| 释义 |
▪ I. Hessian, a. and n.1|ˈhɛsɪən|
[f. Hesse, a grand duchy of Germany + -ian.]
A. adj. Of or pertaining to Hesse in Germany.
Hessian bellows, a kind of bellows with the fan inside to furnish the blast; Hessian bit, ‘a peculiar kind of jointed bit for bridles’ (Ogilvie); Hessian boot, a kind of high boot, with tassels in front at the top, first worn by the Hessian troops, and fashionable early in the 19th century; Hessian crucible (see quot. 1874); Hessian fly, a fly or midge (Cecidomyia destructor), of which the larva is very destructive to wheat; so named, because it was erroneously supposed to have been carried into America by the Hessian troops, during the War of Independence.
1677Plot Oxfordsh. 250 He hath discovered also the mystery of the Hessian wares. 1705Phil. Trans. XXV. 1992 A Furnace, to which the Hessian Bellows will be very useful. 1787M. Cutler in Life Jrnls. & Corr. (1888) I. 246 Here I saw the Hessian fly, as it is called, which has done immense injury to wheat. 1807T. Thomson Chem. (ed. 3) II. 92 Their method of proceeding was to apply a violent heat to the earths, which were surrounded with charcoal in a Hessian crucible. 1816Kirby & Sp. Entomol. (1856) 26 In 1788 an alarm was excited in this country by the probability of importing, in cargoes of wheat from North America, the insect known by the name of the Hessian fly. 1833Marryat P. Simple i. (1863) 5 A man..dressed in blue cotton-net pantaloons and Hessian boots. 1874Knight Dict. Mech. 652/1 Hessian crucibles are made of the best fire-clay and coarse sand..They are used in this country [United States] in all experiments where fluxes are needed. 1890E. A. Ormerod Injur. Insects (ed. 2) 79 The year 1886 was memorable, agriculturally, for the appearance of the Hessian Fly as a pest of the Wheat and Barley in Great Britain. 1897Sir A. West in 19th Cent. Apr. 640 In the early days of Her Majesty's reign..Hessian boots were common: the last man to wear them was Mr. Stephenson, a Commmissioner of Excise..who wore them to the day of his death in 1858.
B. n.
1. A native of Hesse in Germany; a soldier of or from that country.
1729A. Irwin Let. 1 Feb. in 15th Rep. Hist. MSS. Commission App. VI. (1897) 56 The House..voted 30,000 English and 12,000 Hessians, which is the same number I think we had last year. 1776Jrnls. Continental Congress (1906) V. 640 The Hessians, and other foreigners, employed by the King of Great Britain. 1846Knickerbocker XXVII. 559 A Montreal editor [noted] the demise at that city of an old Hessian who was in Burgoyne's army when he surrendered. 1872C. Gibbon For the King xi, Everything depended on the whim of the dragoons and Hessians.
2. In U.S., A military or political hireling, a mercenary.
From the employment of Hessian troops by the British government in the American War of Independence. During the War of Secession, it was again used in the South as a term of obloquy for the Federal soldiers.
1877in Bartlett Dict. Amer.
3. (hessians.) Short for Hessian boots (see A).
1806Lamb Mr. H― i. Wks. 578 Blank Dr. to Zedkiel Spanish for one pair of best hessians. 1888Daily Tel. 1 June 5/1 Plain blue surtout, the buckskins and hessians..of Wellington at Waterloo.
4. A strong coarse cloth, made of a mixture of hemp and jute, employed for the packing of bales (Dict. Needlework 1882).
1881Young Every Man his own Mechanic 366 A piece of strong canvas or hessian should be tacked to the edges of the board. 1891Times 28 Sept. 3/5 The demand for hessians has fallen off a little.
▪ II. Hessian, n.2 Math.|ˈhɛsɪən|
[Named after Dr. Otto Hesse of Königsberg, who showed (in 1844) the importance of this covariant.]
The Jacobian of the first derivatives of a function.
1856Cayley in Phil. Trans. CXLVI. 636 The Hessian is the determinant formed with the second differential co⁓efficients or derived functions of the quantic with respect to the several facients. 1880R. F. Scott Theory Determin. 143 Jacobians and Hessians belong to that class of functions known as covariants. 1895Elliott Algebra of Quantics 14. |