| 释义 |
▪ I. herd, n.1|hɜːd|
Forms: 1 heord, hiord, 2–3 heorde, (3 hierde), 3– herd; also 3–5 hird, 4 hyrde, 4–6 herde, 5–6 heerd, 6–7 heard.
[Com. Teut.: OE. heord str. fem. = OLG. *herda (MLG. herde), OHG. herta (MHG. hert(e, Ger. herde), ON. hjǫrð (Sw., Da. hjord), Goth. hairda:—OTeut. *herdâ- = pre-Teut. *kerdhâ: cf. Skr. çárdha-s troop, OSlav. črêda herd, flock.]
1. a. A company of domestic animals of one kind, kept together under the charge of one or more persons. (The notion of a keeper is now little present, and the sense is scarcely distinct from 2.)
a1000Ags. Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 274/18 Arimentum, hiord. c1000Ags. Gosp. Matt. xxvi. 31 Þurh þæs hyrdes sleᵹe byð seo heord todræfed. c1000ælfric Exod. iii. 1 He draf his heorde to inneweardum ðam westene. 1484Caxton Fables of æsop iii. vi, The wulf whiche is enemy of thy heerd. 1526Tindale Mark v. 11 Ther was there nye vnto the mountayns a greate heerd of swyne fedinge. 1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. i. (1586) 3 b, My heardes of cattel lowing hard by me. a1700Dryden Ovid's Met. i. Wks. 1808 XII. 90 With this he did a herd of goats controul. 1750Gray Elegy i, The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea. 1865H. H. Dixon Field & Fern vii. 134 A well-known breeder has a herd of shorthorns.
b. As contrasted with flock (see flock n.1 3), esp. in the phrase herds and flocks, herd is restricted to cattle or bovine domestic animals.
1587Golding De Mornay i. 5 But the tame..do naturally liue in flockes and heardes. 1596Bp. W. Barlow Three Serm. i. 16 Heards and flockes of cattle and sheepe perish. 1611Bible Lev. xxvii. 32 Concerning the tithe of the herd, or of the flock. 1740C. Pitt æneid iii. (R.), Our flocks to slaughter, and our herds destroy. 1873C. Robinson N.S. Wales 29 Multitudinous as our flocks and herds have become.
†c. fig. A spiritual flock: cf. flock n.1 4. Obs.
c1000Inst. Polity in Thorpe Anc. Laws II. 304 Þæ t he sy..rihtwis hyrde ofer cristene heorde. c1175Lamb. Hom. 95 Erest he scal hine seolfne wið sunnan isteoran and seoððan his heorde. 1612Two Noble K. i. iv, The impartial gods, who from the mounted heavens View us their mortal herd, behold who err.
2. a. A company of animals of any kind, feeding or travelling in company; a school (of whales, porpoises, etc.).
c1205Lay. 305 Heo funden ane heorde of heorten. c1250Gen. & Ex. 2988 And gnattes hird ðor ðicke up-wond. c1385Chaucer L.G.W. 1212 Dido, The hirde of hertis Is I-founde a-non. c1440Promp. Parv. 236/2 Heerde, or flok of beestys, what so euyr they be, polia. c1470in Hors, Shepe & G. etc. (Caxton 1479, Roxb. repr.) 30 An Herde of swannys, An Herde of cranys, An Herde of wrennys, An Herde of alle dere. 1590Spenser F.Q. iii. vii. 1 An Hynd forth singled from the heard. 1675H. Teonge Diary (1825) 7 The porpuses com in heards on boath syds the ship. 1697Dryden æneid vii. 21 Herds of howling wolves that stun the sailors ears. 1735Somerville Chase iii. 324 The grisly Boar is singled from his Herd. 1839T. Beale Sperm Whale 20 The groups, herds, or ‘schools’, which are formed by the sperm whale, are of two kinds. c1847in Knowledge (1883) 188/2 Herds of the Actinia bellis in prime condition. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xvi. 118 We came upon the tracks of a herd of Chamois. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 682 Herds of elephants. 1897Daily News 15 July 5/5 We have ascertained that the seal herd is not in danger of extinction.
b. to break herd: to break away from or leave the herd; hence, to take an independent course.
1768Woman of Honor I. 151 They dare not break herd, afraid of the ridicule of idiots for not resembling them.
3. a. A large company of people; a multitude, host. Now always in a disparaging sense: cf. b.
a1400St. Alexius (Vernon MS.) 182 Sittinge in a chircheȝerde Among pore men an herde. 1486Bk. St. Albans F vj, An Herde of harlottys. 1647Clarendon Hist. Reb. vi. §7 He retir'd in the noonday, and in the face of that Rebellious Herd from Wells to Somerton. a1700Dryden (J.), Where one Cato shines, Count a degenerate herd of Catilines. 1818Jas. Mill Brit. India II. iv. ix. 290 A herd of parasites and sycophants. a1856H. Miller Cruise Betsey ii. ii. (1858) 247 Herds of ragged children playing in the lanes.
b. the herd: the multitude, the common people, the rabble. Often qualified by common, vulgar, etc.
1601Shakes. Jul. C. i. ii. 266 When he perceiu'd the common Heard was glad he refus'd the Crowne. 1665Glanvill Scepsis Sci. p. vii, For the good opinion of the rash and inconsiderate Herd of mankind. 1698Christ Exalted 63 Will you now run with the Herd, and cry, God made Millions to damn them? 1807Crabbe Par. Reg. i. 30 Fear, shame, and want the thoughtless herd pursue. 1835Thirlwall Greece I. vi, The legitimate chief was distinguished from the vulgar herd..by his robust frame. 1894Gladstone tr. Horace's Odes iii. ii. 30 Neglected, Jove oft smites good men Mixed with the guilty herd.
c. Of things: A great number, a mass.
1618J. Taylor (Water P.) Wks. (1872) Introd. 18 Seeing the herd of hireling coaches are more than the wherries on the Thames. 1751Harris Hermes Wks. (1841) 143 We are now to descend to the common herd of attributives, such as black and white.
4. attrib. and Comb., as herd-breed, herd-bull, herd-driver, herd-flock, herd-stall, herd-swarm; herd-abandoned adj.; herd-testing vbl. n., testing of the butterfat content of the milk from cows of a specified herd and their productivity; so herd-tester; herd test.
1821Shelley Adonais xxxiii, A *herd-abandoned deer.
1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 183 To provide Goats for *herd-breed and profit.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xviii. xiv. (1495) 774 The *hyrde dryuer rulyth the oxen to drawe euyn.
1583Stanyhurst æneis 35 From their region with prede too gather an *heard⁓flock.
a1839Milman Deborah's Hymn Wks. 1839 II. 357 Why satt'st thou idle, Reuben, 'mid thy *herd-stalls?
1583Stanyhurst æneis i. (Arb.) 31 Clustred in *heerdswarme Feaze away thee droane bees with sting, from maunger or hiuecot.
1962J. N. Winburne Dict. Agric. 374/2 *Herd test, a type of semiofficial testing for milk production in which the whole herd of cows of milking age are included.
1960B. Crump Good Keen Man 94 He told me..all about one of his sisters who was training to be a *herd-tester. 1966G. W. Turner Eng. Lang. Austral. & N.Z. vii. 149 A herd-tester is a man or woman who goes from farm to farm sampling milk to test cows for their productivity and the fat content of their milk.
1911Jrnl. Dept. Agric. (N.Z.) 15 July 26 A striking case of the value of testing the individual members of a herd is reported from a district where a *herd-testing association has been established. 1956Amess & Johnson Dairying (ed. 4) xv. 195 All herd-testing is now done by the New Zealand Herd Improvement Associations under direction from the Dairy Board.
b. Psychol. Denoting feelings, actions, thoughts, etc., common to a large company of people; esp. herd instinct, an instinctive tendency to think and act as one of a crowd. (Cf. sense 3.)
1908W. Trotter in Sociol. Rev. I. 227 (title) Herd instinct and its bearing on the psychology of civilised man. 1908Westm. Gaz. 22 Aug. 16/1 The fundamental assumptions of the Liberal and the Conservative are hostile, and are the outcome of herd tradition. 1912J. London Let. 18 Jan. (1966) 359 There is a sort of herd psychology in this. 1914G. B. Shaw Androcles & Lion (1916) 46 That herd instinct which makes men abhor all departures from custom. 1919M. K. Bradby Psychoanal. 113 Not even abandonment to ‘herd enthusiasm’ could destroy the terrible loneliness of death. 1920B. Russell Pract. & Theory Bolshevism I. 125 The Marxian assumes that a man's ‘herd’ from the point of view of herd-instinct, is his class. 1922Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. Oct. 118 The love complex, the religion complex, the herd complex and many others. 1923J. S. Huxley Ess. Biologist vii. 275 The herd ideas..may be those of a nation or of a stratum within the nation. 1924W. B. Selbie Psychol. Relig. 148 Man is a gregarious animal, and even in his civilized condition never quite loses his herd consciousness. 1927N. P. Williams Ideas of Fall & Orig. Sin p. xxix, We therefore identify the ‘inherited infirmity’ of theology with ‘inherited weakness of herd-complex’. 1927M. Sadleir Trollope ii. 49 She was..lacking in that pride of individuality which throws persons of a different type into automatic opposition to herd-bias. 1928G. B. Shaw Intell. Woman's Guide Socialism v. 11 Our minds are mostly herd minds, with only a scrap of individual mind on top. 1932Q. D. Leavis Fiction & Reading Public I. iii. 67 These writers are using the technique of Marie Corelli..to work upon and solidify herd prejudice. 1939J. Masefield Live & Kicking Ned 344 What saved us was the fact that Mimbo is an animal passion or herd-madness, which blinds each of the herd to all other things than the herd-enemy. 1942R. A. Knox In Soft Garments xxi. 162 There is such a thing as herd-morality. You notice it especially in matters like divorce, where social considerations necessarily apply. 1960C. Day Lewis Buried Day ii. 43 At the age of eight or nine the herd instinct begins to operate.
Hence herdlike a.; herdwise adv., like a herd.
1871B. Taylor Faust (1875) I. xxi. 189 Herd-wise hieing Through the moss and through the heather.
▪ II. herd, n.2
Forms: 1–2 hierde, 1 hiorde, hyrde, 1–3 heorde, 1–6 hirde, 3–5 hurde, 3–6 herde, 4–5 hyrde, heirde, (herthe), 4–6 heerde; 4–6 hyrd, 4–6 (Sc. –9) hird, (4 hered, 5 hirid, ȝerd, 6 hierd, heird, hurd, heard); 4– herd.
[Com. Teut.: OE. hirde, hierde, etc. = OS. hirdi, herdi (MDu. hirde, herde, MLG. herde), OHG. hirti (MHG. and mod.Ger. hirte), ON. hirðir (Sw. herde, Da. hyrde), Goth. hairdeis:—OTeut. *herdjo-z, f. herdâ- herd n.1]
1. A keeper of a herd or flock of domestic animals; a herdsman. Now usually with word prefixed, as cowherd, swineherd, but in Scotland and north of England still a common word for shepherd.
c725Corpus Gloss. 313 Bobulcus, hriðhiorde. c897K. ælfred Gregory's Past. xvii. 109 Ure ealdan fædras wæron ceapes hierdas. c1000Ags. Gosp. Matt. xxv. 32 Swa swa se hyrde [Lindisf. & Rushw. hiorde; Hatton heorde] asyndraþ ða scep fram tyccenum. c1175Lamb. Hom. 97 Amos het a reoðer heorde. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 35 Þe engel cudde þe herdes..þat þe helende was þerinne iboren. c1250Gen. & Ex. 456 He was hirde wittere and wal. a1300Cursor M. 1059 (Cott.) Þis abel was a hird for fee. Ibid. 19488 (Gött.) Sua dos þe heirdes þat er gode. c1386Chaucer Prol. 603 Ther nas baillif ne hierde [v.r. herde] nor oother hyne That he [ne] knew his sleighte and his couyne. 1393Langl. P. Pl. C. x. 267 Hoow! hurde! wher is þyn hounde? c1460Towneley Myst. (Surtees) 91 Herkyn, hyrdes, awake! 1491Caxton Vitas Patr. (W. de W. 1495) ii. 227 b/2 He founde a heerde or keper of Camels. 1513Douglas æneis iii. Prol. 7 Hornyt Lady, paill Cynthia, nocht brycht..That slepand kist the hird Endymione. 1563–87Foxe A. & M. (1684) III. 571 Mr. Tyrels Servant..being his Herd at a Farm of his. 1591Troub. Raigne K. John ii. (1611) 90 As sheep without their heird. 1592Mem. St. Giles', Durh. (Surtees) 17 Paid more to the hurd for mendinge certayn gapes in the more dyke. 1596Spenser F.Q. vi. ix. 4 Whereas the Heardes were keeping of their neat. 1637–50Row Hist. Kirk (1842) 451 When I was a young lad I wes a herd, and keeped the Sisters of the Sheines's sheep. 1755Mem. Capt. P. Drake I. x. 74 The Herd sounding a Horn along the Streets, the Swine run from all Parts of the Town, to join and follow him. 1806Gazetteer Scotl. (ed. 2) 384 They are obliged to employ herds to their cattle. 1825Brockett, Herd, a keeper of cattle. 1876L. Morris Epic. Hades (1878) 26 Unpolluted meads, where never herd Drives his white flock.
†2. fig. A spiritual shepherd, a pastor. In ME. often applied to Christ. Obs.
971Blickl. Hom. 191 Þanc ic do, Crist þu goda hyrde. c1200Vices & Virtues (1888) 43 Ðe gastliche hierdes, ðe sculen boðe lokin and stieren. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 41 Ure louerd ihesu crist is alre herdene herde. c1200Ormin 6841 Forr Crist iss..Hirde, þatt uss fedeþþ. a1300Cursor M. 19384 Þat hirdes war o crist scepe. c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 363 Crist was þe beste herd and so he puttide his lyf for his sheep. c1440Gesta Rom. xxiv. 92 (Harl. MS.) Neuertheles then þe hurde, scil. a prechour, comyth often tyme. 1549–62Sternhold & H. Ps. lxxx, Thou Herde that Israell doost keepe.
†3. transf. A keeper, guardian. Obs.
Beowulf (Z.) 610 ᵹehyrde on beowulfe folces hyrde fæstrædne ᵹeþoht. 971Blickl. Hom. 177 Þa he bebyrᵹed wæs, settan him hyrdas to. a1000Cædmon's Genesis 1007 (Gr.) Ne ic hyrde wæs broðer mines. a1000Boeth. Metr. xiii. 61 Hire aᵹenes huses hirde. Ibid. xxvi. 16 Þiodd aldor..rices hirde. c1000ælfric Gloss. in Wr.-Wülcker 163/42 Paedagogus, cilda hyrde uel lareow. a1250Prov. ælfred in O.E. Misc. 102 Ealured englene hurde [v.r. herde] Englene durlyng. 1480Caxton Chron. Eng. ccxxiii, Therle of Fyffe a fyers man and a sterne herd. 1570Satir. Poems Reform. xxii. 61 Keip weill thy taill, gude Phillip, I am hird The to award from buffettis.
4. Curling. A guard-stone.
1789Davidson Seasons 166 (Jam.) Gib o' the Glen, a noble herd Behind the winner laid. Ibid., But miss'd his aim, and 'gainst the herd, Dang frae his clint a flaw.
5. Comb., as † herd-flock, a company of shepherds; herd-girl, -laddie, -lassie, -maid, -maiden, a girl, etc. who assists, or acts as, a herd; herd's purse = shepherd's-purse; † herd-work (-werch), see quot. 1706. Also herd-boy, -man, etc.
c1200Ormin 3372 All þatt *hirdeflocc hemm sahh And herrde whatt teȝȝ sungenn.
a1856H. Miller Cruise Betsey ii. viii. (1858) 352 Where she had plucked berries, a little *herd-girl, on the banks of the Auldgrande.
1865H. H. Dixon Field & Fern vi. 174 He was with the Doctor at thirteen, and then became a *herd laddie. 1889Chambers' Encycl. IV. 87/1 For many years James Wyllie (the ‘herd-laddie’) was the acknowledged [Draughts] Champion of the world.
1587Lyrics, etc. in Arb. Garner II. 76, I sit and watch a *herd-maid gay.
1166Regist. Eccl. Christi Cant. MS. (Cowell), Pro opere quod Anglice *Herdwerch dicitur. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Herdwerch, or Heerdwerch (Sax.), Herdsmen's Work or Labours, formerly done by Shepherds, Herdsmen, and other inferiour Tenants at the Will of their Lord.
▪ III. herd, v.1|hɜːd|
Also (4 herdeye), 6–7 heard.
[f. herd n.1]
1. intr. To go in a herd; to form a herd or herds. Said also contemptuously of men: to congregate or live together as beasts. Constr. together, with.
1393Langl. P. Pl. C. xiv. 148 Maules drowen hem to maules..And femeles to femeles herdeyed [v.r.r. herdyede, herdeiede, herdyyng, herdede] and drow. 1580Sidney Arcadia i. (1590) 31 They are but sheep which alwaies heard together. 1660R. Coke Justice Vind. 12 Like swine feeding, eating and promiscuously herding together. 1662J. Davies Mandelslo's Trav. 127 Females, which..suffer themselves to be led up and down, till some of the wild Elephants herd with them. 1701Rowe Amb. Step-Moth. ii. ii, Stoop to the meanest Arts which catch the Vulgar? Herd with 'em, fawn upon 'em, and caress 'em? 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) III. 108 These animals are in general fond of herding and grazing in company. 1886E. Lawless Hurrish v. 57 It was a palace in comparison with the foul hovel in which he and his brother had herded together.
b. Of things: To come together, assemble; to be assembled or associated. rare.
1704Swift T. Tub Wks. 1760 I. 100 All its properties and adjuncts will herd under this short definition. 1886R. C. Leslie Sea-painter's Log 71 Away towards the north and west..they [clouds] appear to be herding together.
2. To join oneself to any band or company; to become one of any faction or party; to associate as one of the ‘common herd’ or crowd, to go in company with.
a1400Morte Arth. 1010 Ffor-thy hurdez he here, to owttraye hys pople. 1651Davenant Gondibert ii. i. xvi, Here greedy Creditors their Debtors chace, Who scape by herding in th' indebted Throng. 1697Dryden æneid xi. 1188 The wretch..spurring forward, herds among his Friends. 1715–20Pope Iliad xi. 463 Hector..Remounts his car, and herds amidst the crowd. 1789F. Burney Diary 13 Jan., 'Tis now a cause of humanity..and I will not herd with those who think otherwise. 1855Thackeray Newcomes I. 100 Ethel herded not with the children of her own age.
3. trans. To place in or among a herd; to associate. Also fig.
1592Nobody & Someb. in Simpson Sch. Shaks. (1878) I. 310 The stag is hearded; come, my Lord, Shall we to horse, and single him againe? 1611B. Jonson Catiline i. Wks. (Rtldg.) 276/1 The rest, However great we are, honest, and valiant, Are hearded with the vulgar. a1631Donne Lett. (1651) 43, I can allow myself to be..appliable to my company, but not..to herd myself in every troup. 1691Swift Athenian Soc. 81 Wks. 1841 I. 599/2 Our good brethren..Must e'en all herd us with their kindred fools.
4. To collect into a herd. Also fig. To amass.
1615T. Tomkis Albumazar iii. v. in Hazl. Dodsley XI. 366 In all the years of my yeomanry, I could never yoke two crowns, and now I have herded ten fair twenty-shilling pieces. 1850B. Taylor Eldorado xi. (1862) 106 Our mules had scattered far and wide..and several hours elapsed before they could be herded and got into traveling order.
Hence ˈherded ppl. a., gathered or placed in a herd; ˈherding vbl. n., association in herds, congregation; also comb., as herding-place; ˈherding ppl. a., gathering in herds, gregarious.
1666Dryden Ann. Mirab. cclviii, The most in fields like herded beasts lie down. 1711Shaftesbury Charac. (1737) I. 110 If eating and drinking be natural, herding is so too. c1740Fielding Ess. Convers. (R.), The tamer and gentler, the herding and flocking parts of the creation. 1805P. Wakefield Dom. Recreat. xiii. (1806) 195 Man, who is a herding, and not a solitary animal. 1847M. Howitt Ballads 235 Among the herded deer. 1860Merc. Marine Mag. VII. 211 The herding places of vast numbers of amphibious animals.
▪ IV. herd, v.2
Also 5–6 hurd, hird.
[f. herd n.2]
1. a. trans. To take care of or tend (sheep or cattle).
c1400Apol. Loll. 106 Þe patriarkis..herdid bestis. 1768Ross Helenore 14 (Jam.) When they were able now to herd the ewes. 1816Scott Antiq. iv, The very least boy that can herd a cow. 1892E. Reeves Homeward Bound 283 Cattle, sheep, goats..are all herded by boys or women.
fig.1887Swinburne Locrine iv. ii. 293 God, who herds the stars of heaven As sheep within his sheepfold.
b. trans. To lead or conduct as a shepherd. Also transf., spec. (U.S. slang) to drive (a car, aircraft, etc.).
1883Eng. Illustr. Mag. Nov. 72/1 It is also very picturesque to see..the girls..herding the geese and ducks homeward at sundown. 1895Kipling 2nd Jungle Bk. 67 Who is Man that we should care for him..? I have followed him all day—at noon—in the white sunlight. I herded him as the wolves herd buck. 1927W. Faulkner Mosquitoes 261 ‘Come on here, you men.’ He named over his depleted watch and herded it forward. He herded it down to his cabin and nourished it with stimulants. 1954― Fable (1955) 100 He saw the two-seater..the two S.E.'s above and behind it, herding it down. 1955Sunday Times 25 Sept. 3/3 (heading) Herd that beast!.. I append an up-to-the-minute glossary of motoring terms..herd, to drive a car. 1971M. Tak Truck Talk 82 Herd, to drive a truck.
c. intr. To act as a herd, to tend cattle or sheep.
1768Ross Helenore 31 (Jam.), I had na use to gang Unto the glen to herd this mony a lang. 1848Fraser's Mag. XXXVIII. 315 It was long before I was hearted to herd again in the woods by myself.
†2. fig. (trans.) To keep safe, shelter, harbour.
a1300E.E. Psalter xlix. [l.] 19 Þi tunge herded swike⁓domes ma. Ibid. lvii. 3 [lviii. 2] Un-rightwisnes herdes youre hand. 1535Stewart Cron. Scot. III. 469 And [= if] he hurdit sic schrewis Within Ingland quhilk wes his mortall fa. c1560A. Scott Poems xv. 21 My lady, lord, thow gaif me for to hird, Within myne armes I nureiss on the nycht.
Hence ˈherding vbl. n., the tending of sheep and cattle.
1733P. Lindsay Interest Scot. 37 In the Summer we must be at the Expence of Herding, to save our Grass from being destroyed by our Neighbours Beasts. 1802C. Findlater Agric. Surv. Peebles 195 (Jam.) The principles of herding are, to allocate to each particular flock, separate walks upon the farm for each season of the year. 1871Daily News 27 Feb., Single whales often broke away..and required a good deal of herding to prevent their escape into the sound. 1883Gilmour Mongols xviii. 215 The Mongols have much solitary travelling and herding.
▸ trans. colloq. (orig. and chiefly U.S.). to herd cats: used in similative expressions to suggest the unwieldiness or unfeasibility of an undertaking, esp. a managerial or organizational task, as like herding cats (as hard as herding cats, etc.): extremely difficult to accomplish; unmanageable, futile.
1986National Jrnl. 3 May 1062 Yerxa will have to continue to juggle the divergent views of the subcommittee members, a task he said ‘can be like trying to herd cats’. 1988MIS Q. 12 65 At a recent academic meeting, an academic administrator stated that managing an academic department was akin to herding cats. 1991Los Angeles Times (Nexis) 16 Sept. b1/2 Leading a group of lawyers through a difficult project can be ‘as hard as herding cats’. 1999Atlanta Constit. 16 Feb. b5/1 Murphy this term is letting others preside, allowing them to get their feet wet at controlling the 180-person circus that is the General Assembly's House chamber. It's a feat not unlike herding cats. 2000J. Alexander Command Performance xi. 243 Influencing Hollywood is a little like herding cats.
▪ V. herd
obs. f. heard, pa. tense and pple. of hear v. |