| 释义 |
▪ I. grind, n.1|graɪnd|
[f. grind v.1 OE. had ᵹegrind clashing of weapons.]
1. a. The action of grinding. lit. and fig.
c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 183 Ðan þe sowle fundeð to faren ut of hire licame, hie..binimeð..toðen here grind, and tunge here speche. 1871M. Collins Mrq. & Merch. I. vii. 218 Mud..churned into chaotic slush by..interminable grind of wheels. 1872Earl Pembroke & G. H. Kingsley S. Sea Bubbles ix. 235, I felt a sudden shock, a terrible lurch, and long trembling grind. 1881D. G. Rossetti Bride's Prelude Wks. 1886 I. 57 And cries I knew of hostile lords, And crash of spears and grind of swords. 1886J. R. Rees Divers. Bk.-worm ii. 61 One gets into an unnatural perspiration at the eternal grind of the barrel-organ.
†b. A set task of grinding. Obs.
1656Stanley Hist. Philos. iv. (1687) 151/2 The prison, where the common malefactors ground, and did their grind, and in pay of their labour, received two drachms.
c. Cambridge. (See quots. 1889 and 1950.)
1889Barrère & Leland Dict. Slang I. 431/1 The ferry-boats at Chesterton, wound across by a winch and chain, ‘to go over in the grind’. 1901Cambr. Rev. 14 Nov. 76/1 Trinity Hall..had 50 yards to spare at the Red Grind. 1906Westm. Gaz. 11 June 8/2 Besides Charon's, two other ferries—grinds, with chain from bank to bank. 1950M. Marples University Slang 103 A chain-ferry at Chesterton near Cambridge was also known as the Grind, but it is not clear whether from its connection with walking or rowing, or from the effort required to operate it: later every ferry came to be so called.
d. The size of the particles of a powder, e.g. ground coffee.
1922W. H. Ukers All about Coffee xxv. 401/1 A progressive coffee-packing house may have..a pulverizer for making a really fine grind. Ibid. 402/1 A mixture of a very fine with a coarse grind gives the best results in the cup. 1958Listener 13 Feb. 299/1, I buy the grind [of coffee] I find suits my method of coffee-making best. Ibid. 299/2 The coarse grind [of coffee] gives the best results. 1959Gloss. Packaging Terms (B.S.I.) 34 Grind, the size of the particles of which moulding powder is composed, generally graded according to the portions retained by different mesh sizes.
2. colloq.
a. Steady hard work; labour of a monotonous kind, esp. close and hard study; an instance of this, a dull and laborious task.
1851Hall College Words, Grind, an exaction; an oppressive action. Students speak of a very long lesson which they are required to learn, or of anything which is very unpleasant or difficult to perform as a grind. 1852Kingsley in Life (1877) I. 349 We lost him [the fox] after sunset, after the fiercest grind I have had this nine years. 1857Hughes Tom Brown ii. v, ‘Come along, boys’, cries East, always ready to leave the grind, as he called it. 1859Sat. Rev. VII. 534/2 To a large proportion of students, both at our public schools and at the Universities, Latin and Greek are a mere grind. 1866Mrs. J. H. Riddell Race for Wealth II. xii. 250 Weary of the eternal work, of the everlasting grind, of the whirl of London life. 1884H. S. Holland Gd. Friday Addr. 100 Poor women, slaving..to win..some few pennies by a long day's grind. 1887T. B. Reed Dog with Bad Name xix, ‘Hadn't we better take overcoats?’..‘Oh, no—they're a frightful grind to carry.’
b. (See quot. and cf. grind v. 8 b.)
1857‘C. Bede’ Verdant Green iii. xi. 93 A medical student would have told him that a ‘Grind’ meant the reading up for an examination under the tuition of one who was familiarly termed ‘a Grinder’—a process which Mr. Verdant Green's friends would phrase as ‘Coaching’ under ‘a Coach’.
3. Univ. slang.
a. A steeplechase; also, a walk taken for the sake of exercise, a ‘constitutional’.
1857‘C. Bede’ Verdant Green iii. xi. 93 To a University man, a Grind did not possess any reading signification, but a riding one. In fact, it was a steeple-chase, slightly varying in its details according to the college that patronised the pastime. 1860Slang Dict. s.v., ‘To take a grind’ i.e. a walk, or constitutional, University. 1862H. Kingsley Ravenshoe I. xiv. 173 The Christchurch grind had been slow, but the best that year. 1872Chamb. Jrnl. 30 Mar. 194/2 The mighty gymnasiarch, the hero of a hundred ‘grinds’. 1887in M. Shearman Athletics & Footb. (Badm. Libr.) 41 It was the evening after the College Steeplechase (vulgarly called the ‘College Grind’). 1896Graves Way abt. Oxfordsh. 89 Just beyond, a turning to the left constitutes a part of the course of the famous ‘Five miles grind’ [A favourite walk at Oxford].
b. U.S. A hard student.
1893W. K. Post Harvard Stories 11 Come now, old grind, do take a day off. 1896in Westm. Gaz. 11 Aug. 8/1 He is neither a ‘grind’ nor a ‘sport’. 1897Barrère & Leland Dict. Slang, Grind,..a plodding student who keeps aloof from the usual sports and pastimes. 1908R. L. Dunn W. H. Taft 210 He was keen to learn and if he had not been so lusty outside of the house, he would have been called a grind. 1951S. Lewis World so Wide viii. 90 He told himself that, with this conceited grind, there was no merit in even a boarding-house courtesy.
4. slang. (An act of) sexual intercourse. Also on the grind.
1893Farmer & Henley Slang III. 216/1 On the grind, said of incontinent persons of both sexes. Also of prostitutes. c1912D. H. Lawrence Love among Haystacks (1930) 26 ‘A good grind, eh?’ said the tramp, nodding after the Fraülein. The men only half-understood him. 1969J. Wainwright Big Tickle 112 A grind with a cheap scrubber?
5. The action of rotating the hips in a dance or the like. Cf. bump n.1 1 f. slang (orig. U.S.).
1946,1964[see bump n.1 1 f].
▪ II. grind, n.2 Orkney and Shetland dial.|grɪnd|
[a. ON. (and Sw.) grind a barred gate.]
‘A gate formed of horizontal bars, which enter at each end into hollows in two upright stakes, or in the adjoining walls’ (Jam.).
1615Acts of Bailiary in G. Barry Orkney Isl. (1805) 459 All grinds and slops on all highways shall be closed by all strangers that enter thereby. a1733Shetland Acts 6 in Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. (1892) XXVI. 197 That none big up accustomed grinds or passages through towns. 1814Scott Diary 17 Aug. in Lockhart, The gates, or grinds, as they are here called, are usually of ship planks and timbers. 1845New Statist. Acc. Scot., Shetland XV. 121 Every grind or gate is set open.
▪ III. grind, n.3 Naut.|graɪnd|
[Origin obscure; cf. grind v.3; also grinde, obs. var. groin n.2]
‘A half-kink in a hempen cable’ (Adm. Smyth).
1794Rigging & Seamanship II. 288 A cable coiled against the sun will..have less grinds or kinks in it than a cable coiled with the sun.
▪ IV. ‖ grind, n.4|grɪnd|
[Færöese; a single bottle-nose whale is called grindahvalur, whence Da. grindehval, Du. grindewal.
The word is commonly identified with grind gate, fence (grind n.2), and is said to refer to the appearance presented by the school when swimming or resting on the surface of the sea. Others explain it as referring to the mode of capture, the whales being fenced or penned in by a line of boats.]
A collective term applied in the Færöes to the bottle-nose whale when it appears in large numbers. (App. used incorrectly in quot. 1883)
1883Fisheries Exhib. Catal. 47 A Faroese ‘Eight-man boat’, fully equipped for the grind or chase of the..Bottle-nose Whale. 1885Sat. Rev. 10 Oct. 475/1 The grind are not hunted out at sea like the larger whales. 1887Fisheries & Fish. Industries U.S. (ed. Goode) II. 248 The fishermen of the Faroe Islands have been very successful in their captures..of the ‘grind-whale’ or blackfish (G[lobiocephalus] melas). 1898Blackw. Mag. Aug. 257 When the grind are sighted great excitement prevails throughout the islands.
▪ V. grind, v.1|graɪnd|
Pa. tense and pple. ground |graʊnd|. Forms: 1 grindan, 2–3 grinden, 4 grynden, (5 -yn), 4–5 grynd, 4–6 grynde, (6 grynede?), 5–7 grynde, 4– grind. 3rd sing. pres. ind. 4 grint, grynt. pa. tense 1–4 grond, (3 gront?), 6 groond, 7– ground; pl. 1 grundon, 3 grunden; also weak 6–9 grinded. pa. pple. 4–5 i-, ygrounde(n, (4 i-gronde), grownden, (-yn, -yne), 4–6 grounden, (-in, -yn), gronden, (-ine, -yn), Sc. grundin, (-yn), 5–6 grounde, (6 groond, 7 groune, Sc. grunde), 6– ground; also weak 6–9 grinded, 7–8 grounded.
[OE. grindan (grǫnd, grundon, *grunden) str. vb. is cogn. w. Du. grenden (rare), grinden wk. vb. (cf. grind, grint n., gravel, coarse meal); the pre-Teut. root *ghrendh- is perh. represented in L. frendĕre to gnash the teeth, to bruise, pound. The word is wanting in the other Teut. langs., which have instead a verb cogn. with L. molĕre: see meal n.]
1. trans.
a. To reduce to small particles or powder by crushing between two hard surfaces; esp. to make (grain) into meal or flour in a mill. Freq. with adverbial or other complement denoting the result of the action, as down, small, into dust, to pieces, etc.
c1000ælfric Gram. (Z.) 168 Molo, ic grinde. c1200Ormin 1486 Þu..gaddresst swa þe clene corn..& grindesst itt, & cnedesst itt. c1250Gen. & Ex. 3339 To dust he it grunden and maden bread. 13..K. Alis. 4431 (Laud MS.) Myllen miȝtten by þe blood Grynden corne as by þe flood. c1374Chaucer Former Age 15 No man yit in the morter spices grond. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints, Agatha 94 It wes les maystry hard stanis to grynd..þane for to wryth agathis wil fra cryst. c1420Pallad. on Husb. 1. 405 Lyme & grauel commixt ther on do glide, With marbul greet ygrounde & mixt with lyme. c1450M.E. Med. Bk. (Heinrich) 72 [Take] þe rote of horshelne & þe rote of comfyry..and grynde hem smale in a morter. 1568in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford (1880) 326 Any corne or meale, ground or to be grynded. 1576Baker Jewell of Health 101 Lyme not quenched or slaked, joyned with the whites of egges, and grinded on a marble stone. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 650 They..lay it [steeped millet] on a stone, and (as Painters their colours) grinde it with another stone, till it be dowe. 1662H. Stubbe Ind. Nectar ii. 9 They grinded the nuts into a paste. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. ii. 757 The Olives, ground in Mills, their Fatness boast. 1768Boswell Corsica i. (ed. 2) 48 They even have them [chestnuts] grinded into flour. 1799G. Smith Laboratory I. 96 Grind them again, as painters do their colours. 1837M. Donovan Dom. Econ. II. 345 The practice of keeping coffee roasted and ground..seems to be injurious to its aroma. 1850Young's Patent in Law Times Rep. X. 862/1 To each 100 gallons there is added 28lbs. of chalk, ground up with a little water into a thin paste. 1860Tyndall Glac. ii. vii. 261 The glaciers..grind the mass beneath them to particles of all sizes.
b. Denoting the action of teeth, or apparatus having the same function; = to masticate. Also fig.
c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 181 Teð hine grindeð. Tunge hine swoleȝeð. a1225Ancr. R. 70 Þe two cheoken beoð þe two grinstones..Lokeð..þæt ouwer cheoken ne grinden neuer bute soule uode. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. v. xx. (1495) 124 Quadrupli or keruers ben sharp in the endes and ben able to bruse and grynde harde metes. 1555Eden Decades 354 Foure teeth wherwith he eateth and gryndeth his meate. 1606Shakes. Ant. & Cl. iii. v. 16 Then would thou hadst a paire of chaps no more, and throw betweene them all the food thou hast, they'le grinde the other. 1654Jer. Taylor Real Pres. 39 Christs flesh was sensually..to be handled by the Priests hands, to be broken and grinded by the teeth of the faithful. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) VI. 382 The tortoise has..no teeth..only two bony ridges in the place, serrated and hard. These serve to gather and grind its food. 1836–9Todd Cycl. Anat. II. 11/2 The three first stomachs being intended to macerate and grind it [food] down.
c. transf. and fig. (Cf. 2 and 3.)
1535Coverdale Micah iv. 13, I wil make thy horne yron, and thy clawes brasse, that thou mayest grynde [A.V. break in pieces] many people. 1583Babington Commandm. ix. (1637) 93 The denyall of it..grindeth his soule in sunder. 1587Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1354/1 He groond himselfe euen to his graue by mortification. 1640Fuller Joseph's Coat 1 Cor. xi. 24 (1867) 58 All His bones were broken, that is, contrited and grinded with grief and sorrow. 1784Cowper Task ii. 362 He grinds divinity of other days Down into modern use. 1838Thirlwall Greece IV. xxviii. 30 It was..safer to let the Greeks grind each other down in a protracted conflict. 1842Tennyson St. Sim. Styl. 115 A grazing iron collar grinds my neck.
d. To force out by, or as by, grinding.
1790J. B. Moreton Mann. W. Ind. 46 Describing the mill which grinds, or rather squeezes the juice out of the canes. 1801Nelson in Nicolas Disp. (1846) VII. p. cciii, I went on board Sir Hyde this morning..I ground out something, but there was not that openness which I should have shown to my Second in Command.
e. intr. in quasi-passive sense, with adj. complement or adv.: To admit of being ground (fine, easily, etc.).
2. fig.
a. (Cf. 1 c.) To crush, to oppress; to harass with exactions. Also with down, to the dust.
a1626Bacon Advice to Villiers Wks. 1826 VI. 442 Some few merchants and tradesmen, under colour of furnishing the colony with necessaries, may not grind them so as shall always keep them in poverty. 1642Fuller Holy & Prof. St. v. xix. 436 Much regretting that their Priviledges, Civil and Ecclesiasticall, were infringed, and they grinded with exactions against their Laws and Liberties. 1691Baxter Nat. Ch. xiii. 53 Landlords grinding their Poor Tenants. 1764Goldsm. Trav. 386 Laws grind the poor, and rich men rule the law. 1784Cowper Task iv. 30 Is India free?.. Or do we grind her still? 1833H. Martineau Manch. Strike iii. 33 You are not the man to grind the poor. 1838Lytton Leila i. ii, Yet you suffer the Hebrews themselves..to be ground to the dust. 1872Yeats Growth Comm. 249 By reforming the laws, and checking monopolies, he enabled the kingdom to pay its way without grinding the poor. 1883S. C. Hall Retrospect II. 326 [He] had but one..excuse for grinding down the wretched peasantry.
b. In same sense: to grind the faces (occas. face) of. A Hebraism.
1388Wyclif Isa. iii. 15 Whi al to-breken ȝe my puple, and grynden togidere the faces of pore men? 1608Bp. Hall Recoll. Treat. (1614) 609 They gave plentifull almes to the poore: wee in stead of filling their bellies, grinde their faces. 1659Hammond On Ps. xcv. 5 When they oppress and grind the faces of the people and servants of God. 1791–1823D'Israeli Cur. Lit. (1866) 306/1 Richelieu was grinding the face of the poor by exorbitant taxation. 1889Jessopp Coming of Friars ii. 88 The lord of the manor..might grind the faces of the poor while he ground their corn.
3. fig.
a. To afflict, to torment; physically and mentally. Also absol. Now only U.S., to annoy, vex.
absol.c1350Med. MS. in Archæologia XXX. 353 Ȝif in mannys body vermys grynde Take mylfoly. 1610Shakes. Temp. iv. i. 259 Goe, charge my Goblins that they grinde their ioynts With dry Convultions. 1698Lister in Phil. Trans. XX. 246 A paining Grief towards the bottom of their Bellies, which did grind and torment them with Pain and Trouble. 1735Somerville Chase iii. 423 All the Pangs that grind thy Soul, In Rapture and in sweet Oblivion lost. 1879Howells L. Aroostook vii, After all, it does grind me to have lost that money!
b. U.S. (College slang). To satirize severely; make a jest of (Cent. Dict.).
c. colloq. To be a ‘grind’ (see grind n.1 2) to, to fag.
1887T. B. Reed Dog with Bad Name xix, ‘Will you come?’.. ‘I've never been up a mountain in winter before. We shall get a splendid view. Sure it won't grind you?’
4. To produce by grinding.
1382Wyclif Isa. xlvii. 2 Tac a grind ston, or queerne stoon, and grind me mele. c1420Liber Cocorum (1862) 14 Floure of ryce þou grynd also. 1535Coverdale Isa. xlvii. 2 Thou shalt bringe forth the querne, & grynede meel. 1624Heywood Gunaik. v. 255 There was meale that morning to be fetcht from the mill, which was grinded by that time. 1791Cowper Odyss. xx. 145 With aching heart and trembling knees their meal Grinding continual. 1897Mrs. Ramsay Ev. Day Life Turkey ii. 47 Each household grinds its own flour.
5. To wear down by friction so as to make sharp or smooth.
a. To sharpen the edge or point of (a tool, a weapon). to have axes to grind: see axe n.1 6. Also with complement, and up.
13..K. Alis. 5872 With his swerd, sharp y-grounde, He yaf many a dedly wounde. 1375Barbour Bruce xii. 520 Axis that weill grundyn wer. c1430Pilgr. Lyf Manhode i. cxvii. (1869) 61 Þe haubergeoun, which was of so strong a shap þat, for no wepene ygrounden, þer was neuere mayl ybroken. 1523Fitzherb. Husb. §21 This hoke wolde be well steeled, and grounde sharpe. 1608Shakes. Per. i. ii. 58, I haue ground the Axe my selfe; Do you but strike the blowe. 1680Moxon Mech. Exerc. xi. 193 The edges of these Flat Chissels are not ground to such a Basil as the Joyners Chissels are. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 398 The bristled Boar..New grinds his arming Tusks. 1827D. Johnson Ind. Field Sports 294 His tusks he is grinding to give us some play. 1840Dickens Barn. Rudge iv, I'll grind up all the tools.
fig.c1586C'tess Pembroke Ps. lxiv. ii, For tongues they beare, not tongues, but swordes, So piercing sharp they have them ground. c1600Shakes. Sonn. cx. 10 Mine appetite I neuer more will grin'de On newer proofe, to trie an older friend.
b. To smooth the surface of (glass, etc.) by friction. Also to grind in: to smooth the surface of (a machine part) by moving it to and fro against the surface with which it is to fit or mate; esp. to make (a valve in a cylinder of an internal combustion engine) fit smoothly and tightly into its seat by rotating it to and fro against the seat with a suitable abrasive paste; occas. to grind (a valve) in or into or on to (its seat).
1641French Distill. i. (1651) 6 The stopple of Glass ground very smooth. 1660Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech. Proem 10 To the inward tapering Orifice of this Ring..are exquisitely ground the sides of the Brass stopple. 1678Butler Hud. iii. Lady's Answ. 229 How dull and rugged, ere 'tis ground And polish'd, looks a diamond? 1704Newton Opticks i. (1721) 95 Good Workmen who can grind and polish Glasses truly spherical. 1832G. R. Porter Porcelain & Gl. 201 The labour bestowed in grinding and polishing their surfaces. 1837Whittock, etc. Bk. Trades (1842) 353 The Optician executes very little more of the work than fitting in the glasses, after these are grinded. 1888Sci. Amer. 28 Apr. 258/2 To secure perfect smoothness in motion, each rack and pinion is ‘ground in’. 1895Boy's Own Paper XVII. 350/3 To make the valves fit tight you should grind them in their seating with a little fine emery and oil. 1903R. J. Mecredy Dict. Motoring 281 New valves should also be ground on to their seatings. 1905H. J. Spooner Motors & Motoring 19 Grinding in valves is an operation that had better be left to the trained mechanic. 1916J. E. Homans Automobile Handbk. xvii. 184 It is necessary in grinding a valve into its seat to place a ball of cotton waste..into the port leading to the combustion space. 1924A. W. Judge Mod. Motor Cars III. 297 It is usually necessary to grind in the valves whenever the cylinders are decarbonised. 1928― Car Maintenance 43 After replacing a ground-in valve. 1935Jelley & Harrison De Luxe Ford Handbk. xii. 86 It is absolutely essential that each valve is ground into and assembled into the seat from which it was removed. Ibid. 87 It is always bad practice to grind in a badly pitted valve. 1950A. W. Judge Motor Vehicle Engine Servicing iv. 55 The valve face..can readily be restored to its original condition by grinding with an abrasive paste on to its seating. 1962‘S. Abbey’ Motor-Car Maintenance iv. 55 Sooner or later..it will be necessary to remove the cylinder head from the engine to allow.. the valves to be ground-in on their seatings. 1971B. C. MacDonald Ford Cortina Repairs i. 25 The next step is to grind-in the valves on their seats in the cylinder head.
fig.1779Johnson in Boswell 16 Apr., To be contradicted, in order to force you to talk, is mighty unpleasing. You shine, indeed; but it is by being ground.
†c. Used for: To file down (teeth). Obs. rare.
1625Bacon Ess., Usury (Arb.) 545 That the Tooth of Usurie be grinded, that it bite not too much.
6. a. intr. or absol. To perform the operation of grinding, esp. of preparing meal or flour from grain. Said also of a mill, etc.
c950Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xxiv. 41 Tuu wif ᵹegrundon on coernæ [Rushw. twa grindende æt cweorne]. c1000ælfric Judg. xvi. 21 Þa Philistei..heton hine grindan æt hira handcwyrne. 1382Wyclif Matt. xxiv. 41 Two wymmen shulen be gryndynge in oo querne. c1386Chaucer Wife's Prol. 389 Who so comth first to Mille, first grynt. c1400Destr. Troy 1604 Mylnes full mony, made for to grynde. c1420Liber Cocorum (1862) 27 Take persole, peletre an oyns, and grynde. 1625Bacon Ess., Counsel (Arb.) 321 But then it must be a Prudent King, such as is able to Grinde with a Hand-Mill. a1632G. Herbert Jacula Prudent. 747 Gods Mill grinds slow but sure. 1671Milton Samson 35 To grind in Brazen Fetters under task With this Heav'n-gifted strength. 1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 123 When one pair [of stones] only is wanted to grind. 1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. I. vii. vii, Millers shall grind, or do worse, while their millstones endure. 1846Longfellow Aphorisms fr. F. von Logau, Though the mills of God grind slowly, yet they grind exceeding small.
b. trans. To work (a handmill) so as to grind meal, etc. In vulgar phrase to grind the coffee mill: to imitate with the hand the action of grinding, by way of contempt (cf. grinder 8).
1894J. T. Fowler Adamnan Introd. 58 And at supper time each..used to grind the quern, but an angel ground for Colum-cille.
7. a. intr. To work as if grinding with a hand-mill; hence, to turn the handle of a barrel-organ.
1840Dickens Old C. Shop xviii, Meanwhile the dog in disgrace ground hard at the organ. 1866[see barrel-organ]. 1872Calverley Fly Leaves, On hearing an organ, Tell me, Grinder, if thou grindest Always, always, out of tune. 1887Jessopp Arcady viii. 235 A half-starved organ grinder comes and delights my heart by grinding for half an hour.
b. quasi-trans. To produce (music) on a hurdy-gurdy or barrel-organ. Also with out.
1784R. Bage Barham Downs II. 197 One grinds music upon—I forget the name of the instrument; it is common enough in London. 1805European Mag. XLVII. 256 Do, my good girls, grind me a pennyworth more of your music. 1868Helps Realmah xvii. (1869) 468 The polka which the organ-man was grinding out. 1883Eng. Illustr. Mag. Nov. 91/1 Like a delicious tune ground too often on a barrel-organ.
8. intr.
a. To work laboriously and steadily; to toil away at some monotonous task; esp. to study hard. Const. at. Also with away, on.
1855Browning Grammarian's Funeral 126 So, with the throttling hands of death at strife, Ground he at grammar. 1857Hughes Tom Brown ii. iii. (1871) 260 What's the good of grinding on at this rate? 1872Chamb. Jrnl. 30 Mar. 195/2 Whereas our fellows grind on the river, or in the gymnasium, at the very crisis of the mind. 1881S. R. Hole Nice i. 2 How often I thought of them when I was grinding at my Latin verses.
b. To ride in a steeplechase. (Cf. grind n. 3.)
1857Lawrence Guy Livingst. iii. 17 They..would grind over the Vale of the Evenlode..as gaily.. as over the Bullingdon hurdles.
c. To work hard at a subject of study under the direction of a tutor or ‘grinder’.
1835E. Forbes in Wilson & Geikie Mem. vi. 176, I am obliged to ‘grind’..that is, undergo a private examination with an authorized teacher or tutor. 1849Behrend Let. in N. & Q. Ser. viii. VII. 183, I was the only man of the 14 who had not been grinding in London, and one poor fellow was rejected who had been two sessions with a grinder. 1861Alb. Smith Med. Student 51 Jones himself has never paid, though he has been grinding some years. 1870Lowell Among my Bks. Ser. i. (1873) 308 After grinding with private-tutor Mylius the requisite time, Lessing entered the school of Camenz.
d. trans. To teach (a subject) in a steady laborious manner; also, to prepare (a pupil) in a subject.
1815[see grinding vbl. n.]. 1848Thackeray Van. Fair lvi, A pack of humbugs and quacks that weren't fit to get their living but by grinding Latin and Greek. 1859Wilson & Geikie Mem. E. Forbes vi. 180 [Dr. Bennett] undertook to grind him in anatomy and physiology.
9. a. intr. To scrape or rub on or against something; to make a grating noise. Also, to work into or through by means of pressure and friction. Also with adv.
a1000Riddles (Exeter Bk.) xxxiii, Ic seah searo hweorfan, grindan wið greote, ᵹiellende faran. a1225Juliana 56 (Royal MS.) Grisen him mahen þet sehen hu hit [a wheel] grond [Bodl. MS. gront] in hwet so hit rahte. 13..E.E. Allit. P. A. 81 Þe grauayl þat on grounde con grynde Wern precious perleȝ of oryente. c1350Will. Palerne 1242 Þurth scheld & scholder þe sharpe spere grint. Ibid. 3443 Þurth helm & hed hastili to þe brest it grint. 1781Archer in Nav. Chron. XI. 291 Our poor Ship grinding, and crying out at every stroke. 1837H. Martineau Soc. Amer. II. 26 We went aground,—grinding, grinding, till the ship trembled in every timber. 1855Tennyson Maud i. i. 42 The villainous centre-bits Grind on the wakeful ear in the hush of the moonless nights. 1856Kane Arctic Expl. I. vii. 68 How gallantly her broken rocks have protected us from the rolling masses of ice that grind by her. 1924Galsworthy White Monkey i. iii, A taxicab ground up.
b. trans. To rub (one thing) gratingly against or upon (another); to force into by grinding; also quasi-trans. to make (one's way) by grinding.
1644Digby Nat. Bodies (1645) 343 He used to grind his hands against the walls..in so much, that they would run with blood. 1805Wordsw. Waggoner iii. 94 Yet here are we..Grinding through rough and smooth our way. 1820Keats Hyperion ii. 51 Upon the flint He ground severe his skull. 1837T. Hook Jack Brag xii, They ground their way, instep deep, over the shingles. 1873Sunday Mag. Feb. 340 He..ground his heel into it as if it had been a viper.
10.
†a. intr. To gnash with the teeth. Const. at
c1000Ags. Ps. (Spelman) xxxiv. [xxxv.] 19 [16] Hi grundon ofer me mid toðum heard. c1340Cursor M. 19434 (Trin.) Whenne he had hem tolde þe soþe þei bigon to grynde wiþ toþe. 1563–87Foxe A. & M. (1596) 44/1 The Gentiles grinded and gnashed at the Christians with their teeth. 1581Confer. i. (1584) F iv, The Deane of Paules..grinded with his teeth for despite.
b. trans. To rub (the teeth) together with a grating sound. Const. at.
c1340[see grinding vbl. n.] 1573Golding Calvin's Job vii. 32 They that taste not of the mercie and grace that God sheweth to men, when he afflicteth them, must nedes grynd their teeth at him. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 766 He grinds his Teeth In his own Flesh. 1761Smollett Gil Blas i. x. (1782) I. 53, I..grinded my teeth. 1820Scott Monast. xxi, The knight changed colour and grinded his teeth with rage. 1865Kingsley Herew. xix. 244 Hereward ground his teeth.
c. to grind out: to utter (an oath or the like) while grinding the teeth.
1889‘Rolf Boldrewood’ Robbery under Arms xxix, He ground out a red-hot curse betwixt his teeth.
11. intr. and trans. To copulate (with). Hence ˈgrinding vbl. n. slang.
[1598Florio Worlde of Wordes 210/2 Macinio, the grinding or greest. Also taken for carnall copulation.] 1647Ladies Parliament sig. C 2, Digbies Lady takes it ill, that her Lord grinds not at her mill. 1811Lex. Balatronicum, To grind, to have carnal knowledge of a woman. 1879–80Pearl (1970) 258 A married man grinding another man's wife. 1928D. H. Lawrence Lady Chatterley xiv. 243 She had to work the thing herself, grind her own coffee. 1966I. Jefferies House Surgeon ix. 162 Rob, what do you think about grinding..? I know it's time-wasting but it's so difficult to do without it.
12. Comb., as † grind-jest a., that grinds a jest; grind-organ, a barrel-organ.
1598E. Guilpin Skial. (1878) 66 As soone disioynt His grind-iest chaps as hurt our credites. 1888Pall Mall G. 9 Apr. 2/1 There was at Torquay the usual man with the grind-organ.
Add:[11.] b. intr. To dance erotically by gyrating or rotating the hips. Cf. grind n.1 5. slang (orig. U.S.).
1942Berrey & Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang §594/9 Do a hip dance,..grind. 1945Drake & Cayton Black Metropolis xxi. 610 They will ‘dance on the dime’ and ‘grind’ around the juke-box. 1963L. Jones Blues People viii. 116 Hundreds of dancers would crowd into the ‘blue light’ parties to ‘grind’ or ‘slow-drag’ or ‘belly-rub’. 1974H. L. Foster Ribbin' v. 195 One of her male students approached her and asked, ‘You wanna grind?’ (The grind is a slow sensual dance. The couple dancing barely move anything but their pelvises in a grinding motion.) 1989D. Koontz Midnight ii. xii. 247 She began to sway and pump and grind.
▪ VI. † grind, v.2 Obs.
In 4 (Kentish) grend(en.
[OE. gryndan = OHG. grunden, MHG., G. gründen:—*grundjan, f. grund ground n.]
intr. Of the sun, etc.: To set, go down.
c1050Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 389/37 Descendens, gryndende. c1315Shoreham 137 The sonne and monne and many sterren By easte aryseth..By weste hy grendeth..And cometh aȝen ther hy a-ryse.
▪ VII. grind, v.3 Naut.
[Cf. grind n.3]
(See quot.)
1794Rigging & Seamanship II. 288 A cable generally grinds or kinks from more turns being forced into it..than it had when first made. |