| 释义 |
▪ I. housing, n.1|ˈhaʊzɪŋ|
[f. house v.1 or n.1 + -ing1.]
1. The action of the verb house, in various senses: † building of houses (obs.); putting or enclosing in a house; furnishing or provision of houses; dwelling or lodging in a house.
1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xv. 76 Freres..folilich spenen In housyng, in haterynge, and in-to hiegh clergye shewynge. 1626Bacon Sylva §412 The Housing of Plants..will..Accelerate Germination. 1681N. Resbury Serm. Fun. Sir A. Broderick 6 Noah's housing in the Ark. 1698Fryer in Phil. Trans. XX. 346 Their Constitutions, and Customs, Housing, Cloathing. 1848Rep. U.S. Comm. Patents 1847 168 The tobacco was hardly worth the housing. 1850Rep. Comm. Patents: Agric. 1849 (U.S. Dept. Agric.) 321 This mode is pursued easily by simply splitting..the plant..before it is cut down for housing. 1930A. P. Herbert Water Gipsies viii. 96 Honest John Raven worked hard and late at the office, and sometimes brought home papers with him, or if not he talked ‘housing’ or threw off little anecdotes about ‘National Insurance’. 1973Oxford Times 9 Nov. 9/4 One problem we both have is of course that of housing.
2. a. Shelter of a house, or such as that of a house; house accommodation; lodging.
a1300Cursor M. 8591 Þai had husing nan to wale. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 11073 Of wode and water, hey and gres, Of housyng. c1489Caxton Blanchardyn liii. 204 Noo housyng nor no retrayt was nyghe..where they myght be lodged. 1589Puttenham Eng. Poesie i. ix. (Arb.) 39 The shepheardes tente or pauillion, the best housing. 1690Locke Govt. ii. xiii. (Rtldg.) 157 Scarce so much housing as a sheepcote. 1702C. Mather Magn. Chr. iii. iii. (1852) 558 Their housing is nothing but a few mats tyed about poles fastened in the earth. 1849Ruskin Sev. Lamps iv. §5. 98 The soft housing of the bird's nest.
b. Houses or buildings collectively; house-property; spec. a collection of outhouses or adjoining buildings attached to a house (dial. sometimes confused with housen, pl. of house).
a1400Morte Arth. 1284 Thise hende..Be-helde þe howsyng fulle hye of Hathene kynges. 1446in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) I. 339 Housyng sufficeant as wel for stables and hayhouses as for other of his beestis to be eased in. c1550Lever in Strype Mem. Eccl. (1721) II. ii. xxiv. 449 It is the common Custom with covetous Landlords, to let their Housing so decay, that the Farmer shall be fain..to give up his Lease. 1682Wood Life 6 Nov. (O.H.S.) III. 28 These housing belongs to Arthur Tyllyard by vertue of a lease from Oriel. 1716B. Church Hist. Philip's War (1867) II. 107 He..coming there found several Housing and small Fields of Corn. 1818Hallam Mid. Ages iii. ii. (1872) I. 465 Our housing is valued at 7,000,000 ducats; its annual rental at 500,000.
c. A house or building.
1399Langl. Rich. Redeles iii. 217 He wondrid..þat þe hie housinge herborowe ne myghte Halfdell þe houshould. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 424 a/1 He must make his habytacyon or howsyng more spacious & gretter than hit was. 1588–9Act 31 Eliz. c. 7 §1 Nor convert..anye Buyldinge or Howsinge..as a Cottage for habitacion. 1831Landor Misc. Wks. 1846 II. 637 Above the housings of the village dames.
†3. Arch. A canopied niche for a statue, a ‘tabernacle’; also collect. tabernacle-work. Obs.
1463Bury Wills (Camden) 37 An ymage of our lady, sitting or stondyng, in an howsyng of free stoon. 1516in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) II. 243 A Rodeloft..wyth Imagery and howsynge. 1521in C. Welch Tower Bridge 66 [New statues] set in howsinges of frestone. [1879S. Waterton Pietas Mariana 262 Tabernacles were canopied niches. In ancient contracts they were also called maisons, habitacles, hovels, and howsings.]
4. Naut.
a. A covering or roofing for a ship when laid up, or under stress of weather.
b. The part of a lower mast between the heel and the upper deck, or of the bowsprit between the stem and the knight-heads.
c. = house-line: see house n.1 24.
†d. housing-in: see house v.1 8 (obs.).
1627Capt. Smith Seaman's Gram. xi. 52 The howsing in of a Ship is when shee is past the bredth of her bearing she is brought in narrow to her vpper workes. 1821A. Fisher Voy. Arctic Reg. 142 We have now got the housing over the ships. 1853Kane Grinnell Exp. xxviii. (1856) 232 A housing of thick felt was drawn completely over the deck. c1860H. Stuart Seaman's Catech. 74 From the heel to the upper deck is called housing. From the step to the stem [of bowsprit] is called housing. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Housing, or House-line, a small line formed of three fine strands smaller than rope-yarn.
5. Carpentry. (See quot.)
1823P. Nicholson Pract. Build. Gloss. 586 Housing, the space excavated out of one body for the insertion of some part of the extremity of another, in order to unite or fasten the same together. 1858Skyring's Builders' Prices (ed. 48) 57 Housings under four inches girt.
6. Mech.
a. ‘One of the plates or guards on the railway-carriage or truck, which form a lateral support for the axle-boxes.’
b. ‘The framing holding a journal-box.’ spec. A massive metal frame or pillar that supports one end of a set of rolls in a rolling mill.
c. ‘The uprights supporting the cross-slide of a planer’ (Knight Dict. Mech. 1875).
1869H. S. Osborn Metallurgy of Iron & Steel iii. iv. 771 (heading) View of a housing, and section of rollers and foundation. 1882Engineer 24 Feb. 133/1 The screw in each housing is turned to reduce the space between the rolls. 1938Extension Course Ferrous Metall. (Penn. State Coll.) (ed. 2) II. xii. 203 The housings are very heavy cast iron or steel frames, designed to support the rolls and adjusting mechanism securely in place. 1965M. H. T. Alford tr. Tselikov & Smirnov's Rolling Mills v. 135 The weight of housings is taken by their feet which bear on the foundations through girders.
d. A structure that supports and encloses the bearings at the end of an axle or shaft; a journal-box. Hence more widely, a rigid case or cover that encloses and protects an axle or any other mechanism or piece of apparatus.
1889Cent. Dict., Housing, a housing-box; a journal-box. 1915V. W. Pagé Model T Ford Car iii. 111 The bevel pinion meshes with a large bevel gear..which is attached to the differential housing. 1916J. E. Homans Automobile Handbk. xvi. 177 The housings of the oil pump, water pump, [etc.]. 1922L. Bell Telescope x. 242 The housing, just big enough to take in the equatorial with the tube turned low, opens on the south side and then can be rolled northward on its track..well clear of the instrument. 1935Times 2 Oct. 6/5 Helical springs working in a closed oil-filled housing. 1949Frazee & Bedell Automotive Fundamentals viii. 458 In conventional automobiles and trucks, the rear-axle housing supports the rear-end load on the road wheels. In addition, the housing contains the driving mechanism and carries the rear-wheel bearings. 1958Times 9 May 13/7 The safety housings on the toggle switches. 1962Which? Car Suppl. Oct. 139/2 The water pump to heater hose was chafing on thermostat housing. 1968P. H. Smith Triumph Autobk. Two (ed. 2) vii. 101/1 The outer ends of the axle⁓shafts are carried in trunnion mounted bearing housings which are attached to vertical pressed steel links. 1972Sci. Amer. Jan. 68 (Advt.), A large diascopic illuminator and a set of episcopic illuminators; a 4 × 5{pp} bellows..; a mirror reflex housing; and a sensitive spot meter.
7. attrib. and Comb. as housing association, housing problem, housing project, housing question, housing reform, housing scheme, housing site, housing unit; housing-bearer, -frame, the frame in which the rollers of an iron-rolling mill are set; housing-bolt, a bolt used in housing a gun on deck; housing-box = journal-box; housing development [development 3 d], the act or process of planning and building a group of houses (a housing estate) and associated services on a site; housing list, a waiting-list for council houses; housing-ring (see quot. 1867); housing-sail, a sail used for housing a ship; housing screw, a screw by means of which the rollers in a rolling mill can be adjusted and the thickness of the metal controlled.
1957Act 5 & 6 Eliz. II c. lvi. §189 ‘*Housing association’ means a society, body of trustees or company established for the purpose of..facilitating or encouraging the construction or improvement of houses. 1970Internat. & Compar. Law Q. XIX. ii. 205 Discussion inevitably ranged into such related topics as..housing associations and co-operatives. 1971P. Gresswell Environment 131 The main object of Housing Associations is to provide houses to let for local people.
1859F. A. Griffiths Artil. Man. (1862) 236 No. 1..sees the gun laid square between the *housing-bolts.
1951Amer. City Sept. 104/1 The builders of Lakewood Park..envisioned the building of a community, including parks, play grounds, schools, churches, and a major shopping center. More than 30,000 people are already living in the 7,200 homes..that have been completed. There is a fact more than bigness, however, that puts this *housing development among the pioneers. 1959N. Mailer Advts. for Myself (1961) 153 He looks down six stories into the giant quadrangle of the Queens housing development.
1920Times 18 Nov. 9/4 It will afford.. much-needed means of access to the L.C.C. *Housing Estate at Dagenham. 1931Economist 12 Dec. 1136/2 Weaker [building] societies may become mere appanages of speculative builders, agents, and other interests concerned with ‘housing-estate’ exploitation. 1936W. Holtby South Riding i. vi. 68 More land for housing estates. 1956J. M. Mogey Family & Neighbourhood 73 The housing-estate family developed a much more critical attitude. 1964M. Argyle Psychol. & Social Probl. xv. 183 The Census of 1961 showed that more people than before live in suburbs and housing estates.
1952M. Laski Village xiii. 181 Roy had put his name down on the *housing-list at the Town Hall. 1968L. Berg Risinghill 46 The bannisters broke and she fell down the stairs and broke her leg. She's been on the housing list twenty-five years.
1899S. A. Barnett in H. Barnett Canon Barnett (1918) II. xlix. 311 The *housing problem..is bound up with the industrial problem, with the education problem, with the social problem, and with the religious problem. 1911G. B. Shaw Getting Married Pref. 117 They were content to have the whole national housing problem treated on a basis of one room for two people. 1947Tribune 24 Jan. 12/1 They began talking about the housing problem. 1973Guardian 18 May 16/1 One of the reasons for Britain's housing problem is that many houses are in the wrong place.
1938Jrnl. Social Forces May 528 (title) Some eighteenth century *housing projects in France. 1967S. Sontag Death Kit (1968) 10 All the housing projects are unadorned boxes built of brick. 1970Globe & Mail (Toronto) 25 Sept. B7/5 A $1,644,512 loan for a 139-unit apartment house in a Hamilton low rental housing project.
1899Daily News 19 July 5/5 Milner had charge of the *Housing Question after the boom was launched.
1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., *Housing-rings, ring-bolts over the lower deck-ports, through the beam-clamps, to which the muzzle-lashings of the guns are passed when housed.
1856Kane Arct. Expl. II. iii. 42 The *housing-sails have been blown off by the storm.
1903W. Thompson Housing Handbk. p. v, The past twelve years, spent in..the promotion of a number of *housing schemes. 1918Lloyd George Slings & Arrows (1929) 199 Your housing schemes must, in the majority of cases, be schemes outside the house. 1966J. Betjeman High & Low 22 We pounded through a housing scheme.
1874Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. I. 352 The top and bottom rolls are simultaneously raised or lowered by four *housing screws. 1951Engineering 5 Jan. 2/1 The housing screws are of 0·5 per cent. forged carbon steel.
1926Daily Chron. 13 May 2/7 Work on a Bristol *housing site has stopped owing to transport difficulties. 1972Country Life 30 Nov. 1487/1 Every housing site has its own unique character.
1951M. McLuhan Mech. Bride 38/2 It means an extension of *housing units. 1970G. Greer Female Eunuch 227 No clever orientation of clean and efficient housing units..can break down the suspicion that the Oedipal unit feels.
▪ II. housing, n.2|ˈhaʊzɪŋ|
Forms: 5 howssynge, husynge, 7 howzen, 7–9 howsing, 7– housing.
[f. house n.2 and v.2 + -ing1.]
1. A covering, esp. of cloth or the like. (Often in pl.) Rare in gen. sense.
c1400Rowland & O. 749 Ryalle howssynges þay by-gan Of pauylyouns proudly pighte. 1483Cath. Angl. 193/2 An Husynge of a nutte, folliculus..theca. 1585Lupton Thous. Notable Th. (N.), Be sure you cover them with warm housings of straw. 1748Smollett Rod. Rand. (1812) I. 293 A pair of silver mounted pistols with rich housings. 1858Holland Titcomb's Lett. i. 92 [They] will see you, and not your housings and trappings. 1871R. Ellis Catullus lxiv. 234 See that on each straight yard down droop their funeral housings. 1890W. H. St. J. Hope in Archæol. LII. 692 Interesting from preserving entire its original case or howsing.
2. spec. A cloth covering put on a horse or other beast for defence or ornament; caparison, trappings.
1645Evelyn Diary May, The cattle used for draught..are cover'd with housings of linnen fring'd at the bottome, that dangle about them, preserving them from flyes. 1782J. Adams Diary 14 Sept. Wks. 1851 III. 274 He was mounted upon a noble English horse, with an embroidered housing, and a white silk net. 1808Scott Marm. iv. vii, From his steed's shoulder, loin, and breast, Silk housings swept the ground. 1892Stevenson Across the Plains 92 A horse or two..making a fine figure with their Mexican housings.
b. ‘A small square pad, which lies on the horse's back, to which most of the harness is fixed’ (Felton Carriages, Gloss.).
1794W. Felton Carriages (1801) II. 132 The housing or pad, a small saddle cut in different shapes, but mostly of a long square.
c. ‘The leather fastened at a horse's collar to turn over the back when it rains’ (Halliwell).
3. attrib. and Comb., as housing-cloth, a cloth used for a housing.
1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 287 Lay a housing cloth upon the same to keep his back as warm as may be. 1617Assheton Jrnl. (Chetham Soc.) 94 My housing-cloth stolen out of the stable. 1794W. Felton Carriages (1801) II. 135 The Newmarket strap; a strap with a buckle and loop, by which the collar is hung to the housing, at a proper distance; it is placed round the collar-buckle and housing-bridge. Ibid. Gloss., Housing Cushion, the soft stuffed under part of the housing.
▪ III. housing, ppl. a.|ˈhaʊzɪŋ|
[f. house v.1 + -ing2.]
That houses: see quots. and house v.1
1627[see house v.1 8]. 1703T. N. City & C. Purchaser 182 When a Tile, or Brick is warped, or cast crooked or hollow in burning, they then say such a Brick, or Tile is Housing; they are apt to be housing..on the struck side. 1810Scott Lady of L. vi. xxix, Hum of housing bee. |