| 释义 |
homology|həʊˈmɒlədʒɪ|
[ad. late L. homologia, a. Gr. ὁµολογία agreement, assent, f. ὁµόλογος homologous. Cf. F. homologie.]
Homologous quality or condition; sameness of relation; correspondence.
1. In general sense. (Before 19th c. only in Dicts.)
1656Blount Glossogr., Homology, an agreement. 1721Bailey, Homology, Proportion, Agreeableness. 1871Darwin Desc. Man I. ii. 59 We find in distinct languages striking homologies due to community of descent. 1875O. W. Holmes Crime & Autom. in Old Vol. Life (1891) 325 The plain law of homology, which declares that like must be compared with like.
2. Biol. Correspondence in type of structure (of parts or organs); see homologous 2. (Distinguished from analogy 9.) Also, that branch of Biology or Comparative Anatomy which deals with such correspondences.
general homology, the relation of an organ or organism to the general type. lateral homology, the relation of corresponding parts on the two sides of the body. serial homology, the relation of corresponding parts forming a series in the same organism (e.g. legs, vertebræ, leaves). special homology, the correspondence of a part or organ in one organism with the homologous part in another (e.g. of a horse's ‘knee’ with the human wrist).
1835–6Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 525/2 The cephalic processes..have no real homology with the locomotive extremities of the Vertebrata. 1846Owen in Rep. Brit. Assoc. 175 The correspondency of a part or organ..with a part or organ in a different animal..(i.e.) special homology. Ibid., A higher relation of homology is that in which a part..stands to the fundamental or general type..(i.e.) general homology. 1855Bain Senses & Int. iii. ii. §28 The homologies of the skeleton imply a wide range of similarities. 1859Darwin in Life & Lett. (1887) II. 240 Homology and Embryology. 1871H. Macmillan True Vine 99 From the leaf..all the floral organs are developed, and to it..all parts are reducible by homology. 1872Nicholson Biol. 42 Lateral homology consists in the structural identity of the parts on the two sides of the body. 1878Bell Gegenbaur's Comp. Anat. 63 We distinguish, accordingly, physiological likeness, or Analogy, from morphological likeness, or Homology.
b. Path. Of a morbid growth: see homologous 2 b.
1871T. H. Green Introd. Pathol. (1873) 106 A knowledge of the homology or heterology of a growth. 1878[see heterology].
3. Chem. The relation of the compounds forming a homologous series: see homologous 3.
1876Johnson's New Univ. Cycl. II. 979 Homology, a term expressing a principle in the chemistry of organic compounds..first introduced by the illustrious Gerhardt.
4. Mod. Geom. The relation of two figures in the same plane, such that every point in each corresponds to a point in the other, and collinear points in one correspond to collinear points in the other; every straight line joining a pair of corresponding points passes through a fixed point called the centre of homology, and every pair of corresponding straight lines in the two figures intersect on a fixed straight line called the axis of homology.
1879[see homologous 1 b]. 1885C. Leudesdorf Cremona's Proj. Geom. 11 Two corresponding straight lines therefore always intersect on a fixed straight line, which we may call s; thus the given figures are in homology, O being the centre, and s the axis, of homology. |