| 释义 |
redundant, a. and n.|rɪˈdʌndənt|
[ad. L. redundant-em, pple. of redundāre to redound.]
A. adj.
1. a. Superabundant, superfluous, excessive.
1604R. Cawdrey Table Alph., Redundant, ouerflowing, or abounding too much. 1642Fuller Holy & Prof. St. iii. xv. 190 An Heteroclite in Nature, with some member defective or redundant. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. i. 129 When the latent Vice is cur'd by Fire, Redundant Humours thro' the pores expire. 1763Emerson Meth. Increm. 23 To expunge any redundant factor, put in its stead any other factor which is equivalent to it. 1794S. Williams Hist. Vermont 97 The beavers always leave sluices or passages near the middle for the redundant waters to pass off. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. xix. IV. 320 Devising new schemes for the employment of redundant capital. 1869E. A. Abbott Shaks. Gram. 96 A somewhat different case of the redundant object. 1879T. Bryant Pract. Surg. II. 5 The redundant mass is to be dissected off.
b. Characterized by superfluity or excess in some respect; having some additional or superfluous part, element, or feature. Also const. in.
1645Fuller Good Th. in Bad T. (1841) 25 It grieved me at the first to see our translation defective; but it offended me afterwards, to see the other redundant. 1655― Ch. Hist. ii. i. §5 This..will make our Belief to demurre to the Truth of his so frequent Miracles, being so Redundant in working them on Triviall Occasions. 1674S. Jeake Arith. (1696) 169 Improper Fractions are redundant. 1725Watts Logic iii. ii. §6 All these four kinds of syllogisms..may be called redundant, because they have more than three propositions. 1751Johnson Rambler No. 88 ⁋15 Milton frequently uses..the hypermetrical or redundant line of eleven syllables. 1830Mackintosh Progr. Eth. Philos. Wks. 1846 I. 148 The naturally copious and flowing style of the author is generally redundant. 1856Macready in Four C. Eng. Lett. (1880) 513 You make inquiry of me whether it is true that, in my youth, my action was redundant, and that I took extraordinary pains to chasten it?
c. spec. in redundant chord, redundant hyperbola, redundant interval, redundant noun: (see quots.).
1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Redundant Nouns, (in Grammar) are those that have a Number or particular Case more than is usual. 1710J. Harris Lex. Techn. II, Redundant Hyperbola is one so called, because it exceeds the Conical Sections, in the Number of its Hyperbolical Legs; being a Triple Hyperbola with six Hyperbolical Legs. 1753Chambers Cycl. Supp., Redundant interval, in music, is used for an interval exceeding the truth by a comma. Some apply redundant to an interval exceeding a diatonic interval by a semitone minor; but this is more usually called a superfluous interval. 1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVI. 36/1 What the French call une accord superflue, which we have translated a redundant chord. 1866Cayley Math. Papers (1892) V. 360 In the former case, the asymptotes are all real, and we have the redundant hyperbola.
d. Engin. Of a component of a framework, or a force or moment on it: capable of being removed without causing loss of rigidity. Hence of a framework: containing more than the minimum number of components necessary for rigidity.
1890Jrnl. Assoc. Engin. Societies IX. 242 (heading) Deflection of framed structures and the distribution of stresses over redundant members. 1908E. S. Andrews Theory & Design of Structures xi. 290 Redundant frames have the following disadvantages:—(1) Any stress in one member caused by bad fitting or change of temperature causes stress in all the other members. 1929Niles & Newell Airplane Structures xiv. 316 In any redundant structure, the distribution of stresses will be such that not only are the conditions of equilibrium satisfied, but also that the deformations of all parts of the structure will be consistent with respect to each other. 1953C.-K. Wang Statically Indeterminate Structures i. 4 In analyzing indeterminate structures it is necessary to have as many extra conditions, in addition to those of statics, as there are redundant reactions. 1976A. C. Palmer Structural Mech. vii. 147 Determine the number of redundant forces (or moments) for each of the plane frames in Figure 7.22.
e. Of a person: no longer needed at work; unemployed because of reorganization, mechanization, change in demand, etc.
1928Britain's Industr. Future (Liberal Industr. Inquiry) xxv. 358 We reach, finally, the pressing, but difficult, problem of the redundant workers. When everything possible has been done..there is little doubt that we shall still have to deal with a large surplus of labour in the coal-mining industry. 1934J. B. Priestley Eng. Journey x. 346 You may do a good stroke of work by declaring the Stockton shipyards ‘redundant’, but you cannot pretend that all the men who used to work in those yards are merely ‘redundant’ too. 1956Times 21 July 7/5 Redundant workers.. workers dismissed on the score of redundancy. 1958Spectator 30 May 713/3 Over five thousand other men were rendered redundant. 1969H. E. Bates Vanished World xii. 156 Nowadays,..it would no doubt be said that I became redundant. I prefer the old way: I was unexpectedly sacked. 1974C. Hill Scorpion 49, I rang his office... He doesn't work there any more. He was made redundant about two months ago. 1976Milton Keynes Express 30 July 9/3 He had been made redundant and needed money.
f. Of a language: containing material which is predictable from context or a knowledge of its structure; also of a language feature, predictable in this way.
1954G. A. Miller et al. in J. S. Bruner Beyond Information Given (1974) iii. 59 If a language is highly redundant, the relative information per symbol is much lower than it would be if successive symbols in a message could be chosen independently. 1965W. S. Allen Vox Latina 78 Towards the end of a word sounds tend to become more ‘redundant’, i.e. predictable in terms of what has already been uttered. 1979E. H. Gombrich Sense of Order iv. 104 If the message reads that the meeting was suspended for lack of a q.u.o.r.u.m. every successive letter can be said to be increasingly redundant.
2. Abounding to excess or fullness; plentiful, copious, exuberant:
a. of material things.
In mod. examples only after Milton's use.
1671Milton Samson 568 These redundant locks Robustious to no purpose clustring down. 1730Arbuthnot Aliments iv. 83 Notwithstanding the redundant Oil in Fishes, they do not increase Fat so much as Flesh. 1755Doddridge in Palmer Bk. of Praise (1862) 286 Thy hand in autumn richly pours Through all our coasts redundant stores. 1789E. Darwin Bot. Gard. ii. i. 201 Redundant folds of glossy silk surround Her slender waist, and trail upon the ground. 1814Wordsw. Laodameia 59 Redundant are thy locks. 1848A. Jameson Sacr. & Leg. Art (1850) 49 Rubens gives us strong well-built youths with redundant yellow hair.
b. of immaterial things, qualities, etc.
1695J. Edwards Perfect. Script. 3 Where words are few, but the sense is full and redundant. 1784Cowper Task i. 226 With foliage of such dark redundant growth. 1853Kane Grinnell Exp. viii. (1856) 57 The materials thus afforded in redundant profusion are rapidly converted into icebergs. 1893Liddon, etc. Life Pusey I. xvii. 397 This petition, marked by the redundant earnestness and sustained intensity, which were his characteristics.
c. Characterized by copiousness, fullness, or abundance. Also const. of, with.
a1653G. Daniel Vpon Reading, etc. 24 Y⊇ Copious East Ransack'd, & ioyn'd to y⊇ Redundant West. 1755Young Centaur iv. Wks. 1757 IV. 203 Thou Father of all mercies! of mercy redundant, inexhaustible, source! 1814Southey Ode during War w. Amer. xii, Queen of the Seas! enlarge thyself; Redundant as thou art of life and power. 1853Marsden Early Purit. 243 Henry Smith had preached at St. Clement Danes in rich redundant periods. 1876Blackie Songs Relig. & Life 233 Growth the fairest and the sweetest In the green redundant bower.
†3.
a. ? In swelling waves, wave-like. Obs.
1667Milton P.L. ix. 503 His circling Spires, that on the grass Floted redundant. 1726Pope Odyss. xviii. 342 Down from the swelling loins, the vest unbound Floats in bright waves redundant o'er the ground.
†b. Swelling up; overflowing. Obs.
1719Young Busiris iv. i, Redundant Nile, Broke from its channel, overswells the pass. 1768–74Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 30 Nor will it be incongruous to represent Him..riding in whirlwinds, upheaving redundant seas.
†4. Redounding, resulting. Obs. rare—1.
1654tr. Scudery's Curia Pol. 154 With glory or dishonour redundant to my self in those mighty undertakings.
B. n.
1.
†a. Something redundant; spec. a redundant noun or chord (see 1 c). Also fig. Obs.
1612Brinsley Pos. Parts (1669) 106 Heteroclits called Redundants. 1640Fuller Joseph's Coat 174 Let us not willingly bee Heteroclites from his will; either Defectiues, to doe too little, or Redundants, to doe too much. 1650― Pisgah ii. x. 217 The Giants bred in Philistia..being Heteroclites, redundants from the rules of nature. 1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVI. 36/2 The third redundant consists of two tones and a semi-tone.
b. Engin. A redundant component of a framework (see sense A. 1 d above).
1953C.-K. Wang Statically Indeterminate Structures i. 5 When the equations are solved and the redundants found, they can be put back on the given indeterminate structure and the remaining reactions solved by the equations of statics. 1976A. C. Palmer Structural Mech. vii. 138 Although the frame was three times redundant, this extra piece of information enabled us to reduce the number of unknown redundants to two.
2. A person who leaves his job because of redundancy (sense 2 b); = redundantee.
1975Times 4 Aug. 12/1 A call for volunteer redundants has not fallen on deaf ears.
Hence reˈdundantize v. trans., to make (a person) redundant (fortunately rare.—R.W.B.); reˈdundantly adv.
1680Dalgarno Deaf & Dumb Man's Tutor 17 The one is still running the same round,..hearing the same words redundantly. 1717Berkeley Jrnl. Tour in Italy 27 Jan., Façade of the Jesuits' church ornamented but not redundantly. 1755Redundantly, in Johnson and later Dicts. 1783Mason tr. Du Fresnoy's Art Paint. 768 Yet more than these to meditation's eyes, Great Nature's self redundantly supplies. 1949Picture Post 19 Nov. 22/1 The blameless little men, so many of whom have been and will be ‘redundantised’. |