| 释义 |
Guinea|ˈgɪnɪ|
Forms: 7 (gennie), gin(n)ey, ginnie, -y, guinnea, -(e)y, gynny, 7–8 guiney, -ie, guynny, 7– guinea.
[The geographical name appears first in Pg. as Guiné (hence Sp. Guiné, F. Guinée); its origin is unknown.]
I.
1. a. The European name of a portion of the West Coast of Africa, extending from Sierra Leone to Benin, used attrib. and Comb. in the following:
(In several instances the name is used loosely for West Africa or for some far-off or unknown country.)
Guinea aloe, Guinea amomum, Guinea cloth, Guinea drill, Guinea hairworm, Guinea pea, Guinea stuff; Guinea bird, (a) a guinea-hen or guinea-fowl (also fig.); (b) jocularly, a native African; Guinea corn (also with small g), durra or Indian millet, Sorghum vulgare; Guinea cubebs, Piper Afzelii (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1886); Guinea current (see quot.); Guinea deer, the chevrotain; † Guinea duck, the Muscovy duck; Guinea goose, the Chinese goose or swan-goose, Anser or Cygnopsis cygnoides; Guinea grains, grains of Paradise (Simmonds Dict. Trade 1858); Guinea grass (also with small g), a tall-growing fodder-grass of tropical Africa, Panicum maximum; Guinea green, same as acid-green, a bright greenish yellow (Cent. Dict.); Guinea hog, the river-pig of Guinea, Potamochœrus pictus (by Marcgraf 1648 called Porcus guineensis); Guinea merchant, one who trades with Guinea; hence, a slave-dealer; † Guinea Negro or nigger = Guinea-man 3 (obs.); also ellipt.; Guinea (oil) palm, Elais guineensis (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1886); Guinea peach, a strong climbing shrub of western tropical Africa, Sarcocephalus esculentus (family Rubiaceæ), yielding a fruit resembling a peach (Loudon Encycl. Plants 1829); † Guinea peacock, piece (see quots.); Guinea plum, the plum-like fruit of a large West African tree, Parinarium excelsum (Loudon 1829); Guinea pods, the fruit of Capsicum frutescens (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1886); Guinea ship, (a) a ship trading to Guinea, a slave-ship; (b) a sailor's name for a floating medusa, Physalia pelagica (Cassell); Guinea sorrel, Hibiscus sabdariffa (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1886); Guinea trader = Guinea merchant; Guinea weed, Petiveria alliacea (Treas. Bot. 1866); † Guinea wheat (also with small g), an old name of Indian corn; † Guinea wood = red-wood. Also guinea-cock, -hen, etc.
1759tr. Adanson's Voy. Senegal 201 The *Guinea aloe, of which the negroes..make very good ropes.
1886Syd. Soc. Lex., Large-seeded *Guinea amomum, the Amomum macrospermum.
1637J. Pocklington Altar Chr. 52 It is a world to see, what pert *Gynny Birds their Gossips are. 1792M. Riddell Voy. Madeira 60 The turkey, the African Guinea bird, and the quail, are found here. 1826H. N. Coleridge West Indies 263 ‘Ki’, retorted my Guinea bird.
1886Yule & Burnell Hobson-Jobson, *Guinea cloths, Guinea stuffs. Apparently these were piece-goods bought in India to be used in the West African trade.
1697W. Dampier Voy. (1698) I. iii. 48 The Indians are Husband-men, and plant Maiz and *Guinea Corn. 1759tr. Adanson's Voy. Senegal 69 At that time they [sc. the fields] were covered with a large kind of millet, called guiar-natt, or Guinea corn. 1775Romans Florida 84 They cultivate for bread..two varieties of that species of Panicum vulgarly called guinea corn. 1834R. H. Froude Rem. (1838) I. 343 The guinea-corn grows near fifteen feet high.
1875Bedford Sailor's Pocket Bk. iv. (ed. 2) 105 The *Guinea Current is a stream current, running to the Eastward, along that part of the African coast comprised chiefly between Cape Roxo and the Bight of Biafra; extending Southward to the 3rd and 2nd parallels of North latitude.
1752Sir J. Hill Hist. Anim. 579 The *Guinea-deer. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) III. 240 The Chevrotain, or Guinea deer. 1644,1652*Ginnie, Ginney Drill [see drill n.3].
1602Carew Cornwall 24 b, Of tame Birds, Cornwall hath Doues, Geese,..*Ginney duckes. 1688R. Holme Armoury ii. 299/2 The Guinny Duck..is by some Authors called a Cairo-Duck; of others a Muscovy-Duck.
1879Newton in Encycl. Brit. X. 778/2 The largest living Goose is that called the Chinese, *Guinea, or Swan-Goose, Cygnopsis cygnoides.
1756P. Browne Jamaica 366 *Guinea Grass..is frequently cultivated, to supply stabled and working cattle with food. 1834West Ind. Sketch Bk. II. 9 note, The accidental introduction of the Guinea-grass into Jamaica in 1744. 1834M. Scott Cruise Midge xx. (1836) 330 The faces of them [sc. hills] being covered with guinea-grass pieces. 1885A. Brassey The Trades 262 Mixed with this vegetation in large quantities was Guinea-grass.
1857tr. Küchenmeister's Man. Hum. Parasites (Syd. Soc.) I. 398 By the English [it is known as] the *Guinea hair-worm. 1788*Guinea hog [see hog n.1 3].
1719T. Gordon Cordial Low Spirits I. 214 You may as well argue with a *Guiney Merchant against the Selling of Slaves.
1748in Amer. Speech (1952) XXVII. 283 Run-Away, a likely well-made *Guiney Negro Man, named Toney. 1789S. Low Politician Outwitted III. i, He talks as crooked as a Guinea niger. 1823J. F. Cooper Pioneers xxx, One of them Guineas down in the kitchen there. 1856P. Cartwright Autobiogr. 192 (De Vere), If he don't get his soul converted God will damn him as quick as he would a Guinea Negro. 1861J. R. Lowell Biglow P. 2nd Ser. i. 183 'Tain't quite hendy to pass off one o' your six-foot Guineas. 1896J. G. Williams Ole Plantation Pref., I remember hearing the old plantation negroes before the war speak of one as a ‘Gullah nigger’ and another as a ‘Guinea nigger’.
1567G. Fenner in Hakluyt Voy. (1589) 148 Certain peason called *Guinie peason.
1698Froger Voy. 33 The *Guinee Peacock, which others call the Imperial, or the Lady, is black, and almost of the bigness of a Turkey.
1838Penny Cycl. XI. 480/2 *Guinea pepper, the seeds of two species of Amomum, found on the west coast of Africa, within the tropics; the one, A. grana Paradisi, the other A. grandiflorum.
1804Ann. Rev. II. 29/1 The Moors are paid for their gum in pieces of calico dyed blue, called *guinea-pieces; they are seven or eight ells long, and half an ell wide... The Moors instantly ascertain whether a guinea-piece is fabricated in France or India, by the smell.
1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. vii. III. 161 They were crowded together like slaves in a *Guinea ship.
1813W. Milburn Orient. Comm. I. 289 *Guinea stuffs, 4½ yards each [per ton] 1200 [pieces]. 1756*Guinea trader [see Guinea-man 2].
1598Florio, Brena, a kind of *ginnie or turkie wheate. 1610J. Guillim Heraldry iii. iii. (1611) 112 He beareth Azure, three eares of Ginny Wheate louped and bladed or. 1688R. Holme Armoury ii. 56/2 Ginny Wheat..is also termed Indian, or Turky Wheat.
1722Act in Lond. Gaz. No. 6040/7 Red Wood or *Guinea Wood the Hundred Weight,..one Pound ten Shillings.
b. A derogatory term for an immigrant of Italian or Spanish origin, or one of similar appearance. Also ginny, guinny. U.S. slang.
1896Dialect Notes I. 418 Guinea, an Italian. 1897F. Moss Amer. Metropolis III. viii. 113 Boys and girls together, we would sing and waltz, While the ‘Ginnie’ played the organ on the sidewalks of New York. 1910Sat. Even. Post 3 Sept. 18/1 Almost every Ginny..or Dutchman who lands in New York has..the address of some..cheap hotel. 1927J. Barbican Confess. Rum-runner iv. 54 Tell that squint-eyed guinea to throw the mud-hook overboard. 1932D. Runyon Guys & Dolls x. 221 A bomb such as these Guineas like to chuck at people they do not like, especially Guineas from Chicago. 1934J. O'Hara Appointment in Samarra (1935) ii. 53 Tony Murascho, who up to that time had been known only as a tough little guinny, was matched to fight a preliminary bout at McGovern's Hall.
†2. Short for guinea-fowl, guinea-hen. Obs.
1620Venner Via Recta iii. 58, Ginnies; or Turkies. 1647A. Ross Myst. Poet. xiv. (1675) 357 She was called Penelope, from the gennies or turky hens, named Meleagrides and Penelope, for they fed her, being an infant. [1661Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. Introd., The Cock and hen, patavine, Turcick, Persick, Scottish, Indian and Ginnie.]
II. (With lower-case initial.) The coin so called, or its value.
3. a. An English gold coin, not coined since 1813, first struck in 1663 with the nominal value of 20s., but from 1717 until its disappearance circulating as legal tender at the rate of 21s. double guinea: a coin equal in value to two guineas. spade guinea: a guinea of the pattern coined 1787–1800, so called from the form of the escutcheon on the reverse.
In 1663 the Royal Mint was authorized to coin gold pieces of the value of 20s. ‘in the name and for the use of the Company of Royal Adventurers of England trading with Africa’; these pieces were to bear for distinction the figure of a little elephant, and 44½ of them were to contain 1 lb. troy of ‘our Crowne gold’. The 20s. pieces of the African company received the popular name of guineas almost as soon as they were issued, as being intended for use in the Guinea trade, and made of gold from Guinea; and the name was extended to later coins of the same intrinsic value. As silver was the sole standard till 1816, the value of the guinea was from the first subject to market fluctuations, according to the condition of the silver coin, which became so bad that the guinea rose as high as 30s. in 1695. In Dec. 1717 it was fixed at 21s., after which it underwent no further alteration. The latest coinage of guineas took place in 1813; the sovereign, of the value of 20s., was first issued in 1817.
1664Evelyn Diary 9 Mar., Now it was that the fine new⁓milled coin, both of white money and guineas, was established. 1666Pepys Diary 29 Oct., My goldsmith..tells me that ginnys, which I bought 2,000 of not long ago, and cost me but 18½d. change, will now cost me 22d.; and but very few to be had at any price. 1673Marvell Reh. Transp. II. 19 The great little Animal was on a sudden turn'd so yellow, and grown withall so unwieldy that he might have past currant for the Elephant upon a Guinny. 1686–7in Wood Life (1848) 247 note, I giue to my dearest child y⊇ Lady Shuttleworth..a gilt box wth 30 gynnyes in it. 1700A. Haig in J. Russell Haigs xi. (1881) 336 Zerubabell got from me..a guinie, which is to be at 23 shillings starling and 6 penies. 1706Lond. Gaz. No. 4208/3 Lost,..a..Purse, with 3 Five-Guinea Pieces, 3 double Guineas. a1734North Exam. ii. iv. §55 (1740) 259 The Duke gave him twenty Guineys to hire him to kill the King. 1777Sheridan Trip Scarb. i. i, Can you give me change for a guinea? 1832Babbage Econ. Manuf. xiv. (ed. 3) 124 The great step, that of abolishing the guinea, has already been taken without any inconvenience.
b. Proverbial phr. (Cf. guinea-gold.)
1727Gay Beggar's Opera i. v. (1729) 7 A wife's like a guinea in gold.
4. A sum of money equal to the value of this coin. In present use, a name for the sum of {pstlg}1.05 (21s).
The guinea is the ordinary unit for a professional fee and for a subscription to a society or institution; the prices obtained for works of art, racehorses, and sometimes landed property, are also stated in guineas. Otherwise the word is now only occasionally used.
1688in Ellis Corr. (1829) II. 186 The Royal African Company have lately a dividend of ten guineas per cent. 1699G. Hickes in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 283 Its prime cost will at least be a guiney. 1732Fielding Miser iii. iii, A turkey..which..may be bought for a guinea, or thereabouts. 1767A. Young Farmer's Lett. to People 49 To regard a guinea raised by cultivation as materially different in value to us from a guinea raised by any other trade. 1778in Boswell's Johnson 3 Apr., I have been looking at this famous antique dog..valued at a thousand guineas. 1818Lady Morgan Autobiog. (1859) 47 A..shawl..for five guineas. 1883Whitaker's Almanack 362 Winners of Races 1863–82. Derby, Oaks, St. Leger, 2,000 Guineas, 1,000 Guineas. 1884H. Smart Post to Finish vii, It's a guinea to a gooseberry on Sam. 1885Act 48 Vict. c. 16 §16 Such substitutes..shall be paid at the rate of seven guineas per day.
5. a. attrib. and Comb., as guinea-stamp; guinea-fed adj.; guinea-boat (see quot.); guinea-corps (see quot. 1810 s.v. Guinea trade); guinea-dropper, one who cheats by dropping counterfeit guineas; guinea-edge (see quot.); guinea-gold, † (a) collect. guineas; (b) gold of which guineas were coined, gold of 22 carats; (c) adj., of the colour of a gold guinea; guinea-table, ? a gaming-table, where the stake is a guinea; guinea-wedge, ?
1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., *Guinea-boat, a fast-rowing galley, of former times, expressly built for smuggling gold across the Channel, in use at Deal.
1710Palmer Proverbs 209 'Tis astonishing that a young gentleman, bred five or six years in our own universities, shou'd, at his first coming to London, be drawn in by *guinea-droppers. 1712Gay Trivia iii. 249 Who now the Guinea-Dropper's Bait regards, Trick'd by the Sharper's Dice or Juggler's Cards?
1890J. W. Zaehnsdorf Art Bookbinding 176 *Guinea-edge, a roll with a pattern similar to the edge of an old guinea.
1810Bentham Art of Packing (1821) 175 note, Inconvenient to a *guinea-fed juryman to attend oftener than the Act requires!
1671Lond. Gaz. No. 599/4 On Wednesday the second of August, there went away from his Masters house..a young man by name John Kirke..with a considerable summ in *Guiny-Gold. 1938M. K. Rawlings Yearling xi. 110 The river shone in the late sunlight, Guinea-gold, like the bright flowers. 1966E. Palmer Plains of Camdeboo xiii. 220 They [sc. cobras] must just have sloughed their old skins, for they shone as if fresh minted. Often they are brown or yellow, sometimes a guinea-gold or this handsome red-gold.
1795Burns For a' That 7 The rank is but the *guinea stamp; The man's the gowd for a' that.
1811L. M. Hawkins C'tess & Gertr. II. 57 She will go to the *guinea-table..rather than not play.
17..Mrs. Delany in Life & Corr. (1861) III. 251 He has given me some very pretty *guinea wedges.
b. quasi-adj. Priced at or amounting to a guinea.
1742? Pitt Sp. Ho. Comm. in Anecd., etc. (1797) I. iv. 79 The most stupid serjeant at law that ever spoke for a guinea fee. 1742H. Walpole Lett. (1846) I. 188 Twice a-week there are to be [in Ranelagh-gardens] ridottos, at guinea tickets, for which you are to have a supper and music. 1801C. Lamb in C. Kegan Paul W. Godwin (1876) II. 87 Leave him to take guinea-and-a-half lodgings with mama in Leghorn. 1897Daily News 15 June 8/5 Most of the business has been in the guinea and two guinea seats. |