hem in þe maner as men don Caboges. 1544T. Phaer Regim. Lyfe (1553) D vij b, To eate barly hulled. 1612Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 346 Take..good Bay-berries, hulled well. 1662H. Stubbe Ind. Nectar ii. 14 They cannot afford to pick or hull their nuts. 1781–5Latham Gen. Synopsis Birds I. 310 (T.) The male will hull the seeds for his consort with his bill. 1880Jamieson's Dict. s.v. Hule, To hule peas. 1890Spectator 1 Nov., Two contrivances, one for irrigating, the other for hulling rice.
b. transf. † (a) To shed (teeth). (b) To pick (fruit) from the encompassing calyx.
1708Lond. Gaz. No. 4442/4 A yellow Dun Stone-horse..now hulling his Teeth. 1884Roe Nat. Ser. Story viii, He brought the strawberries to Amy..and stood near while she..hulled them.
†c. intr. (for refl.) To lose the hulls. Obs.
c1430Two Cookery-bks. 7 Take whete..an stampe with a pestel tyl it hole.
Hence hulling vbl. n., also Comb. in hulling-machine, hulling-mill.
▪ V. hull, v.2|hʌl|
[f. hull n.2]
†1. intr. Naut. Of a ship: To float or be driven by the force of the wind or current on the hull alone; to drift to the wind with sails furled; to lie a-hull. Obs.
1558W. Towrson in Hakluyt Voy. (1589) 130 We lost our maine saile, foresaile, and spreetsaile, and were forced to lye a hulling. 1594Shakes. Rich. III, iv. iv. 438 There they hull, expecting but the aide Of Buckingham, to welcome them ashore. 1627Capt. Smith Seaman's Gram. ix. 40 If that split..then hull, which is to beare no saile. Ibid., They call it hulling also in a calme swelling Sea, which is commonly before a storme, when they strike their sailes lest she should beat them in peeces against the mast by Rowling. 1687B. Randolph Archipelago 100 We were forced to..hull (lye with our head to the wind without any saile). 1708Motteux Rabelais iv. xxi. (1737) 92 What a devilish Sea there Runs? She'll neither try, nor hull.
†b. transf. and fig. Obs.
1599B. Jonson Ev. Man out of Hum. ii. ii. Wks. (Rtldg.) 45/2 He may hull up and down in the humorous World a little longer. 1601Holland Pliny ix. viii. 239 The fish..hulled too and fro with the waves, as if it had beene halfe dead.
2. trans. To strike (a ship) in the hull with cannon shot.
1726G. Shelvocke Voy. round World (1757) 203 We had not a man killed or wounded, although the enemy often hulled us. 1776W. Heath in Sparks Corr. Amer. Rev. (1853) I. 277 The Phœnix was thrice hulled by our shot. 1894Clark Russell Good Ship Mohock II. 128, I did not know but that the Mohock had been hulled and was sinking. 1898Westm. Gaz. 23 May 6/3 The Spaniards say that the hulling of the vessel was accidental.
▪ VI. hull
obs. form of hill v.1, to cover. |