| 释义 |
helper|ˈhɛlpə(r)|
[f. help v. + -er1.]
1. One who (or that which) helps or assists; an auxiliary. (Also with adverbs, as helper-off.)
a1300E.E. Psalter xxix. 11 [xxx. 10] Laverd mi helper made es he. 1382Wyclif Gen. ii. 20 To Adam forsothe was not foundun an helper like hym. 1494Fabyan Chron. I. xcix. (R.), Wherfore the kynge sayd after in game, that seynt Martyn was a good helper at nede. 1598Barret Theor. Warres iv. iii. 110 He hath all the officers of the regiment for helpers. 1601Shakes. All's Well iv. iv. 21 It hath fated her to be my motiue And helper to a husband. 1670–98R. Lassels Voy. Italy I. 104 Gilding, mosaic work, and such like helpers off of bare walls. 1824L. Murray Eng. Gram. (ed. 5) I. 145 Must is sometimes called in for a helper, and denotes necessity: as, ‘We must speak the truth’. 1850Lyte Hymn, ‘Abide with me’ i, When other helpers fail, and comforts flee, Help of the helpless, O abide with me.
2. A person employed to assist in some kind of work; an assistant; spec. a groom's assistant in a stable.
1686N. Cox Gentl. Recreat. v. (ed. 3) 94 You must have two or three Helpers, and..see that they..rub him dry all over. 1731Gentl. Mag. in Hone Every-day Bk. (1827) II. 955 One of the helpers in the king's stables. 1837Dickens Pickw. ix, Two sleepy helpers put the wrong harness on the wrong horses. 1851Greenwell Coal-trade Terms Northumb. & Durh., Helper up, a lad employed to assist the barrowman out of a dip place. 1892Labour Commission Gloss., Helpers, the persons in the blast furnace industry who help the keeper to mould the beds, run the metal in, and generally assist at the front of the furnace.
b. An assistant minister: among the early Methodists, and in Scottish churches. Now colloq.
1780Wesley in Four C. Eng. Lett. 232 You seem not well to have considered the Rules of a Helper, or the rise of Methodism. 1791― Wks. (1872) VIII. 309 Q. 25. What is the office of a Helper? A. In the absence of a Minister, to feed and guide the flock. 1849Mrs. Oliphant Marg. Maitland xii, On that particular Sabbath I can scarce say I got much more from Mr. Wallace himself, the helper.
3. Hop-growing. (See quot.)
1750W. Ellis Mod. Husb. IV. iii. 60 (E.D.S.) The common number of [hop] poles to each hill are three, but..some add a fourth, called a helper: this helper is a larger pole than the rest.
Hence ˈhelper v. trans. (Hop-growing), to support with a ‘helper’ (see 3); ˈhelperess (nonce-wd.), a female helper; ˈhelpership, the office or position of a helper.
1881Whitehead Hops 35 The plants are ‘helpered’ by short, slight pieces of old poles up which the bines are trained to go. 1886H. F. Lester Under two Fig Trees 196 [To] act as a sort of lay helperess. 1893W. Wallace Scotl. Yesterday 178 His successor in the ‘helpership’ had no objection to his ‘Veesiting’.
▸ Immunol. Any of a subset of T lymphocytes that assist in the production of immune responses by generating lymphokines that stimulate antibody secretion by B cells, the development of cytotoxic T cells, and the activation of macrophages. Chiefly attrib., esp. in helper cell, helper T cell.
[1969Transplantation Rev. 1 142 This ‘helping’ function of thymus-derived cells requires that they be alive and non-irradiated.] 1970European Jrnl. Immunol. 1 21/2 ‘Helper cell’ and ‘AFCP’ [= antibody-forming cell precursors]. 1972Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 180359 Data previously referred to imply that whenever this is precluded by rapid induction of tolerance, either in mandatory helper T cells or in B cells directly..irreversible unresponsiveness will develop which requires cell recruitment for recovery. 1985Science 2 Aug. 476/3 Clusters that had developed in the presence of specific proteins..generated lymphoblasts with radioresistant carrier-specific helper activity. 1992Economist 1 Aug. 81/3 Since the mid-1980s work on mice has shown the existence of two job-specific subgroups of helper T-cell, called TH1 and TH2. 1994Sci. News 20 Aug. 121/1 The lymphocytes made famous by AIDS..are CD4 T helpers, which carry CD4 molecules. 2000Independent 1 June i. 3/4 During the day we have more ‘killer’ immune cells circulating in our blood; but at night other ‘helper’ cells from the immune system are more active. |