| 释义 |
gristle, n.|ˈgrɪs(ə)l|
Forms: 1– gristle, 4 grystil, -tyll, (grusle), 4–5 gristil, 5 grystyl(le, 6 gristel, -ell(e, -ill, grystell, gressell, 6–8 grissel(l, (7 crissel, cristle, grisle, 8 grissle). β. 5 north. girstelle, Sc. 6 girssill, 8 girsle.
[O.E. gristle = OFris. gristel, gristl, grestel, gerstel, EFris. grössel, grüssel, MLG. gristel, MHG. gruschel; cogn. with OE. grost gristle (Leiden glosses); synonymous forms of similar sound are OHG. c(h)rustula, -ila, crostila, -ela, -illa; chrustilîn, crustili (MHG. krostel, krossel, krosel, krustel; also kruspel, krospel). The mutual relation of these forms, and the etymology, are obscure.]
1. A tough flexible tissue, of a whitish colour, in vertebrate animals; = cartilage 1.
a700Epinal Gloss. 174 Cartilaga,..næsgristlae. a800Erfurt Gloss. 350 Cartilago, naesgristle. c1000ælfric Gloss. in Wr.-Wülcker 158/22 Cartilago, gristle. c1050Voc. ibid. 414/1 Gartilago, gristle. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. v. lix. (1495) 175 Grystyll is tendernes of the bones and is callyd cartilago in latyn. c1440Promp. Parv. 213/2 Grystylle of the nose, cartilago. 1483Cath. Angl. 157/1 A Girstelle, cartilago. 1523Fitzherb. Husb. §89 The hawe is a sorance in a horse eye, and is lyke gristell. 1589Cogan Haven Health cxli. (1636) 142 The Eares are nothing else but gristill and skinne. 1615Crooke Body of Man 943 Very thin bones and gristle bound or vnited by Synchondrosis. a1711Ken Hymnotheo Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 21 The soft spinal gristle of his back, He turns and winds. 1776–96Withering Brit. Plants (ed. 3) II. 47 Leaves egg-spear-shaped..serratures like gristle. 1802Paley Nat. Theol. viii. §3 The bones which work against each other, are tipped with gristle. 1843Carpenter Anim. Phys. 42 Another tissue of which cells form the principal part, is that termed cartilage or gristle.
b. fig. with reference to the gristly nature of the bones in infancy. in the gristle: in an initiatory, unformed, or embryonic stage of existence.
1775Burke Sp. Conc. Amer. 18 A people who are still, as it were, in the gristle, and not yet hardened into the bone of manhood. 1865Morn. Star 22 May, As yet, of course, this business is in the gristle. 1880E. Kirke Garfield 46 Talleyrand once said to the first Napoleon that ‘the United States was a giant without bones’. Since that time our gristle has been rapidly hardening.
2. A structure or formation consisting of such tissue; a gristly part; = cartilage 1 b. (Now rare in pl.)
a1240Sawles Warde in Cott. Hom. 251 Tadden and froggen þe freoteð ham ut te ehnen ant te nease gristles. 13..Coer de L. 2144 The emperour of evil trusle Carved off his nose by the grusle. c1325Gloss. W. de Bibbysw. in Wright Voc. 145 Un tendroun, a gristel. c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 23 A gristil is cold & drie, & is neischere þan a boon. a1533Ld. Berners Huon xlii. 140 Y⊇ grystell of his nose as grete as the mossell of an oxe. 1574Sc. Acts Jas. VI (1814) III. 87 Gif thay happin tobe convicted, To be adiugeit tobe..burnt throw the girssill of the rycht eare wt ane het Irne. 1597A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 13 b/2 The synnues, Tendones, and Cartilages or grissells. 1601Munday Downf. Earl Huntington iii. iii. G j b, Is this a pawe..To holde a tender hand in?.. Looke I pray, His armes are gristles. 1658A. Fox Wurtz' Surg. ii. xxv. 152 The bones and crissels of the Nose. 1747H. Glasse Cookery xii. 126 Take six Pounds of good Pork, free from Skin and Gristles, and Fat. 1820Shelley Œdipus i. 63 To fill our colons With rich blood, or make brawn out of our gristles. 1822Scott Nigel xxiii, We would slit it [the nose] up to the gristle.
†b. In various transf. senses: (see quots.). Obs.
1533Elyot Cast. Helthe (1539) 31 b, The kernelles and gristell whiche are in the rootes, if they be welle digested they make nourishment. 1578Lyte Dodoens iii. xxv. 308 The best Ammoniacum..pure and without shardes, splinters, or stonie gristels or gravell. Ibid. iii. cxiv. 307 Galbanum is also a gumme or liquor..and the best is gristel, or betwixt hard and soft. 1688R. Holme Armoury ii. 85/1 The Gristle of the Walnut is that as lies between the two halves of the kernel, within the shell. 1785Burns Ep. to J. Lapraik 1 Apr. xxii, To conclude my lang epistle, As my auld pen's worn to the grissle.
c. Sc. The nose.
1790A. Wilson Ep. to E. Picken Poet. Wks. (1846) 109 Whiles a glass to heet my gab, And snuff to smart my girsle.
†3. fig. A tender or delicate person. Obs.
a1553Udall Royster D. i. iv. (Arb.) 27 Ah sir, be good to hir, she is but a gristle, Ah sweete lambe and coney. 1591Lyly Endym. v. ii. 73 Sam. We will helpe you to find a young ladie. Top. I love no grissels,..I desire old matrons. 1623Massinger Bondman i. ii, I am a gristle, and these spider fingers Will never hold a sword. a1652Brome Mad Couple v. ii. (1653) G 6 b, Alas y'are but a grissell, Weake picking meat.
4. attrib., as † gristle-ring; † gristle-bone = sense 2.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. v. xii. (1495) 116 Whan the voys of thayer smyte to the grystil-boon, there it is gretly holpe. c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 148 In þe fore partie of þe brest þere is sett þe canne of þe lungis, þe which is compounned of gristil ryngis bounde togidere wiþ pannicleris ligamentis. c1440Promp. Parv. 106/1 Cruschylbone, or grystylbone, cartilago. 1557–8T. Phaer æneid vii. T iij b, While the poyson..gropes her gristlebones, and venim droppes her sences drinkes. 1886Pall Mall G. 22 Oct. 11/1 Four other eighty thousands not yet reached manhood and womanhood, or gone beyond the gristle stage. |