| 释义 |
▪ I. grape, n.1|greɪp|
Also 3–7 grap, 4 graap.
[a. OF. grape, grappe fem., bunch of grapes (also crape; mod.F. grappe, north-eastern dialects crappe), prob. a vbl. n. from graper to gather grapes with a vine-hook, f. grape hook, ultimately f. Teut. *krappon- (OHG. krapfo) hook. Cf. It. grappare to seize, grappa hook, grappo act of seizing, grappo, grappolo, bunch of grapes, Sp. grapa hook, Pr. grapa hook, claw, grap-s hollow of the hand.
The change of meaning which the word underwent in passing from Fr. to Eng. seems to be due to the fact that it was first adopted in plural and collective uses, from which a new sense of the sing. was afterwards evolved. The comb. win-grape appears for ‘cluster of grapes’ in Gen. & Ex. 3710.]
1. a. One of the berries, growing in clusters on a vine, and from the juice of which wine is made. Also grape of wine. Chiefly pl.; in poetry often sing., as quasi-collect.
the grapes are sour (now usu. sour grapes (see sour a. 9 c)): said proverbially with allusion to æsop's fable of ‘The Fox and the Grapes’, when a person is heard to disparage something which it is suspected he would be glad to possess if he could.
c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 231/424 A luytel foul..brouȝte a gret bouȝ Fol of grapus swyþe rede. a1300Cursor M. 4468 (Gött.) Vpon þis tre, on ilk a bohw Methoght þar hing grapis [Cott. winberis] enohw. c1315Shoreham 30 That schel be to thys sacrement Ryȝt of the grape of wyne. 1382Wyclif Deut. xxxii. 32 The graap of hem graap of gal, and the cluster moost bittre. ― Matt. vi. 16 Whether men gaderen grapis of thornys, or fijgis of breris? a1400Pistill of Susan 84 On grapes þe goldfinche þei gladen and glees. c1420Liber Cocorum (1862) 22 Take persole..grene Grapus, and stope thy chekyns with wynne. 1471Ripley Comp. Alch. v. xiii. in Ashm. (1652) 151 Thou shalt have Graps ryght as the Ruby red. 1587Mirr. Mag., Pinnar i. 7 On vine growes the grape, and not the biter hop. 1667Milton P.L. iv. 259 The mantling Vine Layes forth her purple Grape. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iv. 805 Like a large Cluster of black Grapes they show. 1732Arbuthnot Rules of Diet i. 247 Grapes, taken in Moderate Quantities, help the Appetite. 1760A. Murphy Way to keep Him i. 5 You'd be glad to have me!—But sour Grapes, my Dear. 1855Longfellow Hiaw. ii. 235 Grapes in purple clusters. 1876‘Mark Twain’ Tom Sawyer vi. 62 Another boy said ‘Sour grapes!’ 1923A. Huxley Antic Hay xiii. 190 The concert had begun. ‘Never mind,’ said Gumbril. ‘We shall get in in time for the minuetto. It's then that the fun really begins.’ ‘Sour grapes,’ said Emily, putting her ear to the door. ‘It sounds to me simply too lovely.’ 1958C. P. Snow Conscience of Rich xxxv. 261, I have never been able to understand the fascination which makes my brother Philip and others wish to spend their entire lives in this neighbourhood. I once said as much to Hannah, and she replied that it was sour grapes on my part.
fig.1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 290 A taste of the fyrst rype grapes of the gyfte of heuenly wysdome. 1857Trollope Barchester T. xlvi, Mr. S...said, as plainly as a look could speak, that the grapes were sour.
b. With some word prefixed that indicates the species or variety, as Black Hamburgh grape, Fox grape, Frontignac grape, Muscadine grape, Muscat grape, Muscatel grape, Sweetwater, etc. grape.
1736Ainsworth Eng.-Lat. Dict. sv., Muscadine grapes. 1741Compl. Fam.-Piece ii. iii. 389 These Grapes: White Muscadine,..black Cluster,..white sweet Water. Ibid. 394 White Morillon, red Morillon, Currant Grape. 1802Brookes' Gazetteer (ed. 12), Lipari..abounds with the currant grape.
c. Put for the juice of the grape, or wine.
1636[see Frontignac]. 1708J. Philips Cyder ii. 397 Nor can the Poet Bacchus' Praise indite, Debarr'd his Grape. 1859FitzGerald tr. Omar xlii, He bid me taste of it; and 'twas—the Grape! 1898T. Hardy Wessex Poems 56 We rolled rich puncheons of Spanish grape.
†2. transf. The berry or fruit of other plants.
c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 137, I seie þat oile of rosis..þat schal be maad of grapis of olyue trees þat ben not ripe is not oyntuose. 1551Turner Herbal i. C iv b, Anagyris..hath a fruyte in long horned coddes..whiche when the grape is ripe wexeth harde. 1578Lyte Dodoens iii. vii. 323 Whan [the spadix and spathe of the arum are] gone, the bunche..of beries also or grapes, doth at length appeere. 1601Holland Pliny II. 161 Of the grapes which this Palma Christi or Ricinus carieth, there be made excellent weiks or matches for lamps and candles.
3. a. The plant that produces grapes; the vine; chiefly with some word prefixed, as in 1 b.
14..Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 578/7 Depastino, to do away grapys. 1657Austen Fruit Trees i. 59 The Fox Grape is a faire large Fruit, and a very great bearer. 1870Yeats Nat. Hist. Comm. 174 The grape varies in the colour, form, size, and flavour of its fruit.
b. transf. seaside grape = grape-tree (q.v. in 9).
1756P. Browne Jamaica 209 The Mangrove or Sea-side Grape..The berries are generally about the size of common grapes. 1792M. Riddell Voy. Madeira 87 The coccoloba uvifera, or sea-side grape. (In some mod. Dicts. s.v. Seaside.)
4. Mil. = grape-shot. Now only collect. sing. and apprehended as a shortened form; formerly also pl.
1687A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 282 The six Scopa Coperta Pieces were charged with bunches of Grapes. [1747Cf. grape-shot.] 1798Ld. Morpeth in Anti-Jacobin 14 May (1852) 129 Sacrilegious grape and ball Deform the works of Stone and Steel. 1804Nelson in Nicolas Disp. (1845) V. 399 Have your guns loaded with grape. 1823Byron Juan vii. xxix, A fire of musketry and grape. 1828J. H. Moore Pract. Navig. (ed. 20) p. iv, The Number of Shot contained in Grapes of different sizes. 1833Alison Hist. Europe (1849–50) II. vi. §55. 49 They turned a gun, loaded with grape, on the entering column. 1868Kinglake Crimea (1877) III. i. 57 Some buildings..afforded good cover against grape.
5. Farriery. pl.
a. A diseased growth resembling a bunch of grapes on the pastern of a horse, mule, etc. (Cf. F. grappes.)
b. A similar growth on the pleura.
1600Surflet Country Farme i. xxvii. 189 Graps..are moules and scabbes on the heeles. Ibid. 193 The grapes. 1753J. Bartlet Gentl. Farriery xliv. 323 Excrescences, such as..grapes, &c. are best removed by the knife. 1810Sporting Mag. XXXVI. 271 Grapes upon the heels, of long standing and dry, are incurable. 1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 21 Tuberculosis of the pleura [in cattle] in the form of ‘grapes’ may occur without the lungs being affected.
6. In various applications:
†a. (See quot. 1644.) Obs.
b. The knob or pommel at the rear end of a cannon; formerly called the cascabel.
†c. A particular size of paper; also grape-paper. Obs.
1611Cotgr., Papier raisin, Grape paper. 1644Bulwer Chiron. 75 The top or grape of the left Index. 1864Webster, Grape of a cannon, the cascabel or knob at the butt. 1891A. Morris Watermarks in Paper Record 8 Sept. 65/1 The names of the principal sizes of papier vergé have been handed down to us, and..have suggested watermarks. Rising from the smallest sheet to the largest, they are as follows:—Bell, pot, écu, crown, shell, grape, large grape, jesus, great eagle, and great world.
7. Short for grape-hop (see 9).
1861Illustr. Times 5 Oct. 222 The ordinary ‘grape’, and the rank ‘colegates’ of Sussex and the Wealds of Kent.
8. attrib. and Comb.:
a. simple attributive, as grape-arbour, grape-bunch, grape-cluster, grape-cutting, grape-harvest, grape industry, † grape-kernel, grape-mildew, grape-pip, grape-rot, grape-seed, grape-skin, grape-stalk, grape-time;
b. objective, as grape-culture, grape-cutter, grape-gatherer, grape-gathering, grape-gleaning, grape-grower, grape-growing, grape-picker, grape-picking, grape-treader; grape-bearing adj.;
c. instrumental, as grape-crowned, grape-loaded, grape-thickened adjs.;
d. parasynthetic, as grape-hued, grape-seeded, grape-shaped, grape-sized adjs.;
e. similative, as grape-bloom, grape-green, grape-like adjs.; grape-ways, grape-wise advs.
1810F. Cuming Sk. Tour W. Country 167 He has opened a little publick garden behind his house, which he calls Vaux-hall. It has a most luxuriant *grape arbour, and two or three summer houses! 1898M. Deland Old Chester Tales 107 They were sitting in the grape-arbor with a little table between them. 1907Chicago Evening Post 4 May 15 (Advt.), Fine summer home on good lake; grape arbors; garden.
1898Archæol. æliana XIX. iii. 193 Prof. Stephens calls it a *grape-bearing vine.
1926M. Leinster Dew on Leaf 214 *Grape-bloom darkness. 1950D. Gascoyne Vagrant 27 Rockets released to-night rush up to rape the grape⁓bloom sky.
a1661B. Holyday Juvenal 238 Bees, like a long *grape-bunch settle on Some temple's top.
1552Huloet, *Grape cluster or cluster of grapes..racemus.
1627Drayton Elegies, On Lady Aston's Depart. 52 *Grape-crowned Bacchus.
1859H. de Caradeuc (title) Treatise on *Grape-Culture.
1382Wyclif Jer. vi. 9 Conuerte thin hond, as a *grape kuttere to a basket.
1768Washington Diaries (1925) I. 267 Planted out *Grape Cuttings. 1848Rep. U.S. Comm. Patents 1847 469 The landlord to furnish the dwelling house..fruit trees and grape cuttings at his own expense.
1535Coverdale Jer. vi. 9 *Grape gatherer. 1599H. Buttes Dyets drie Dinner B iij, That Grapes are verie nourishing, is well seene by the Grape-gatherers in the time of Vintage.
1580Hollyband Treas. Fr. Tong, Grappage, *grape-gathering. 1791Visible World 57 When the time of grape-gatherings is come.
1611Bible Micah vii. 1, I am..as the *grape gleanings of the vintage.
1893R. Noel Swimmer 47 *Grape-green all the waves are. 1896Daily News 7 Nov. 6/2 Another good combination would be navy blue and grape green.
1862Rep. U.S. Comm. Patents 1861: Agric. 525 At present there are very few practical *grape growers who ever saw such a document. 1889Harper's Mag. Jan. 261/2 The better class of laboring agriculturists, grape-growers, and stock-raisers. 1970Grape-grower [see grape-picker below].
1573Baret Alv. G 440 *Grape haruest..Vindemia. 1898Zangwill Dreamers Ghetto xv. 462 He thought of last year's grape-harvest ruined by a thunderstorm.
1883E. Ingersoll in Harper's Mag. Feb. 433/2 He let it slip from his *grape-hued lips.
1887C. A. Moloney Forestry W. Afr. xi. 157 West Africa is not without its promise of a development of the *grape industry.
1483Cath. Angl. 163/1 A *Grape kyrnelle, acinus.
1619T. Milles tr. Mexia's Treas. Anc. & Mod. Times II. 380/1 A very delicate and *Grape-like gumme.
1832Tennyson Dream Fair Women 219 The valleys of *grape-loaded vines that glow Beneath the battled tower.
1871H. Macmillan True Vine v. (1872) 229 Every one has heard of the terrible *grape-mildew.
1923R. Herrick Homely Lilla 68 She found herself laughing freely with the *grape-pickers. 1970Times 14 July 8/1 The poverty-ridden grape pickers, most of them semi-literate Mexican-Americans, have brought the wealthy grape growers to the negotiating table.
1897B. Harraden Hilda Strafford 199 It was the *grape-picking season.
1863Horticulturist Sept. 287/2 *Grape Rot and Mildew. 1886Harper's Mag. June 44/1 When mildew and grape-rot first appear.
1786Washington Diaries (1925) III. 36 Tho' the ground was nearly prepared for my *grape Seeds, I could not sow them on acct. of the Weather. 1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 885 Grape-seeds or grains of wheat.
1887C. A. Moloney Forestry W. Afr. 423 Large or *Grape-seeded Amomum.
1849Murchison Siluria iv. 74 *Grape-shaped heads.
1822–34Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) IV. 228 Cells oval, currant-sized or *grape-sized.
1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 885 A portion of a *grape-skin is very remarkably imitated by [etc.].
1820Keats Hyperion i. 33 Empty shells were scatter'd on the grass, And *grapestalks but half bare.
1832Tennyson Eleänore 36 Youngest Autumn, in a bower *Grape-thicken'd from the light.
1548Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Mark xii. 2 And when *grape time was cum, he sent his seruaunt to the same husbandmen.
1889Wilde Birthday of Little Princess in Paris Illustré 30 Mar. 207/2 At vintage time came the *grape-treaders. 1931Times Lit. Suppl. 29 Jan. 68/4 The proud young grape-treader defying her rustic lover.
1727Bradley Fam. Dict. s.v. Currants, Branches..to which a round Point hangs *Grape⁓ways.
Ibid. s.v. Hop, The Flowers..rang'd *Grapewise.
9. Special combs.: grape-belt, a belt of country in which grapes grow; grape-berry moth (U.S.) = grape-moth (Cent. Dict.); grape-brandy, brandy distilled from grapes or wine without admixture of any other ingredient; grape-cake, the mass of grape-skins, etc. which remains after the juice has been pressed out of the grapes; grape-cure, the treatment of disease by a diet consisting mainly of grapes; grape-eater, the Australian bird Zosterops chloronotus; grape-essence, an artificial flavouring liquid composed of chloroform, various ethers, tartaric acid, and other ingredients (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1886); grape-fern, a plant of the genus Botrychium, so called from the appearance of the fructification; † grape-flower = grape-hyacinth; grape-fungus, a mould (Oidium Tuckeri) which attacks the vine, vine-mildew (Cassell, 1882); † grape-gall (see quot.); grape hop, a variety of hop (see quot.); grape-hopper (U.S.), an insect destructive to vine-leaves (Funk's Stand. Dict.); grape-house, a glass-house in which grapes are grown, a vinery; grape hyacinth (see hyacinth 2 b); grape-louse (U.S.), ‘the vine-pest or phylloxera’ (Cent. Dict.); † grape-monger, a wine-bibber; grape-moth (U.S.), a small moth, Eudemis botrana, the larva of which devours grapes (Webster, 1897); grape-nuts, the trade name for a breakfast cereal, a patent preparation of maize or wheat in a crisp granular form; grape-paper (see 6 c); grape-pear, Amelanchier Botryapium; † grape-press, a wine-press; grape-scissors, scissors used either for thinning the bunches on the vine, or for dividing them at table; grape-sugar = dextrose or glucose; grape-tree, (a) in W. Indies, a tree of the genus Coccoloba; (b) a grape-vine; grape-weevil (U.S.), a weevil (Cæliodes or Craponius inæqualis), which destroys green grapes; grape-wine, a ‘home-made’ wine, made of grapes; grape-worm (U.S.), the larva of a grape-moth (Webster, 1897); grape-wort, the baneberry, Actæa spicata; also, Bryonia dioica (Britten & Holland, Plant-n. 1879).
1897Bailey Princ. Fruit-growing 41 The famous Chautauqua *grape-belt is confined to a strip about two to three miles wide lying upon Lake Erie.
1871Trans. Ill. Agric. Soc. VIII. 158 The Penthina Vitivorana, or *Grape-berry moth.
1892Pall Mall G. 7 Nov. 7/2 They testify to its purity as a genuine *grape brandy. 1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 228 The best alcoholic stimulants for the acute stage [of small-pox] are good grape brandy [etc.].
1830M. Donovan Dom. Econ. I. 249 The *grape-cake which remains after the wine has been pressed out is called by the French les marcs de raisin.
1862J. A. Symonds Biog. (1895) I. 202 The *grape cure cured her.
1848J. Gould Birds of Austral. IV. 82 *Grape- and Fig-eater.
1597Gerarde Herbal i. lxxi. 105 The *Grape flower is called Hyacinthus Botryoides. Ibid. lxxii. 105 Of Muscari or Musked grape flower.
1753Chambers Cycl. Supp., *Grape galls,..a name given by authors to a species of protuberances resembling clusters of grapes..which are found hanging from the oak at some seasons of the year.
1838Penny Cycl. XII. 288/2 The varieties most esteemed are the *Grape Hop [etc.]. 1881Whitehead Hops ii. 11 Grape Hops, so called because the cones hang in clusters like bunches of grapes.
1789E. Darwin Bot. Gard. ii. (1791) 28 note, Vines in *grape-houses. 1825Cobbett Rur. Rides 457, I noticed..a very curiously constructed grape house; that is to say a hot-house for the raising of grapes.
1733Miller Gardener's Dict., Muscari, Musk or *Grape Hyacinth. 1882Grape hyacinth [see hyacinth 2 b]. 1897[see baby's breath (baby n. B. 2)]. 1950G. Brenan Face of Spain vi. 146, I picked a blue grape hyacinth, the only flower growing there among the rushes.
1606Dekker Sev. Sinnes iii. (Arb.) 27 When the *Grape-mongers and hee are parted.
1898Off. Gaz. U.S. Pat. Off.: Trade Marks 14 June 1657/1 Cereal food for human consumption. Postum Cereal Company, Limited, Battle Creek, Mich... *Grape-Nuts... Used since December 1, 1897. 1902Granta 3 May 286/1 It will be a pleasant puzzle for your readers to discover where the Grape-Nuts come in. 1903Army & Navy Co-op. Soc. Price List Sept. 11/2 Grape Nuts..per packet, about 2 lb. 0/7. 1905Chesterton Heretics 136 There is more simplicity in the man who eats caviar on impulse than in the man who eats grape-nuts on principle. 1927T. E. Lawrence Let. 8 Sept. (1938) 536 You [sc. E. M. Forster] called your novel-book ‘a saucerful of last week's grapenuts’. 1956Trade Marks Jrnl. 18 Apr. 243/1 Grape-Nuts... General Foods Corporation..City of White Plains, State of New York,..Manufacturers.
1840Paxton Bot. Dict., *Grape-pear. 1882Garden 15 Apr. 263/3 The Grape Pear..differs..from other trees in flower at this season by its peculiarly graceful twiggy growth.
1615Crooke Body of Man 446 From whence, as wine from a *grape-presse, the bloud poured out of the veines and arteries is squeesed into the whole braine.
1861Mrs. Beeton Bk. Househ. Managem. 802 *Grape-scissors, a melon-knife and fork, and nutcrackers, should always be put on the table, if there are dishes of fruit requiring them. 1881Blackmore Christowell iii, ‘Father’, cried Rose..running up to him, with her long grape-scissors in her hand. 1887Lady 20 Jan. 38/3 Baskets of fruit ornamented either end of the table, and the grape-scissors were in the form of a solemn-looking stork.
1831J. Davies Manual Mat. Med. 411 *Grape sugar. 1879Foster Phys. App. 673 Grape-sugar, or dextrose (glucose).
1697W. Dampier Voy. I. 392 The *Grape-tree grows with a strait Body..and hath but few Limbs or Boughs. The Fruit grows in Clusters, all about the Body of the Tree..They are much like such Grapes as grow on our Vines, both in shape and colour, and they are of a very pleasant Winy taste. 1725Sloane Jamaica II. 129 Mangrove Grape-tree. 1753Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v. Grapes, A muscadine grape-tree was raised from a cutting of a parent vine. 1756P. Browne Jamaica 210 The Mountain Grape-Tree..is looked upon as a fine timber-wood. c1830Houlston Tracts III. No. 90. 2 The house..with a grape-tree running up the wall.
1884–5Riverside Nat. Hist. (1888) II. Index, *Weevil, grape 341.
1718A. Hill (title) Essays..; on English *Grape-Wines. 1839Ure Dict. Arts 1304 Drained grape wine. 1858Homans Cycl. Comm. 1974/1 Grape wine.
1548Turner Names of Herbes 84 It [Christopheriana] may be called in englische *Grapwurt, because it hath many blacke beries in the toppes lyke grapes.
Hence † ˈgrapeful a., abounding in grapes or vines; ˈgrapeless a., having no grapes; wanting the flavour of grapes; ˈgrapelet, a small grape; also transf.; † ˈgrapeling = grapelet.
1616Chapman Homer's Hymn to Apollo 42 And made the sea-trod ship arive them nere The grapefull Crissa. c1620T. Robinson M. Magd. 17/219 To pick y⊇ ruddy grapelets, was their aime. 1694Motteux Rabelais v. xvi. (1737) 68 Those little Grapelings. 1755E. Moore in World No. 153 (1772) III. 290 Rusty hams..stale game, green fruit, and grapeless wines. 1844Mrs. Browning Rhapsody Life's Progr. iv, Thy small head..with its grapelets of gold.
Add:[8.] [a.] grape juice.
1837Hood Drinking Song ii, in Comic Ann. 53 Let topers of *grape-juice [i.e. wine] exultingly vapour. 1982J. Grigson Fruit Bk. (1983) 189 Dissolve the gelatine in 4 tablespoons..hot water. Stir into the warm grape juice.
▪ II. grape, n.2
[a. OF. grape, grappe (= F. grappin): see grape n.1]
†a. ? A hook. Obs.
b. (in Cornwall) = grapnel 2.
1493Acta Dom. Conc. (1839) 315/1 A bankure, four cuschingis, twa grapis of siluer, a spone owrgilt. 1823T. Bond E. & W. Looe 76 note, A grape or grapnell is a small anchor, generally used for mooring boats.
▪ III. † grape, n.3 Sc. Obs.
Also 5 graip, 7 grap(pe.
[? altered form of gripe n.3, influenced by grape, graip grope v.]
A vulture.
c1480Henryson Mor. Fab. vi. v, The foxe was clerk..The gled, the grape [v. rr. graip, grip] at the bar couth stand, As aduocatis. 1533Bellenden Livy i. (1822) 12 Apperit to Remus sex grapis, afore ony foul aperit to Romulus. 1611Cotgr., Vaultour, a Vulture, Geire, Gripe, or Grap. 1615T. Thomas Lat. Dict., Vultur, a ravenous birde called a vulter, a geyre or grappe.
▪ IV. † grape, v. Obs.
[f. OF. grape grape n.2]
trans. = grapple v. 1.
1523Ld. Berners Froiss. (1812) I. ccxcii. 435 They hadde graped their shyppes toguyder with hokes of yron.
▪ V. grape
obs. f. graip n.; Sc. and north f. grope. |