| 释义 |
▪ I. † hulk, n.1 Obs. or dial.|hʌlk|
Forms: 1 hulc, 4– hulk; also 4 helk, 4–6 hulke, 5 hollek.
[OE. hulc hut, prob. going back to an earlier *huluc, a dim. formation from ablaut stem hul- of helan to cover; cf. hull n.1, hole, holl.]
1. A hut, shed, hovel. Obs. or dial.
a1000Laws of Ethelred ii. c. 3 §2 Gyf he..hæbbe oððon hulc ᵹeworhtne, oððon ᵹeteld ᵹeslaᵹen. c1000ælfric Hom. I. 336 He wolde ᵹenealæcan his hulce. c1050Suppl. ælfric's Gloss. in Wr.-Wülcker 185/13 Tugurium, hulc. 1388Wyclif Isa. i. 8 As an hulke in a place where gourdis wexen. 1388― Wisd. xi. 2 Thei maden litle housis [v.rr. housis, ether hulkis; housis, either helkis] in desert places. 1391in Foxe A. & M. (1570) 559/1 In a chappel not hallowed, but accurset sheperds hulke. 14..Nom. in Wr.-Wülcker 726/23 Hoc tugurrium, a hollek. 1827Clare Sheph. Cal. 32 Shepherds, that within their hulks remain.
†2. A hiding-place; or ? hiding, concealment.
c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 8288 Hengist..had don hem skulke In wodes, in hilles, to crepe in hulke.
3. A hull or husk (of fruit, grain, etc.); an outer covering or shell. Obs. or dial.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. cxxxv. (Bodl. MS.), Þe schale [of an acorn] wiþ þe curnel and þe hulke. 1688R. Holme Armoury ii. 85/1 The Hulk, hull, or pill is..any covering of fruit that is thin skinned or easily cut. 1707J. Stevens tr. Quevedo's Com. Wks. (1709) 223 Blown Bladders, nothing but Hulk and Air. a1796Pegge Derbicisms, Hulk, a hull, or husk.
▪ II. hulk, n.2|hʌlk|
Forms: 1 hulc, 5–7 hulke, (6 Sc. houk), 7– hulk, (7 hulck, 9 dial. helk).
[OE. hulc, corresp. to med.L. hulcus, -um, -a; ME. hulke, corresp. to OF. hulke, hulque, houlque, hurque, hourque (fem.), a flat-bottomed transport-ship with prow and poop rounded (Godef.); MDu. hulc, hulke, mod.Du. hulk, MLG. hulk, holk, holke, OHG. holcho, MHG. holche, hülk, mod.G. holk, hülk, hulk: a word of early diffusion among the maritime peoples of Western Europe, of uncertain origin, conjecturally referred to Gr. ὁλκάς a ship that is towed, hence a ship of burthen, a trading vessel, merchantman.]
1. A ship. In an OE. glossary = L. liburna, a light, fast-sailing vessel. But usually, in ME. and later, A large ship of burden or transport, often associated with the carrack. Now arch. and in vague sense = ‘big, unwieldy vessel’.
c1000Latin Laws of Ethelred, De Inst. Lond. c. 2 (13th c.) in Schmid Gesetze 218 Si adveniat ceol vel hulcus. c1050Suppl. ælfric's Gloss. in Wr.-Wülcker 181/28 Liburna, hulc. c1420Lydg. Assembly Gods 88 No shyp..keruell, boot ner barge, Gret karyk, nor hulke. c1440Promp. Parv. 252/2 Hulke, shype, hulcus. 1480Caxton Chron. Eng. ccxliv. (1482) 302 Grete carikkes, hulkes, galeyes and shippes. 1513Douglas æneis x. v. 123 The mekle houk hym bayr was Tryton callit. 1558W. Towrson in Hakluyt Voy. (1589) 120 Two hulkes of Dantzich, the one..a shippe of 400 tunnes. 1611Cotgr., Hourque, a Hulke, or huge Fly-boat. Ibid., Oulque, a Hulke. c1620Z. Boyd Zion's Flowers (1855) 22 Eight persons were in Noah's hulk together. 1670Cotton Espernon iii. ix. 441 One might..have call'd these prodigious Hulks (which were each of them of two thousand Tun) floating Cities, rather than Ships. 1730–46Thomson Autumn 126 The sooty hulk Steered sluggish on. 1885J. Runciman Skippers & Sh. 91 A vast gloomy hulk hove up on his port bow.
fig.1637Gillespie Eng. Pop. Cerem. Ep. A iv, These are the best wares which the bigge hulke of Conformity..hath imported amongst us.
†2. The hull of a ship. Obs.
1632J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 39 The Galley..her hulke painted over with sparkling vermilion. 1687A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 110 These Saiques are like great Barks, having a round hulk. 1829Nat. Philos. Prelim. Treat. 38 (U.K.S.) The back of its shell resembles the hulk of a ship.
3. The body of a dismantled ship (worn out and unfit for sea service) retained in use as a store-vessel, for the temporary housing of crews, for quarantine or other purposes; also applied to vessels specially built for such purposes. (See also sheer-hulk.)
1671Dryden Even. Love Pref., The hulk of Sir Francis Drake. 1681Cotton Wond. Peak 75 Moor'd up with a Chain, Like Drake's old Hulk at Deptford. 1682Lond. Gaz. No. 1756/1 The Hulk rides very securely within, and is..employed in Careening one of His Majesties Ships. 1694Ibid. No. 3017/3 Yesterday was Launched..a new Hulk named the Chatham Hulk, which exceeds all that has been before built of that kind. 1727–41Chambers Cycl., Hulks, are large vessels, having their gun-decks from 113 to 150 feet long, and from 31 to 40 feet broad;..Their chief use is for setting masts into ships, and the like. 1776L. McIntosh in Sparks Corr. Amer. Rev. (1853) I. 163 We sunk a hulk in the channel of the river. 1817J. Evans Excurs. Windsor etc. 467 Those vast ponderous Hulks devoted to the purposes of quarantine.
fig.1883Stevenson Treas. Isl. i. iii, I'm a poor old hulk on a lee shore.
b. A vessel of this kind formerly used as a prison. Usually pl. (See quot. 1864.)
1797Sporting Mag. IX. 284 Major Semple..and another convict..were lodged on board the hulks at Portsmouth. 1834Medwin Angler in Wales I. 151 The sentence of death..would be commuted for—the hulks. 1864Chambers' Bk. of Days II. 67/2 It was as a means of devising a severe mode of punishment short of death that the Hulks on the Thames were introduced, in 1776... These prison-ships have sometimes been constructed for this special purpose, and yet the term ‘hulk’ remains in use as a short and easy designation. 1887Times 26 Aug. 7/5 Prison life..was very unlike what it now is;..the hulks were sinks of iniquity.
attrib.1897P. Warung Old Regime 60 In the moment which succeeded the hulk-warder's words. Ibid. Achieving..a very bad ‘hulk report’ for himself.
4. transf. and fig.
a. A big, unwieldy person.
1597Shakes. 2 Hen. IV, i. i. 19 Harrie Monmouth's Brawne (the Hulke Sir Iohn). a1656Bp. Hall Rem. Wks. (1660) 22 The hulck of a tall Brabanter, behinde whom I stood..shadowed me from notice. 1828Craven Dial., Helk, a large, heavy person. 1859G. Meredith R. Feverel xl, There is something impressive in a great human hulk. 1894Crockett Raiders 58 Think shame o' yersel', ye great hulk.
b. A bulky or unwieldy mass (of anything).
1818Scott Fam. Lett. 17 Jan. (1894) II. xiv. 11 The wind has not stirred a stone of the ugly hulk of stone and lime. 1828Craven Dial., Helks, large white clouds, indicative of a thunder-storm. 1853Kane Grinnell Exp. (1856) 546 These huge ice hulks.
▪ III. hulk, n.3 local. Mining.
[Goes with hulk v.2]
An excavation made in removing the ‘gouge’, etc.
1847–78Halliw., Hulk, an old excavated working. Derb.
▪ IV. † hulk, v.1 Obs. rare.
[? f. hulk n.1 2.]
intr. To hide, lie concealed.
c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 15888 Al þat ilke day he sculked, Among þe pouere men he hulked.
▪ V. hulk, v.2|hʌlk|
[app. a variant of holk v. to hollow out.]
†1. trans. To disembowel. Obs. or dial.
a1611Beaum. & Fl. Philaster v. ii, And with this swashing blow..I could hulk your Grace, and hang you up cross⁓leg'd, Like a Hare at a Poulters. 1688R. Holme Armoury ii. ix. 188/1 [To] Hulk, or Paunch, is to open the Hare, and take out her Garbage. 1741Compl. Fam. Piece ii. i. 302 Take up the Hare, and hulk her. a1825Forby Voc. E. Anglia. 1854A. E. Baker Northampt. Gloss., Hulk, to take out the entrails of a hare or rabbit.
2. Mining. To remove the ‘gouge’ or softer part of a lode before blasting or breaking down the harder part.
1881Raymond Mining Gloss., Dzhu, to cut ahead on one side of a face, so as to increase the efficacy of blasting on the remainder..Also called to hulk.
▪ VI. hulk, v.3|hʌlk|
[f. hulk n.2]
I.
1. trans. †a. To condemn to ‘the hulks’ (see hulk n.2 3 b). b. To lodge (sailors, etc.) temporarily in a hulk.
1827Blackw. Mag. XXII. 453 The poacher was taken, tried, hulked. 1836E. Howard R. Reefer xxix, They were hulked on board of the Pegasus. 1859All Year Round No. 17. 390/2 The Cherbourg authorities don't ‘hulk’ their seamen as we do in narrow, dirty, old-fashioned hulks.
II.
2. intr. To act, hang about, or go in a clumsy, unwieldy, or lazy manner. dial.
c1793Spirit Pub. Jrnls. (1799) I. 76 Before I'd dance attendance upon you..till four or five o'clock in the after⁓noon, while you lie hulking in bed. a1825Forby Voc. E. Anglia s.v., It is said of a lazy lout, who has nothing to do, and desires to have nothing, that he goes hulking about from place to place, seemingly watching for opportunities to pilfer.
3. (With up.) To rise bulkily or massively.
1880Blackmore Mary Anerley I. vi. 65 This is the chump of the spine of the Wolds, which hulks up at last into Flamborough Head. 1892Daily News 17 Sept. 5/4 The working man is getting his body back again into good condition..He is hulking-up, as we say. |