| 释义 |
umlaut Philol.|ˈʊmlaʊt|
[G., f. um- about + laut sound.]
a. A change in the sound of a vowel produced by partial assimilation to an adjacent sound (usually that of a vowel or semivowel in the following syllable); = mutation 4 b.
[1844T. H. Key Alphabet 169 The Influence of Assimilation. Footnote, Sometimes called by Germans ‘umlaut’.] 1852Trans. Philol. Soc. 25 June V. 200 The cognate languages clearly exhibit the fact, that the umlaut in these words has been produced by the weak vowel of a lost suffix. 1873Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue (ed. 2) §127 The Umlaut of the Indo-European languages is a phenomenon of a different order. Here the vowel of the after-member of the word influences that which has gone before.
attrib.1873Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue (ed. 2) §128 No⁓where is any structural signification attached now to an Umlaut form, except [etc.]. 1879Ibid. (ed. 3) §381 The modern s being imposed upon the old umlaut plural. 1879Encycl. Brit. X. 519/2 In most [German] Midland manuscripts no special signs for the Umlaut vowels are used, except e.
b. The diacritical sign (¨) placed over a vowel to indicate that such a change has taken place.
1938H. Faulk Common-Sense German Course 3 The so-called modified vowels are distinguished by the modification mark or umlaut(¨) on the vowel. 1952M. Pei Story of Lang. i. ix. 93 English makes use of no subsidiary characters, save for the apostrophe. Many other languages use accent-marks, umlauts, cedillas. 1970[see computer 2 b].
Hence as v. trans., to make such a change; ˈumlauted a., modified by umlaut; containing a vowel or vowels modified in this way; ˈumlauting vbl. n. and ppl. a.
1852Trans. Philol. Soc. 25 June V. 200 In particular the umlaut-ed plurals appear not to have yet found a fitting explanation in English grammars. 1879Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue (ed. 3) §381 It should be observed that there is no natural connection between Umlauted forms and Plurality. 1938W. F. Twaddell in Monatschr. f. Deutschen Unterricht XXX. 177 The i, ī, or j which ‘caused’ the umlauting was no longer present in MHG. 1943E. A. Nida Handbk. Descriptive Linguistics ii. v. 84 What changes the stems so materially is the umlauting produced by the e vowel of -et. 1976Language LII. 154 Moulton..assumes that all instances of [a] were umlauted simultaneously to [ä]. 1977Ibid. LIII. 18 As a result of this second rule, back vowels are created on the surface which, unlike all the other back vowels, fail to umlaut in umlauting environments. 1983Word XXXIV. 120 The color of prothetic vowels, unless and until umlauted by the next syllable, was that of the laryngeal which was vocalized. |