| 释义 |
▪ I. halo-|hæləʊ|
combining form of Gr. ἅλς, ἁλός sea, salt, as in ˈhalobiont Ecol., an organism that lives in a saline habitat; hence ˌhalobiˈontic a.; ˌhalobiˈotic a. Ecol., living in the sea; ˌhaloˈchromism Chem. [ad. G. halochromie (Baeyer & Villiger in Ber. d. Deut. Chem. Ges. (1902) XXXV. 1190)], the property possessed by certain colourless or faintly coloured compounds of becoming brilliantly coloured in the presence of acids or of certain other compounds; haloˈlimnic a. Biol., living in fresh water but having an affinity with marine forms; haloˈmorphic a. Soil Sci., (of a soil) containing, or developed under the influence of, large quantities of salts other than calcium carbonate; ˈhalophyte Ecol. [ad. mod.L. halophyta (J. F. Schouw Grundtræk til en almindelig Plantegeographie (1822) 138)], a plant which is adapted to grow in saline conditions; so haloˈphytic a., growing, or adapted to grow, in saline conditions; haloˈplankton, marine plankton; ˈhalosere Ecol. (see quot. 19301); ˈhalowax [halogen + wax n.1] (see quots.).
1928K. E. Carpenter Life Inland Waters ix. 228 Other *halobionts are: all known species of Ephydra (Diptera)..and several species of Ochthebius, Philydrus, and Paracymus (Coleoptera). 1937Allee & Schmidt Hesse's Ecol. Animal Geogr. xix. 370 ‘Halobionts’ are limited to water of rather high salt content, and are more or less salt-tolerant stenohaline forms.
1928K. E. Carpenter Life Inland Waters ix. 228 Above this concentration, species rapidly diminish in numbers, and above 10 per cent. are only found the true *‘halobiontic’ forms, which rarely, or never, occur in waters other than saline.
1909Webster, Halobiotic. 1927R. S. Lull Org. Evol. (rev. ed.) v. 70 *Halobiotic or Marine Realm.
1902Rep. Brit. Assoc. 119 Reference may be made to some recent work of v. Baeyer and Villiger on dibenzylidene acetone and triphenyl methane. They refer to the constitution of colourless substances which form highly coloured salts, and term the phenomenon *halochromism. 1944Hackh's Chem. Dict. (ed. 3) 395/1 Halochromism, the formation of colored salts from colorless organic bases by the addition of acids. 1952K. Venkataraman Chem. Synthetic Dyes I. viii. 326 In the phenomenon of halochromism, the neutral organic compounds, which become brilliantly colored on the addition of hydrogen ion, are colored to about the same depth and intensity by the addition of neutral substances such as boron trichloride or stannic chloride instead of hydrogen ion.
1898J. E. S. Moore in Proc. R. Soc. LXII. 453 They probably belong to the same quasi-marine, or what I shall in future call the *Halolimnic group. 1903― Tanganyika Probl. vii. 141 The animals forming the invertebrate section of this peculiar group have an obviously marine aspect, and on that account I have spoken of them elsewhere as forming a halolimnic series in Lake Tanganyika—that is to say, they form a group of animals which, although living in a fresh⁓water lake, have at the same time the characters of animals that are typical of the sea. 1904Westm. Gaz. 26 May 5/2 The shells of the halolimnic gasteropods. 1922Nature 5 Jan. 28/1 The halolimnic forms..exhibit a marine-like appearance.
1938U.S. Dept. Agric. Yearbk. 1169 *Halomorphic soils, a suborder of intrazonal soils, the properties of which are determined by the presence of neutral or alkali salts, or both. 1968R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Geomorphol. 273/1 Other desert soils are intra⁓zonal..and either contain appreciable amounts of calcium carbonate (the pedocal soils) or have relatively high concentrations of other soluble salts (the halomorphic soils).
1886Webster Add., *Halophyte. 1894F. W. Oliver et al. tr. Kerner's Nat. Hist. Plants I. 74 Plants which only flourish abundantly on soils rich in alkaline salts are called halophytes. The same name has also been applied to plants which only thrive in sea-water. 1903W. R. Fisher tr. Schimper's Plant-Geogr. 90 Halophytes can thrive on ordinary soil..without any addition of common salt. 1909Groom & Balfour tr. Warming's Oecol. Plants liv. 219 A halophyte..is one form of xerophyte. 1966New Scientist 2 June 575/1 Because of the removal of water by transpiration or in the harvested crop, the concentration of salts in the system will rise so that even halophytes will suffer.
1895G. Henslow Orig. Plant Struct. 83 *Halophytic plants, and others yielding ethereal oils. 1950Engineering 26 Mar. 610/3 While..salt..is being washed out of the soil..the vegetation will still be halophytic.
1909Groom & Balfour tr. Warming's Oecol. Plants xxxviii. 160 The plankton of salt water may be subdivided into neritic and oceanic *halo⁓plankton. 1927R. S. Lull Org. Evol. (rev. ed.) iii. 43 Marine or halo-plankton.
1929Weaver & Clements Plant Ecol. iv. 74 Hydroseres in saline areas are distinguished as (salt) *haloseres. 1930Jrnl. Ecol. XVIII. 201 Halosere, the sere commencing in saline water or upon saline soil. Ibid. 229 (heading) Communities developing within the halosere. 1964K. A. Kershaw Quantitative & Dynamic Ecol. iii. 39 Clements similarly termed the stages of salt marsh succession a halosere.
1922Halowax (Condensite Co. of America) 3 *Halowax for impregnating paper round electrical condensers. Ibid. 4 Halowax is a trade name for chloro-naphthalene substitution products, i.e., products in which chlorine atoms are substituted for those of hydrogen in the naphthalene. 1928Daily Express 10 Jan. 3/7 The..Anti-Knock Compound..is a liquid consisting of tetra-ethyl lead, ethylene dibromide, halowax oil and red aniline dye. 1947J. C. Rich Materials & Methods of Sculpture vi. 157 Halowax is a synthetic wax with a high melting point. It is a strong and hard material and imparts a milky opaqueness to a cool wax formula. 1963R. F. Webb Motorist's Dict. 121 Halowax, a type of oil, blended with a tetra-ethyl lead compound used to lubricate the working parts of some mechanical superchargers.
▪ II. halo-, comb. form2 Chem.|ˈhæləʊ|
[Shortened f. halogen n.]
Used to form names of compounds, radicals, etc., containing one or more halogen atoms, as haloacyl, halohydrocarbon, halomethane, halothane n.
First used in *haloform below.
1951Chem. Abstr. XLV. 1951/2 The C-halogen bonds in *halomethane. 1955Jrnl. Chem. Physics XXIII. 1960/2 The collision lifetimes of molecular vibrations for fourteen halo-methanes at 300°K. 1966Jrnl. Org. Chem. XXXI. 908 The behaviors of trialkylaluminums, alkyl Grignards, and alkyllithiums toward *halohydrocarbons are compared. 1970Proc. Nat. Sci. Acad. LXVII. 1688, X is a chemically reactive group, such as diazonium or *haloacyl. 1975Nature 17 July 193/1 Measurements of methyl chloride and other halomethanes in the air and coastal waters of southern England between December 1974 and April 1975. 1984Greenwood & Earnshaw Chem. of Elements (1986) xvii. 959 Such nucleophilic reagents may replace other halogens in halohydrocarbons by F but rarely substitute F for H.
ˈhalocarbon n., any compound in which the hydrogen of a hydrocarbon is replaced by halogens (wholly or in part).
1953F. J. Honn in Kirk & Othmer Encycl. Chem. Technol. XI. 691 The oils are also available..under the name *Halocarbon. 1958W. A. Pennington in Clark & Hawley Encycl. Chem. Suppl. 148/1 Strictly speaking, the term halocarbon applies to compounds containing only halogen and carbon atoms. 1986Age (Melbourne) 6 Sept. 1/8 Dr Forgan said the Cape Grim station had monitored marked increases in the incidence of halocarbons and carbon dioxide levels over the past few years. 1991Barnes & Mann Fund. Aquatic Ecol. (ed. 2) vi. 112/2 Other synthetic halocarbons show similar properties.., including carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform and various exotic solvents.
ˈhaloform n. [after chloroform n.], any compound in which three of the four hydrogen atoms of methane are replaced by halogens.
1931Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LIII. 3494 (title) The *haloform reaction. 1934Chem. Rev. XV. 275 The haloform reaction comprises those processes whereby the haloforms are derived from organic compounds by the action of hypohalites. 1972R. A. Jackson Mechanism iv. 67 Carbenes can be generated in several ways, for example by photolysis of diazo-alkanes, or by treatment of haloforms with strong base.
haloˈphosphate n., any of a group of ionic compounds containing a mixture of halide and phosphate anions, some of which are used as phosphors.
1946Brit. Patent 578,192 1/1 The term *halophosphate will be used to denote any compound of the form 3M3(PO4)2.1M1L2, where M and M1 are bivalent metals, which may be the same, and L is a halogen ( F, Cl, Br, I ). 1966P. Johnson in P. Goldberg Luminescence of Inorg. Solids v. 288 The halophosphates, which have the chemical composition M5(PO4)3X and the structure of the mineral apatite. 1972Physics Bull. Mar. 151/3 The most important advance in the phosphor field was the application of halophosphate phosphors to the fluorescent lamp around 1946. |