| 释义 |
▪ I. goal, n.|gəʊl|
Forms: 4 gol, 6 gowle, 6–7 go(a)le, 7– goal.
[Of difficult etymology.
After the solitary (but app. unquestionable) occurrence in Shoreham's Poems c 1315) the word first appears in 1531, and soon afterwards is very common; prob. it had survived only as a technical term of some rustic sport, and so failed to be recorded in literature.
Shoreham's form gol, riming with y-hol, suggests (though it does not necessarily imply) descent from an OE. *gál. (This would be quite certain if the word could be positively identified with the gale found in Cursor M. 8710 (Cott.): ‘O þis quick þai bath wald be Moder..And aither wald þai haf it hale, Bot þai mai neuer com to þat gale’. But it is not unlikely that in this passage gale, obviously chosen for the sake of rime, is merely a forced use of gale n.2 in the sense of ‘joy’.) Of the existence of an OE. n. *gál, with the sense ‘obstacle, barrier’, some indirect evidence is afforded by the apparent derivatives gǽlan, ágǽlan, to hinder, delay. The transition from the sense of ‘barrier’ to that of ‘boundary’ (sense 1) is easy, and the further sense-development is parallel to that of L. mēta, and of dool n.2; in view of the history of the latter word, Halliwell's alleged ‘Goale, a barrow or tumulus’, might be compared, if there were any ground for believing it to be genuine. But the absence of any record of OE. *gál or of its equivalent in any Teut. lang. (ON. geil, narrow passage, being too remote in sense) renders this etymology very insecure.
The suggestion of Henshaw (in Skinner's Etymologicon 1671), accepted by all subsequent etymologists, that the word is an adoption of F. gaule, pole, stick, switch, has nothing to recommend it. There is no evidence that F. gaule ever meant ‘goal’, or that Eng. goal ever meant ‘pole’ or ‘switch’. Besides, for the form in Shoreham, the Fr. derivation appears to be phonologically inadmissible.
A Welsh gâl is given by Davies Antiq. Ling. Brit. Dict. i. (1632) with Latin renderings (stadium, meta, statio) which would make it equivalent to Eng. goal. If this word be genuine (which seems to be doubtful) it must apparently be an early adoption from English; the suggestion in Fick Idg. Wb.2 II., that it represents an OCeltic *gaslâ stone, being phonologically untenable (Prof. Rhys). The current word in most parts of Wales for ‘goal’ with reference to games is col, mutated gol (gǫl), which prob. has obtained this meaning through its similarity of sound to the Eng. word. The Windhill dialect has a word pronounced (gǫl), explained as meaning ‘goal’, used in a certain game played with brass buttons (cf. gog4); but its identity with this word is doubtful.]
†1. A boundary, limit. Obs. rare—1.
c1315Shoreham 145 God nys nauȝt in þer worldle a-closed, Ac hy hys ine hym. Þaȝ hy nabbe ende ne forþe gol, Ȝet over al he hys y-hol.
2. a. The terminal point of a race: any object (as a pillar, mound, etc.) by which this is marked; a winning-post, or the like.
1531Elyot Gov. iii. xx. (1534) 224 a, As in rennynge, passynge the gole, is accounted but rasshenesse, so rennynge halfe waye is reproued for slownesse. 1538― Dict., Meta, a but, or pricke to shote at, somtyme a marke or gowle in the felde, wherevnto men or horses do runne. 1561T. Norton Calvin's Inst. iii. 222 Let that be appointed the gole for vs to run and trauaill vnto. 1612Dekker If it be not good Wks. 1873 III. 276 The winning of the gole crownes each mans race. a1628Preston Breastpl. Love (1631) 163 A childe may runne, and another man may walke..the child should have it [the prize], though he that walkes come to the goale before him. 1728Young Love Fame i. (1757) 80 Congreve, who, crown'd with laurels, fairly won, Sits smiling at the goal, while others run. 1781Cowper Charity 566 So self starts nothing, but what tends apace, Home to the goal, where it began the race. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 3) III. 510 Runners, who run well from the starting-place to the goal.
b. fig. The object to which effort or ambition is directed; the destination of a (more or less laborious) journey. spec. in Psychol. An end or result towards which behaviour is consciously or unconsciously directed. Freq. attrib. and Comb.
[1548–1573: see 3.] 1608Shakes. Per. ii. i. 171 Then Honour be but a Goale to my Will, This day Ile rise, or else adde ill to ill. 1732Pope Ess. Man ii. 237 Each individual seeks a sev'ral goal; But Heav'n's great view is One, and that the Whole. 1788H. Walpole Corr. III. 87 Having..strolled into a narrow path that led to no goal..I see the idleness of my journey. 1839G. Bird Nat. Phil. Introd. 27 In many cases we exhaust every variety of error before we attain the desired goal [truth]. 1856Kane Arct. Expl. II. xxiv. 239, I..beheld the open water, so long the goal of our struggles. 1888Bryce Amer. Commw. II. lxx. 550 The presidency is the great prize of politics, the goal of every statesman's ambition. 1917Glueck & Lind tr. Adler's Neurotic Constitution (1921) p. viii, The entire picture of the neurosis as well as all its symptoms are influenced by..an imaginary fictitious goal... The potency of this ‘goal idea’ is revealed to us by the trend and evaluation of the pathological phenomena. 1934Mind XLIII. 111 Not all action is due to goal-seeking propensities. 1940R. S. Woodworth Psychol. (ed. 12) ii. 42 The reader becomes set or adjusted for the situation portrayed in the story and for the ‘goal’, the outcome of the story. 1945E. S. Russell Directiveness of Organic Activities i. 8, I shall use, with due caution, and without any implication of conscious purpose on the part of the organism or other organic agent, the concepts of goal or completion and of biological end. Ibid. iv. 81 It is not implied by the use of the word ‘goal’ that the agents concerned are conscious of it before it is reached; their action is directive, but not purposive. Ibid. v. 110 Goal-directed activity is limited by conditions, but is not determined by them. 1949Koestler Insight & Outlook xv. 214 All cultural achievements appear as ersatz formations for goal-inhibited sexuality. 1951R. Firth Elem. Social Organiz. vii. 220 This action is goal-oriented. 1952T. Parsons Social System 8 The goal-directedness of action. 1953Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. Aug. 203 When this state is absent or disturbed the system becomes active and..continues to be active until that state is established or restored. We may say of such a system that its activity is goal directed. 1956J. Klein Study of Groups 141 ‘Instrumental’, ‘conative’, ‘goal-oriented’ behaviour is concerned with decision-making. 1964Gould & Kolb Dict. Soc. Sci. 290/1 Goal in psychology and in some social psychology has come increasingly to denote an end result of an act or series of acts whether or not it can be said to be intended by the organism acting. 1965P. Caws Philos. Sci. xl. 310 The deliberate and conscious production of novelty, that is,..what we ordinarily call purposive or goal-seeking behaviour. 1965Philos. XL. 348 Central⁓state behaviourism..hopes to account for intentionality in terms of neuro-physiology and goal-directed systems. 1968Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics XIII. 126 He found..that a tendency towards hypercorrect forms in the lower middle class seems rooted in a profound linguistic insecurity—evidence that linguistic behaviour is highly normative or goal-directed.
†c. Used for ‘contest, race’. Obs.—1
[a1555: cf. gole-end in 6.] 1617F. Moryson Itin. ii. 145, I am glad, even in this great goale of honour, to runne equally with him.
3. a. In football, hockey, lacrosse, and similar games, the posts between which the ball is driven to win a point in the game. Also in phrases (often fig.) to † carry, get, take, win a goal: to drive the ball through the goal. Hence the n. has acquired the sense: The winning of a goal, the point in the game scored for this; so to make, score a goal. to drop a goal: see drop v. 24. † to play a goal: to play at a game till a goal is won by one side.
The early quots. (1548, 1553, 1573) may belong to 2 b.
1548Hall Chron., Rich. III (1809) 388 There was no person..could nor should haue wone the ring or got the gole before me. 1553Wilson Rhet. 11 David, beyng wonderfully over-matched, made his partie good, and gotte the gole of a monster. 1573Tusser Husb. cxiv. (1878) 216 Thy vsage thus in time shall win the gole, Though doughtful haps, dame fortune sendes betweene. 1577Stanyhurst Descr. Irel. ii. 5 a/2 in Holinshed, I purpose..before he beare the ball to the goale, to trippe him, if I may. 15942nd Pt. Contention (1843) 127 The goale is lost thou house of Lancaster. 1596Drayton Leg. ii. 108 The most Judiciall Eyes Did give the Goale impartially to me. c1600Day Begg. Bednall Gr. v. (1881) 110 I'll play a gole at Camp⁓ball. 1602Carew Surv. Cornw. 73 b, For hurling to goales, there are [etc.]... They pitch two bushes in the ground..which they terme their Goales, where some indifferent person throweth vp a ball, the which whosoeuer can catch and cary through his aduersaries goale, hath wonne the game. 1612Drayton Poly-olb. i. 7 Or when the Ball to throw And driue it to the Gole. 1658Cromwell Sp. 25 Jan., Some of these..care not who carry the goal, [so they but get their ends]. 1672R. Wild Declar. Lib. Consc. 12 Let our Ministers stand by and keep our Gole, and strike never a stroke..and let any point..be the Foot-ball. 1808Pike Sources Mississ. (1810) 100 One catches the ball in his racket, and..endeavors to carry it to the goal [in Lacrosse]. 1857Hughes Tom Brown i. v, But how do you keep the ball between the goals? 1886Laws Lacrosse ix. §2 A match shall be decided by a majority of goals taken within a specified time. 1887Shearman Athletics & Football (Badm.) 304 A goal counting as three, and a try as one point. Ibid. 342 In front of the opponents' goal. Ibid., A player..must not only know how to score a goal with a swift low shot from his toes, but [etc.]. 1895Wolseley Decl. & Fall Napoleon ii. 74 The ball was at his [Napoleon's] foot; but he turned back instead of making a goal.
b. Used (also pl.) as the name of certain games.
1884Harper's Mag. Jan. 304/1 A sort of shinney..or what we used to call, when we were boys, ‘gool’. I suppose we meant goal, or golf. 1884Eng. Illustr. Mag. Nov. 79/2 Perhaps a primitive sort of football, ‘goals’ as it seems to have been called at Eton in the last century, was the game.
†4. In archery, the mark aimed at. Obs. rare—1.
1678Noble Birth, etc. Robin Hood C j, And now the Kings Archers had shot three Goles, and were three for none.
5. a. Roman Antiq. Used as transl. of L. mēta, the conical column marking each of the two turning points in a chariot race.
1667Milton P.L. ii. 531 Part curb thir fierie Steeds, or shun the Goal With rapid wheels. 1756Nugent Gr. Tour III. 277 The Circi or Circus's..where the Romans used to run races in chariots, or on horseback, round a goal which stood in the middle. 1781Gibbon Decl. & F. II. 16 The space between the two metæ or goals was filled with statues and obelisks. 1857Willmott Pleas. Lit. xi. 42 Their fiercest struggles only carry the chariot nearer to the goal.
fig.1634Milton Comus 100 The..sun..Pacing toward the other goal Of his chamber in the east. 1817Coleridge Sibyll. Leaves (1862) 234 The Angel of the Earth..while he guides His chariot-planet round the goal of day.
¶b. Used for: The starting-point of a race (= L. carcer). Also fig. rare.
1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 165 Hast thou beheld, when from the Goal they start, The Youthful Charioteers..Rush to the Race? 1852Conybeare & H. St. Paul (1862) I. viii. 257 From this goal he started to overthrow the august dynasties of the East.
6. attrib. and Comb., as goal-bar, goal-dropper, † goal-end, goal-getter, goal-getting, goal-post, goal-scorer, goal-shooter; goal-ward adj.; goal average, the sum of the goals scored by a team divided by the goals scored against it, used to rank teams in a football league, etc., which are equal on points; goal-crease (see quot.); goal difference, the difference between the number of goals scored by a team in a competition and the number of goals scored against it, used as an alternative to goal average in calculating league positions, etc.; goal-keeper, a player whose special duty is to protect the goal; so goal-keeping vbl. n.; goal-kick, (a) in association football (see quot. 19601); (b) in rugby football, an attempt to kick a goal; (c) = goal-kicker; goal-kicker, one who scores a goal or makes a goal-kick; so goal-kicking; goal-line, the line which bounds each end of the field of play, and in the centre of which the goal is placed; goal-mouth, the space between the goal-posts and under the cross-bar in association football, hockey, etc.; also, the area near the goal; goal-net, the net behind the goal-mouth; goal-tender N. Amer., a goal-keeper in ice-hockey; so goal-tending vbl. n.
1892Football News 20 Feb. 1/7 The Ilkeston players say their *goal average is 120 against 20. 1920Ibid. 6 Nov. 1/3 The barest decimal in goal average. 1951Sport 27 Apr.–3 May 3/2 A goal-average miracle..will have to take place if Chesterfield are to avoid the ‘drop’ at the expense of Luton. 1976Eastern Even. News (Norwich) 22 Dec. 14/5 League leaders Ipswich, just above Liverpool on goal-average, are working desperately to have {pstlg}200,000 striker Paul Mariner fit.
1886Football: Laws, etc. 7 The ball hitting the..*goal⁓bar, and rebounding into play, is considered in play.
1886Laws Lacrosse xiii, *Goal Crease shall be a ground-space six feet square in front of the goal-posts.
1970F. C. Avis Soccer Dict. (ed. 3) 44 *Goal difference, that method of deciding league positions, where clubs have equal points, by deducting goals scored against the team from the total they have scored. 1976Scotsman 27 Dec. 12/3 Celtic stay ahead of the pack by virtue of goal difference and share the leading total of 20 points from 14 games with Aberdeen.
1892Pall Mall G. 15 Feb. 1/3 [The club] is fortunate in possessing a fine *goal-dropper.
a1555Philpot in Coverdale Lett. Mart. (1564) 242 There is none crowned but suche as holde out to the *gole end.
1887M. Shearman Athletics & Football ii. iv. 345 The doctor had the reputation of being the best centre and *goal-getter in Scotland. 1910Westm. Gaz. 21 Jan. 12/1 The goal-getters for the winners were [etc.]. 1932Auden Orators iii. 102 Goal-getter, holer-in-one.
1904Daily Chron. 29 July 4/5 His *goal-getting stroke. 1904Ibid. 21 Nov. 8/3 Goal-getting did not..enter largely into the argument.
1658Osborn Adv. Son (1673) 92 Mr. John Hambden..made himself still the *Goal-keeper of his Party. 1877Football Annual 15 The goal-keeper may be changed during the game, but [etc.]. 1886Laws Lacrosse ix. §7 The goal-keeper..may put away with his hand or foot, or block the ball in any manner with his crosse or body.
1893L. H. Gay in Association Football Handbk. 19 The most important rule in *goalkeeping is never to use your feet when you have time to use your hands.
1891Football: its Laws, Rules, & Definition of Terms 15 Two linesmen shall..decide when the ball is out of play, and which side is entitled to the corner flag⁓kick, *goal-kick, or throw in. 1897Encycl. Sport i. 429/1 Goal-kick. (R.) The attempt to kick a goal from a try. (A.) The kick-out when the ball has gone behind. It must be made from a spot within 6 yards of the nearest goal⁓post. 1960J. R. Witty in Fabian & Green Assoc. Football I. ii. iii. 169 The ball may have gone over the goal-line, but not into goal. If it were last played by an attacking player, the re-start is a goal kick. Here the ball is placed somewhere within the goal area (the 6 yards area) on that side where it passed out of play, and it must be kicked directly, by a defender, somewhere into the field of play beyond the penalty area (18 yards) marking, and it is not in play until then. 1960T. McLean Kings of Rugby xi. 160 Henderson..was a goalkick of excellence. 1965D. Law Tackle Soccer this Way v. 44 In most league games today..modern goalkeepers prefer the short goal⁓kick just out of the box to a defender,..to the long goal⁓kick downfield.
1909Bendigonian 24 Aug. 21/2 The *goal⁓kickers were: [etc.]. 1961Times 5 Jan. 3/5 Du Preez probably owes his selection to his recent success as a goal-kicker.
1963Times 29 May 3/7 Hosen..had a singularly unhappy day in both *goalkicking, in which he failed with half a dozen attempts, and also in fielding.
1867Rugby School Football Laws 9 He makes a mark with his heel outside the *goal-line.
1882in Charles-Edwards & Richardson They saw It Happen (1958) 300 The ball..was headed back from the *goal mouth by Suter. 1908Westm. Gaz. 7 Oct. 4/2 The yawning goal-mouth was not fed with that elusive leather sphere. 1970Times 8 June 5/3 Charlton looking younger than ever swept into the Brazilian goalmouth.
1897Windsor Mag. Dec. 22/1 *Goal-nets..would have had to be pretty strong.
1857Hughes Tom Brown i. v, The sixth-form boy who has the charge of goal, has spread his force (the goal-keepers) so as to occupy the whole space behind the *goal-posts. 1886Laws Lacrosse ix. §4 In the event of a goal-post being knocked down during a match.
1909Daily Chron. 20 Mar. 8/5 He heads the list of West Ham *goal scorers. 1929Evening News 18 Nov. 13/4 The League's leading goalscorer. 1961Times 20 Jan. 17/4 The embracing and mobbing of the goal-scorer is entirely unnecessary.
1959J. Fingleton Four Chukkas to Australia 155 The soccer field where the players fall upon the neck of the *goal-shooter.
1909Webster *Goal tender. 1926T. K. Fisher Ice Hockey ii. 12 A good goal-tender should be an alert and agile athlete. 1967Boston Sunday Herald 26 Mar. 18/4 Charlie Driscoll, whose son Charlie Jr., was a great hockey goal⁓tender at Boys' High.
1968Globe & Mail (Toronto) 5 Feb. 17/2 Ed Giacomin's shutout *goaltending..ended Montreal's National Hockey League winning streak.
1852Meanderings of Mem. I. 131 With a giddy foot and *goal-ward rush.
▸ goal cage n. N. Amer. Sport (esp. Ice Hockey) a goal consisting of a framework covered (excepting the goalmouth) with netting or wire mesh; cf. cage n. Additions b.
1885Boston Daily Globe 13 Feb. 4/3 He does not trouble himself to go round the *goal cage, but likes a somersault over the obstacle. 1948Council Bluffs (Iowa) Nonpareil 17 Mar. 6/3 Tuesday's record crowd..was hardly seated comfortably before the Knights almost tore the netting off Harry McQueston's goal cage. 2000Sports Illustr. for Kids (Electronic ed.) Jan. 63 Once a goal cage has been moved or dislodged, any play that follows is dead.
▪ II. goal, v. Rugby Football.|gəʊl|
[f. the n.]
trans. To convert (a try) into a goal.
1922Weekly Dispatch 29 Oct. 10 Bennett..intercepted a pass and scored a try, which Tebbutt goaled. 1954J. B. G. Thomas On Tour 138 Saxton made a magnificent blind-side burst which put Sherratt over for a second try, which Cook goaled.
▪ III. goal(e, -er
obs. ff. gaol, -er: see jail, jailer. |