| 释义 |
production|prəʊˈdʌkʃən|
Also 5–6 -ccion.
[Late ME. a. F. production (13th c. in Littré), ad. L. prōductiōn-em a lengthening, n. of action f. prōdūcĕre to produce.]
I.
1. a. The action of producing, bringing forth, making, or causing; the fact or condition of being produced; with a and pl., an act of producing.
1483Caxton Cato A ij b, God is the unyuersel commaundour of all our production. 1529More Dyaloge i. Wks. 129/2 By generacion & produccion did the doers work both willingly & naturally. 1604E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies iv. i. 203 Mettals are (as plants,) hidden and buried in the bowels of the earth, which have some conformitie in themselves, in the forme and maner of their production. 1651Baxter Inf. Bapt. 100 What alteration was in the Deed at the production of the effect? 1660Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech., Digress. 346 The Production and Modulation of the Voice by the Elision of the Air, the Larynx, &c. 1776Adam Smith W.N. i. viii. (1869) I. 84 The demand for men..necessarily regulates the production of men. 1823H. J. Brooke Introd. Crystallogr. 95 The manner in which those molecules are aggregated in the production of crystals. 1900Jrnl. Soc. Dyers XVI. 6 The production of delicate and bright shades of pink.
b. Pol. Econ. (See quots.)
1784Adam Smith Wealth of Nations (ed. 3) II. iv. viii. 515 Consumption is the sole end and purpose of production... The mercantile system..seems to consider production and not consumption, as the ultimate end and object of all industry and commerce. 1817D. Ricardo Princ. Pol. Econ. xx. 444 The cost of production, and therefore the prices of various manufactured commodities, are raised to the consumer by one error in legislation. 1825McCulloch Pol. Econ. ii. i. 61 By production, in the science of Political Economy, we are not to understand the production of matter,..but the production of utility, and consequently of exchangeable value, by appropriating and modifying matter already in existence. 1863Fawcett Pol. Econ. i. iv. (1876) 26 Capital is wealth which has been appropriated to assist future production. 1879H. George Progr. & Pov. i. iii. (1881) 50 Production is always the mother of wages. 1887Moore & Aveling tr. Marx's Capital I. ii. vi. 147 In order that a man may be able to sell commodities other than labour-power, he must of course have the means of production, as raw material, implements, &c. 1933S. Hook Towards Understanding K. Marx xi. 120 For Marx it is the relations of production, not the forces of production and not the conditions of production, which are the basis of the cultural superstructure. 1964S. M. Miller in I. L. Horowitz New Sociol. 300 We need sustained economic growth, high production, and high employment in order to solve many of the problems of the unemployed and the poor today in America. 1977Undercurrents June–July 23/1 First, to infiltrate the key institutions, including ‘the means of production’ (The People's Warehouse).
2. a. That which is produced; a thing that results from any action, process, or effort; a product. In quots. 1695 and 1885 collective, = produce.
c1430Art of Nombryng 9 Whan the digit multipliethe a nombre componede,..afterwarde Ioyne the produccioun, and þere wol be the some totalle. 1624Massinger Renegado iii. v, Nature, the great queen and mother Of all productions. 1638Chillingw. Relig. Prot. i. iii. §67. 170 A mountain may travail, and the production may be a mouse. 1695Pennsylv. Archives I. 117 Any of the Production or Manufacture of Europe not Legally Imported in the said Province. 1748Hume Ess. xviii. (ed. 3) 193 His utmost Art and Industry can never equal the meanest of Nature's Productions, either for Beauty or Value. 1870Jevons Elem. Logic iii. 22 We constantly talk of the productions of a country meaning the products. 1885Manch. Exam. 3 June 5/3 The market is reported to be glutted, and the production has of late been largely going into stock.
b. A product of human activity or effort; spec. a literary or artistic work. Chiefly in pl.
1651Hobbes Govt. & Soc. Ep. Ded., We lay a partiall estimate upon our own productions. 1705Addison Italy Pref., It is the great School of Musick and Painting, and contains in it all the noblest Productions of Statuary and Architecture. a1828H. Neele Lit. Rem. (1829) 48 Chapman's Homer is a production of great value and interest. 1839J. Yeowell Anc. Brit. Ch. ix. (1847) 91 Two short writings..deemed by the ablest critics to be the genuine productions of the apostle. 1879Froude Cæsar ix. 100 The finest productions of Praxiteles or Zeuxis.
†c. An effect; = product n. 4. Obs. rare.
a1610Healey Epictetus' Man. (1636) 58 To follow..the causes and productions of all that seemeth usefull. 1677Sedley Ant. & Cl. Wks. 1722 I. 155 They're Cleopatra's Subjects: let that be A full Production in our Victory.
d. The total yield, produce, or proceeds of (something); = produce n. 2. rare.
1878Seeley Stein I. 142 The one financial procedure was to increase the production of the royal domains.
II.
3. a. The action of bringing forward or exhibiting; in Law, the exhibiting of a document in court. to satisfy production (Sc. Law), to produce and submit a document called for by a court of law (and thereby to admit the title of the pursuer and competence of the court).
1562Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 224 Eftir the productioun quhairof the personis undirwrittin..absentit thame selffiis. 1566Ibid. 443 Summondis of errour for productioun and reductioun of the said declaratioun of the assyisis. 1818in Picton L'pool Munic. Rec. (1886) II. 364 That the Surveyor do furnish the Mayor for production at the next Council with a plan. 1828Act of Sederunt 11 July §36 If the defender is to object to the title of the pursuer..or to state any other action against satisfying the production, he shall return defences confined to these points. 1838W. Bell Dict. Law Scot. 790 Production of articles at criminal trials. Ibid. 830 If he [the defender] mean to defend the action on its merits..he merely returns the summons, which implies that he means to satisfy the production, as it is expressed; i.e., to produce the document called for, and to contest the reasons of the reduction. 1878E. Robertson in Encycl. Brit. VIII. 742/1 Public documents in general must be proved either by the production of the original or by the official copies. 1883Sir N. Lindley Law Rep. 23 Chanc. Div. 49 There is a broad distinction between a general application for discovery of documents..and an application for production of documents referred to in the pleadings. Mod. I shall call for the production of that document.
b. Sc. Law. A document produced in an action.
1838W. Bell Dict. Law. Scot. s.v., In judicial proceedings, written documents produced in process, in modum probationis..are technically called productions. So also in an action of reduction, the writ, or deed, or decree, called for.., is called the production.
c. The action or process of producing a stage play, film, or other performance. Also, the performance itself.
1894Westm. Gaz. 4 Dec. 2/1 The great event of the past week has been the production of the Greek play. 1925Scribner's Mag. July 7/1 Jesse Lynch Williams has been..preparing a play for production in New York in the fall. 1928Barrie Peter Pan p. viii, I remember writing the story of Peter and Wendy many years after the production of the play. 1932New Yorker 11 June 52/2 Wherever she appears.., as a telephone operator in some big, showy production—a breath of humanity sweeps over the screen. 1937Printers' Ink Monthly May 40/2 Production, the building, organizing and presenting of a radio program. 1942N. & Q. 12 Sept. 161/1 ‘Business of the Stage’ denotes the movements, groupings, vocal inflections, etc., of the players, which are settled at rehearsal. The modern term is ‘Production’. 1949Radio Times 15 July 15/2 ‘The Dilettanti’ by Thomas Love Peacock. Adapted for broadcasting... Production by Noel Iliff. 1952Granville Dict. Theatr. Terms 101 In production (of a play), in rehearsal and general preparation for production. A dark theatre sometimes has a notice stating that ‘this theatre is closed; a new play is in production’. 1962A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio 267 Production, compilation, and studio direction, etc., of a programme. 1976M. Maguire Scratchproof ii. 30 Loose talk..can ruin a production before it even gets off the ground.
d. fig. An unnecessarily elaborate performance; a fuss, commotion, drama. Freq. in phr. to make a production (of, out of, etc., something).
1941B. Schulberg What makes Sammy Run? vii. 128 Something tells me that when our blast comes, it will really be a production. 1959R. Condon Manchurian Candidate (1960) ix. 131 You make a production out of it like I was involved somehow in your life. 1962M. & G. Gordon Journey with Stranger (1963) xi. 74 The simplest tasks at home became productions when travelling. 1967S. Woods Case is Altered ix. 107 You've made rather a production of this, Inspector. 1974R. Butler Buffalo Hook ii. 15 Why should there be this big production over a cargo..that's covered by insurance anyway.
III. †4. Leading or carrying forth. rare—1.
1631Weever Anc. Fun. Mon. 11 Men of meaner ranke..were not allowed this princely kinde of production to their graues.
IV.
5. Drawing out, extending, or lengthening in † time (obs.) or space; prolongation, extension.
1536Bellenden Cron. Scot. (1821) II. 189 To that fine, that King Gregorius army, be production of lang time, suld laik vittalis. 1653R. Sanders Physiogn. b ij, Animals long⁓liv'd, being fed upon, conduce much to the production of life. 1658Phillips, Production,..also a lengthening, or making longer. 1840Lardner Geom. 280 Hence a tangent may be drawn to a parabola from any point T, in the production of its axis.
†6. Anat. An extension of or projection from a bone or other part; = process n. 12. Obs.
1578Banister Hist. Man i. 26 These bones are endewed with three notable productions, or Processes. 1615Crooke Body of Man 485 Through these passages & productions aire and vapors attracted or drawn in respiration through the nosthrils..are carried vn to the braine. 1725Sloane Jamaica II. 284 There being no such production on the upper chap. 1858Mayne Expos. Lex., Productio,..a prolongation; a production.
V.
7. attrib. and Comb. a.
1895W. Smart Stud. Economics 8 Production goods..may be shortly described as..all the forms of land, capital, and labour that go, proximately or remotely, to provide and produce the consumption goods and services. 1897Ld. Masham in Westm. Gaz. 29 Jan. 3/2 When capital ceases to be invested in our production industries. 1898Engineering Mag. XVI. 40 This is used either for production order or for sales order. 1929T. H. Burnham Engin. Econ. xv. 192 Production control necessitates a system of records and charts which indicate at a glance whether the planned production is being adhered to, or if departure therefrom is occurring, at what stage the divergence is arising. 1938E. Ambler Cause for Alarm i. 17 He's afraid of the production figures falling off. 1941B. Schulberg What makes Sammy Run? xi. 283 Production costs have been too high. 1943J. B. Priestley Daylight on Saturday viii. 52 If our lads was fightin' like 'ell..yer'd see them production figures take a high jump. 1951R. Firth Elem. Social Organization iv. 136 The organization of production tends to be based not merely on a system of cash rewards... A production relationship is often only one facet of a social relationship. 1957Technology Mar. 8/1 Then he goes into the production shops, where he gains experience of the many aspects of aircraft construction. 1958J. F. Magee Production Planning & Inventory Control i. 1 A manager necessarily thinks of problems in production planning in terms of people and their responsibilities. 1962A. Battersby Guide to Stock Control x. 89 In striving for the shop-floor efficiency associated with long manufacturing runs, the Production Manager will always be tending to drive stock levels upwards. 1966New Statesman 20 May 753/1 (Advt.), Book Publishers invite applications..for the post of production controller to supervise the production of a section of their Home Education list, from manuscript to bound copy. 1970O. Dopping Computers & Data Processing xxii. 364 The most common problem in production planning in a workshop is to determine the sequence in which different operations, pertaining to different orders, should be placed in the different machine groups. 1975North Sea Background Notes (Brit. Petroleum Co.) 7 Production licences..give the licensee exclusive rights over a specific area to explore for and produce hydrocarbons. 1975Petroleum Economist Aug. 309/1 The Hamilton Brothers facility involved developing a production riser as a technical innovation. 1976Scotsman 24 Dec. 13/7 (Advt.), Experience of production control within a high volume fabrication and pressing shop would be a distinct advantage. 1977Observer 24 Apr. 1/6 The rig crew was about to install a safety valve on the top of a production pipe. 1978P. Sutcliffe Oxf. Univ. Press iv. x. 166 Frowde..acquired great expertise and used it to good effect in producing his own books. He was his own production manager, firm and clear in his instructions to Hart.
b. In Broadcasting and Cinemat. (sense 3 c), production assistant, production clerk, production director, production editor, production manager, production staff, production team; also production control, production control room.
1960D. Davis Gram. Television Production 77 Production Assistant (P.A.), the director's personal assistant on a programme. 1969W. Rutherford Gallows Set i. 18 In one group were the members of the film crew. In the other..were..the most senior director..[and] Anne, his production assistant. 1972Listener 21 Dec. 852/1 Sequence of calls before a shot. Production Assistant: ‘Quiet. Going for a take. Standing by’. Director: ‘Right’.
1963Movie Apr. 11/1 Production clerk at R.K.O., then second assistant director.
1961G. Millerson Technique Television Production i. 15 Some networks prefer to have separate rooms for production control. Ibid., Through the window of the production control room we can see the studio below.
1937Printers' Ink Monthly May 40/2 Production director, individual in charge of the radio studio programs. 1961G. Millerson Technique Television Production i. 15 Facing these monitors sit the production director and his assistant. 1972Production editor [see make-up editor s.v. make-up 6].
1938Times 7 Jan. 13/6 Beside him [sc. the producer] sits the production manager, whose functions are similar to those of a stage manager in a theatre. 1959W. S. Sharps Dict. Cinematogr. 121/1 Production manager, in filming this post is often held by the Assistant Director and he is responsible for ensuring that everything and every person concerned in production is available at the right place at the right time. 1973Listener 22 Nov. 727/1 In..the film-within-the-film, the wife of the production manager..sits sourly knitting on set.
1962A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio 246 Control cubicle (BBC), the soundproof room equipped with control desk..which is occupied by production and operational staff. Ibid. 10 Although each member of the production team is concentrating on his own job, this is geared to that of the team as a whole. 1974Listener 27 June 820/2 My wanting to make this series of documentaries..aided by my production team's talents as film makers.
c. Special Combs.: production brigade, in communist countries, a unit within a commune required to meet specified agricultural production figures; production engineering, the planning and control of the manufacturing processes, plant, and equipment involved in the production of any manufactured product; so production engineer; production line, a line (line n.2 19 c) along which things undergo successive stages of production; production number, a spectacular song or dance in a musical show or revue; production platform, a platform (sense 8 d) used in the production of oil or gas from the sea bed; production reactor, a nuclear reactor designed to produce fissile material; production relations, in Marxist theory the social relations arising from and essential to the process of production, as those between the controllers of the means of production (raw materials, land, machinery, etc.) and the labour force; production run, a run (run n.1 19 c) for the purpose of the routine production of a product; production-sharing (see quot. 1963); production testing, testing under the conditions that would prevail during production; hence production-test v. trans.; production well, a well from which oil or gas is actively being produced.
1962E. Snow Red China Today (1963) lix. 453 About management? It is in the hands of the production brigade. 1978HuaKuo-Feng in Peking Rev. 10 Mar. 22/1 In some cases the cadres arbitrarily demand grain and money from the commune, production brigade, production team or commune members or even requisition labour power.
1920Engin. Production Mar. 128/3 As a production engineer it has frequently been necessary for me to select machines suitable for the intensive manufacture of various components. 1921–2(title) Proceedings of the Institution of Production Engineers. 1940E. J. H. Jones Production Engin. i. 3 From the schedules thus compiled, it is possible for the production engineer to ascertain whether sufficient plant will be available for the work in hand. 1946G. Galle in Philips Resistance Welding Handbk. ii. 41 Production engineers should be careful to watch that the seam welder is not overloaded. 1966S. Beer Decision & Control i. 7 Tests have been run in the works to see whether one kind of machine tool is better than another. The purchasing department says that A is better than B because it is cheaper to buy. The production engineers say that B is better than A because it produces a better job.
1920Engin. Production Nov. 467/2, I look forward to the time when the curriculum of our universities shall include lectures on production engineering. 1921–2Proc. Inst. Production Engineers I. 39 The name calls up visions of conveyors, elevators, and all such gear, which is by no means the only part of production engineering. 1956Nature 4 Feb. 200/1 The art of precasting concrete has given rise to an established industry producing staple things like blocks, tiles, floor beams and parts for small structures, where problems are in the nature of factory production-engineering. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. X. 640/1 Production engineering as a planning activity takes place between product design and the planning of the over-all manufacturing process. 1978R. V. Jones Most Secret War xl. 377 The superiority of American production engineering was often a powerful—even vital—aid.
1935T. H. Burnham Engin. Econ. (ed. 3) II. viii. 245 Many nice problems arise as to when it is economic to break up a group system and lay down a special production line. 1943J. S. Huxley TVA xii. 112 One, two, and three bedroom houses were built on outdoor production lines and distributed to various communities. 1958Listener 27 Nov. 903/1, I suggest one of those ‘production-line’ chickens, which is big enough for four. 1964M. Argyle Psychol. & Social Probl. viii. 107 A production line must go at the speed of the slowest man. 1971Daily Tel. 14 Aug. 7/4 The nauseating ‘production line’ feeling experienced in so many crematoria. 1975N.Y. Times 8 Oct. 3/1 The new telescope is to be a production-line 25-meter model..and has been chosen to keep costs to a minimum.
1936Metronome Feb. 61/2 Production number, show tune. 1959Listener 12 Nov. 845/3 One production number, danced in silhouette against a changing background, marked an exciting advance in presentation. 1967Wodehouse Company for Henry v. 98 One of those big production numbers so popular in revue, where the whole strength of the company let themselves go in uninhibited dance.
1964Oil & Gas Jrnl. 12 Oct. 104/1 Offshore Louisiana suffered its worst battering in history from Hurricane Hilda... The industry must decide what to do about multiwell production platforms that have been sheared off and sunk. 1976Scotsman 27 Dec. 6/1 The order from Brazil for a production platform from the McDermott yard at Ardersier.
1956Production reactor [see converter 3 f]. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XI. 359/1 Water is used as a coolant in the United States production reactors, whereas in the United Kingdom gas cooling has been the basis for most designs.
1950T. H. Marshall Citizenship & Social Class ii. 108 The essential factor in this theory is the conception of these production-relations as forces determining the life-situation of individuals. 1973C. D. Kernig Marxism, Communism & Western Society VII. 36/1 In the historico-materialist view of history..it is assumed that revolutions arise out of a state of conflict between production and production relations. 1979G. A. Cohen Karl Marx's Theory of Hist. ii. 31 A production relation binds at least one person(s)-term and at most one productive force(s)-term, and no other type of term.
1967D. Goch in Wills & Yearsley Handbk. Managem. Technol. 146 Compared with the standard usage of 3 lb of moulding powder per unit, the production run required an additional 30 lb. 1973J. Leasor Host of Extras i. 22 Many people think that the Ford Model T had the longest production run of any car—eighteen years. Rolls beat them on this..by being in production with the Silver Ghost for nineteen consecutive years.
1963Economist 8 June 1046/1 The concept that the Indonesians prefer is one of ‘production-sharing’, under which the contractor takes over existing or potential development, brings in his capital equipment to carry it out, and has as his reward a share of what is produced, processed and sold. 1975Petroleum Economist Sept. 348/1 The Lebanese government has invited bids from interested oil companies for offshore acreage on a production-sharing basis.
1960Farmer & Stockbreeder 19 Jan. Suppl. 41/1 It should provide a means of production-testing individual hens. 1975Petroleum Economist Aug. 286/1 An exploratory well was production tested in June last year at rates of 4 200 b/d of condensate and 23 million cubic feet per day of gas. 1975Offshore Sept. 75/2 While the well was not production tested, Shell indicates it could be a major discovery and Amoco calls it ‘potentially significant’.
1934Proc. World Petroleum Congr. 1933 I. 359/1 (heading) The tubing of production wells under pressure. 1976Offshore Engineer Mar. 6/4 At present only one production well is operating; depending on final assessment of reserves, from four to six wells will be used.
d. Designating a vehicle or appliance made in the ordinary course of production, as opposed to one made for testing or other special purposes.
1961Motor Sport Dec. 1002 This talented designer has shown quite outstanding genius in placing another production B.M.C. engine across the front of his Mini. 1971‘D. Rutherford’ Clear the Fast Lane 39 The usual changes needed before a production car is ready for rallying. 1972Lebende Sprachen XVII. 136/2 Six Jet⁓stream prototypes are to be built before production aircraft begin to emerge within the next few months. 1974Encycl. Brit. Macropædia XII. 567/2 Stock-car racing, limited to American production-model passenger cars with suitable modifications, began at Langhorne, Pennsylvania, on July 4, 1939. 1974Guardian 26 Mar. 32/4 Disabled drivers' tricycles should be replaced with modified production cars. 1978Gramophone Mar. 1642/2 A raffle for the first ever production model Quad Electrostatic loudspeaker.
Hence proˈductionist, as in co-operative productionist, one who believes in or advocates cooperative production.
1888Co-operative News 22 Sept. 958 The ideal co-operative productionist begins by ignoring or defying the existence of competition.
Senses 3–7 in Dict. become 4–8. Add: [I.] 3. Linguistics. In transformational grammar, a rewrite rule for the generation of expressions. Hence transf. in Computing and Artificial Intelligence = *production rule, sense 8 c below.
1980C. S. French Computer Sci. xxviii. 233 Parsing is the process of defining the productions which when applied by recursion result in the given legal sentence or expression. 1984P. H. Winston Artificial Intelligence (ed. 2) vi. 201 A production can mark an item in short-term memory. 1988P. N. Johnson-Laird Computer & Mind xviii. 333 John Anderson has developed a semantic network that similarly does not decompose meanings but instead uses productions—the computational equivalent of meaning postulates..—to make inferences.
[V.] [8.] [c.] production rule Computing and Artificial Intelligence, any rule which associates a particular condition with an action to be taken when the condition is satisfied.
1960Y. Bar-Hillel et al. in Bull. Research Council Israel IX. F. 5 A simple phrase structure system..is an ordered couple 𝔓 = (V, P), where..P is a finite set of productions of the form X → x (o ≠ x ≠ X) (read: rewrite the symbol X by the nonempty string x). 1971B. Brainerd Introd. Math. of Language Study iv. 155 Intuitively speaking, a production grammar is a finite set of rules, the production rules, which can be applied to certain strings in order to generate other strings. 1985V. D. Hunt Smart Robots ii. 43 Because of their modular representation of knowledge and their easy expansion and modifiability, *production rules are now probably the most popular artificial intelligence knowledge representation, being chosen for most expert systems. 1988P. N. Johnson-Laird Computer & Mind ix. 162 A grammar..cannot do anything. It needs a program to make use of it. Production rules similarly must rely on a program before they can do anything. |