| 释义 |
turnpike, n.|ˈtɜːnpaɪk|
Forms: see turn v. and pick n.1, pike n.1; also 5–7 Sc. -pik, 6 Sc. -pek, 7 Sc. -pecke, -pyck; 7–8 turn(e)-peg.
[f. turn- + pick n.1, pike n.1]
I.
1. Hist. A spiked barrier fixed in or across a road or passage, as a defence against sudden attack, esp. of men on horseback.
It does not appear certain how this was originally constructed, or how it acted; later writers identify it with the cheval de frise (see quotations 1704–1716), but the other senses suggest that in older use the axis was vertical.
c1420Siege of Rouen in Collect. Lond. Cit. (Camden) 17 He made a dyche of grete coste, Pyght with stakys that wolde perysce, With turnepykys, and with many an hers. c1425Wyntoun Cron. viii. 5716 Þan a staf tuk Wate of Curry, And set vndyr þe portculyce, Þat cum down it mycht on na wise. Syne þe crelis and colis wiþe all Apon þe turn⁓pik [v. rr. turnepike, -pyk] let he fal. And ane þan blew a horne in hy. 1477Paston Lett. III. 203 My lord hath do brokyn all the passages excep Newham bryge, weche is wached, and the turne pyke shette every nyght. 1543Wallop in St. Papers Hen. VIII, IX. 454 There was 2 horsemen of Mr. Bowlmers companey taken, which went over at Marguyson, notwithstanding the turnpike, being then there sett on with certen horsemen of Bullen, were constrayned to take the ryver, where as it is saied never any hath passed. 1545R. Ascham Toxoph. (Arb.) 88 At the Turne pike besyde Hammes where they turned with so fewe Archers, so many Frenchemen to flight. 1577–87Holinshed Chron. (1807) III. 103 A large trench..pight full of sharpe stakes, with a great rampire fensed with bulworks, and turnepikes. 1642Relat. Action bef. Cirencester 4 Each end of the high street..was secured against Horse with strong slaght-boomes which our men call Turne-pikes. 1644in Rushw. Hist. Coll. iii. II. 739 They had no Drawbridge but only a Turnpyke. 1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Turn-Pikes in the Art of War, are Spars of Wood of 12 or 14 Foot long, and about 6 Inches diameter in a sexangular Form: They are bored with holes..six Inches one from another, but to go by turns from each side, the Pickets that are driven into the hole[s], are 6 or 5 Foot long, pointed with Iron. 1711Milit. & Sea Dict. (ed. 4), Chevaux de Frise,..the same as Turnpikes,..one being the French, the other the English Name, yet both indifferently now used in England, and the French rather the most. 1716Perry St. Russia 47 The Czar having disposed his Army behind a Line of Chevaux de Frize, or Turn-pikes shod with Iron,..maintain'd so regular and strong a fire, that [etc.]. 1724De Foe Mem. Cavalier i. 108 Coming up to the Turn-pike, I found it defended by 200 Musqueteers.
†b. transf. and fig. in various applications. Obs.
a1616Beaumont Antiplatonic v, Love stormes his lips, and takes the fortresse in, For all the bristled turn-pikes of his chin. 1641G. H. Wit's Recreat. X vj, He hath such subtile turnes and nookes, Such turne-pegs, mazes, tenter⁓hookes. 1661Feltham Resolves ii. xxix. (ed. 8) 241 It makes a man a Turn-pike, that will be sure to prick you, which side soever you come on. 1661K. W. Conf. Charac., Covetous Usurer (1860) 74 That Fryday face of his, whose rowsey whiskers and brischy turn-pikes make him resemble some shaggy meteor, or some borish Turk. 1665Hooke Microgr. l. 205 Each of these legs were bestuck..with multitudes of small hairs, or (if we respect the proportion they bore to the bigness of the leg) turnpikes. 1679V. Alsop Melius Inquir. i. i. 77 He that..shall thrust other men upon the turn-pikes of sin, and force them to act against their light.
†2. A horizontal cross of timber turning on a vertical pin, set up to exclude horse-traffic from a foot-way: a turnstile. Obs.
1547in J. R. Boyle Hedon (1875) App. 135 For makynge on hoppe to the tornepyke, iiij.d. 1600W. Kemp Nine Days' Wonder D j, The Cittizens [of Norwich] had caused all the turne-pikes to be taken vp..that I might not be hindred. 1626B. Jonson Staple of N. iii. i, I moue vpon my axell, like a turne-pike. 1684–5in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) II. 642 Painting the barrs and Turnepikes in the entrance to the New walke. 1755Johnson, Turnpike,..a cross of two bars armed with pikes at the end, and turning on a pin, fixed to hinder horses from entering.
†3. A barrier across a water-course or stream; a water-gate, allowing the water to flow, but obstructing cattle; also, a lock on a navigable stream. Also turnpike-lock (see 9). Obs.
1623–4Act 21 Jas. I, c. 32 §1 To open prepare or make all Weares and Lockes or Turnepickes fitt for the said Passage. Ibid., To make and erect any Wharfes Lockes or Turnepickes or Pennes for Water. 1677Plot Oxfordsh. 233 Where the declivity of the Channel, and fall of water is so great, that few barges could live in the passage of them, there we have Turn-pikes. 1702Act 1 Anne St. ii. c. 11 §2 Altering the said Wharfs Sluces Wears Sasses Locks Turn⁓pikes or Pens for Water or Passages. 1751Act 24 Geo. II, c. 8 §2 Tenants or Occupiers of all Locks, Weirs, Bucks, Winches, Turnpikes, Dams, Flood-Gates.
4. a. A barrier (orig. of the nature of a turnpike in sense 2, later a gate or gates) placed across a road to stop passage till the toll is paid; a toll-gate. Cf. turnstile. Now chiefly Hist.
a1678[see b]. 1695–6Act 7 & 8 Will. III, c. 9 §4 The Place for collecting the said Toll to be in some convenient Place upon the said Highway..by setting up a Turnpike or otherwise. 1705Lond. Gaz. No. 4125/4 Whoever..gives Notice to Mr. John Baker, Keeper of the Turn-Pipe [sic] aforesaid,..shall have a Guinea Reward. 1723Mandeville Fab. Bees (1725) I. 365 A poor Traveller that at every Ten Miles end is stop'd by a Turnpike. 1771Smollett Humph. Cl. 26 June, Considering the tax we pay for turnpikes, the roads of this country constitute a most intolerable grievance. 1806Chron. 23 Feb., in Ann. Reg. (1808) 375/2 Close to Oxford-street turnpike. 1829Chapters Phys. Sc. 58 The weighing-machine is formed of a combination of levers..and is commonly used at turnpikes in weighing waggons, to ascertain that they are not loaded beyond what is allowed by law to the breadth of their wheels. 1845McCulloch Taxation Introd. (1852) 33 Turnpikes being erected only on the principal roads, the old plan for keeping up cross or parish roads [by statute labour, or at the cost of the parish] was not affected by their institution. 1885Act 48 & 49 Vict. c. 37 §5 The provisions now in force respecting turnpikes and tolls [etc.]..shall continue in force until Parliament otherwise provides.
b. transf. and fig.
a1678Marvell Growth Popery 11 It will suffer no man to pass without paying at their Turn-pikes. 1730Fielding Rape upon Rape ii. ii. 16 The Laws are Turnpikes, only made to stop People who walk on Foot. 1745Season. Adv. Protest. 38 A Tax to the Priests, for suffering them to pass the Turnpike of Purgatory. 1765Foote Commissary ii. i, He capers through a whole region of turnpegs. 1807Opie in Lect. Paint. ii. (1848) 271 The possessors..had..been often denied the usual road to eminence:..they defrauded the turnpike, and conducted their silent march another way.
c. dial. A wire snare set by a poacher across a hare's or rabbit's run.
1879Jefferies Amateur Poacher ii. 29 The blacksmith started the idea of putting up a ‘turnpike’,—i.e. a wire.
5. a. Elliptical for turnpike road; also fig. Now Hist. exc. U.S.
1748De Foe Tour Gt. Brit. II. 178 The Road is by this means so continually torn, that it is one of the worst Turnpikes round about London. 1756Demi-Rep 10 You may ride the turnpike to her heart. 1796Burke Regic. Peace i. Wks. VIII. 124 There is a Minister from Denmark at Paris... We sent through this turnpike to demand a pass⁓port. 1802Debates in U.S. Congress 25 Feb. (1850) 759 As plain as a turnpike. 1861Geo. Eliot Silas M. i, [Raveloe] was nestled in a snug well-wooded hollow, quite an hour's journey on horseback from any turnpike. 1875W. McIlwraith Guide Wigtownshire 77 Here the turnpike winds along a terrace hewn from the hillside. 1950Sun (Baltimore) 2 June 10/5 One route will be recommended for the turnpike. 1965New Statesman 5 Nov. 713/1 The good, fast, safe roads are toll roads, called in New England by the old name of turnpikes. 1977New Yorker 3 Oct. 43/1 Halfway up the Connecticut Turnpike, I slowed the car.
b. Short for turnpike trust (see 9) or the like.
1728Vanbr. & Cib. Prov. Husb. i. i, He won't sit long enough to give his Vote for a Turn-pike. 1773Observ. State Poor 105 The roads of our nation are its standing opprobrium, the complaint and the jest of foreigners. The few, which under the direction of turnpikes, are justly exempted from this general censure or ridicule, only serve to facilitate the conveyance of provision to the capital.
†6. A turn-table on a railway. Obs.
1793Smeaton Edystone L. §167 note, The carriage being turned a quarter round upon the Turnpike, or Turnrail.
7. U.S. A small cake used to raise bread: see quots. ? local.
1850Susan Warner Wide, Wide World xiv, I am scalding this meal with it to make turnpikes. 1850Knickerbocker Mag. (N.Y.) July 83 (Thornton) Some little yellow cakes, called turnpikes, and used, I believe, for some purpose or other in baking bread.
II.
8. Sc. A staircase which winds round a central axis; a spiral or winding stair; later applied to other forms of staircase: cf. turnpike stair, staircase in 9.
1501Douglas Pal. Hon. iii. xvii, A palice..with mony royall towris,..Pinnakillis, fyellis, turnpekkis mony one, Gilt birneist torris,..Skarsment, reprise, corbell, and battellingis. 1516Acc. Ld. High Treas. Scot. V. 78 For the makin of ane turnpek in the palis of the Abbay Halyrud⁓hous. 1546Lyndesay in St. Papers Hen. VIII, V. 560 Normond Leslie and his cumpanye met hym [Cdl. Beaton] in þe turnpyk þer off, and slew hym. 1552Acc. Ld. High Treas. Scot. X. 91 Item, foure lokkis put in the Ȝett, Ȝard Ȝett, and durris of the tway turnpykis of my lord governouris lugeing of the Kirk of Feild..iij li. c1590J. Stewart Poems (S.T.S.) II. 55/93 Butt and ben he bends from bour to bour, Vp turnpyks, turats, And from tour to tour. 1600Gowrie Conspir. in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) II. 343 The Earle of Gowrie and his seruants made them for another way vp a quyet turnpyke, which..was onlie then left open, as appeared for that purpose. 1643in A. Maxwell Hist. Old Dundee (1884) 213 [The Council] concludit that the turne-pyk upon the steeple be presently repaired. 1730Mem. Capt. Creichton in Swift's Wks. (1869) 534/2 Steele suddenly opening the door, fired a blunderbuss down at the two dragoons as they were coming up the stairs; but the bullets, grazing against the side of the turnpike, only wounded and did not kill them. 1818Scott Rob Roy xxii, The turnkey, who..led me up a ‘turnpike’ (so the Scotch call a winding stair). 1899Crockett Black Douglas (1900) 106 He was upon the last step of the turnpike and at the entrance of the corridor.
III. 9. attrib. and Comb. (chiefly in sense 4), as turnpike act, turnpike bridge, turnpike-house, turnpike-keeper, turnpike-man, turnpike-people, turnpike-system, turnpike trust; in sense 8, as turnpike foot, turnpike head, turnpike stair, turnpike staircase; also turnpike cake: see sense 7; turnpike-free a., free from tolls for passage; turnpike gate, † (a) a gate or door at the foot of a turnpike stair (Sc.); † (b) = sense 1; (c) = sense 4; † turnpike-lock = sense 3; turnpike meeting, a meeting of a turnpike trust; turnpike sailor, a beggar in the guise of a distressed sailor. See also turnpike road.
1794Donaldson Agric. Carse of Gowrie 32 Making another application to parliament, and in a short time a *turnpike act was procured, in which these, and other particular roads in the county, were included. 1841Penny Cycl. XX. 29/1 The inefficiency of the system of maintenance by parish and statute labour was proved before the passing of the first Turnpike Act in 1653. 1903Law Rep. 1 K.B. 407 A bicycle is not a carriage for the purposes of a turnpike Act.
1840Act 3 & 4 Vict. c. 88 §1 That no Toll shall be demanded or taken on any *Turnpike..Bridge for any Horse, or Police Van, Carriage or Cart,..in the Service of the Police.
1850Susan Warner Wide, Wide World xiv, Cakes, child, cakes!—*turnpike cakes—what I raise the bread with.
1565in Hay Fleming Reform. in Scot. (1910) Append. M. 610 In the chalmer at the *turne pyk fuit.
1903J. K. Jerome Tea T. Talk (ed Tauchn.) 112 The world's highroads run *turnpike-free from pole to pole.
1513Acc. Ld. High Treas. Scot. IV. 526 To the..smyth for viij score of square hedit nalis to the *turnepyk yett of the nethir toure. 1688R. Holme Armoury iii. xvi. (Roxb.) 88/1 A Turne pike... Some terme it a Turnepike Gate. 1793J. Woodforde Diary 21 July (1929) IV. 45 We got to Bruton Turnpike Gate. 1806Chron. 19 Feb., in Ann. Reg. (1808) 371/2 A boy riding on a cart, drove against a turnpike-gate. 1840Dickens Barn. Rudge iii, The horse stopped until the turnpike gate was opened. 1889Gretton Memory's Harkb. 115 The wheelers..knocked against the turnpike-gate-post in passing through.
1623Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. 151/1 Infra lie turnpyke ejusdem cameram lie *turnpyke-heid, occidentalem..et mediam cameram.
1774Nicholson in Phil. Trans. LXIV. 351 These appearances continued till I reached the *turnpike-house. 1806Chron. 15 May, in Ann. Reg. (1808) 405/1 The toll-table, against the turnpike house, at Whalley. 1863Dickens Uncomm. Trav. xxii, The Turnpike-house was all overgrown with ivy; and the Turnpike-keeper, unable to get a living out of the tolls, plied the trade of a cobbler.
1738Gentl. Mag. May 247/2 From the Respect he was treated with by the *Turnpike-keeper, I perceived..that he was..some Person of Distinction.
1771Act 11 Geo. III, c. 45 §8 Making *Turnpike Locks on the Sides of the present Locks.
1769Earl of March in Jesse Selwyn & Contemp. (1843) II. 366, I wrote you a note with a pencil upon the road, which a *turnpike-man promised to send to you. 1782Cowper Gilpin 119 In a trice the turnpike-men Their gates wide open threw. 1876Blackmore Cripps xxxii, He would rather have a row with three turnpike-men than presume to speak to a gentleman.
1764Foote Mayor of G. i. i, After twenty years attendance at *turnpike-meetings.
1858Dickens Holly Tree Inn i, Even *turnpike people have children.
1839H. Brandon Poverty, Mendicity & Crime 165/1 *Turnpike sailors. 1851Mayhew Lond. Labour I. 415/2, I became a turnpike sailor,..and went out as one of the Shallow Brigade. 1884Clark Russell in Longm. Mag. III. 563 The roadway was filled with a crowd of grimy fellows, turnpike sailors, loafing scarecrows.
1730Mem. Capt. Creichton in Swift's Wks. (1869) 534/1 The dragoons..went up a pair of *turnpike stairs. 1779Arnot Hist. Edin. 246 note, A turnpike stair is the term used..over all Scotland, to denote a stair, of which the steps are built in a spiral form, like a screen winding round the same axis. 1805Forsyth Beauties Scotl. II. 309 A small turnpike-stair, built in the wall. 1818Scott Hrt. Midl. xxvi, A half-circular turret,..bartizan'd on the top, served as a case for a narrow turnpike-stair. 1888Stevenson Black Arrow iv. iv, The authors..had clattered down a turnpike stair and decamped.
1800W. F. Baylay Northern Tour 267 (MS.) A beautiful *turnpike staircase here..the roof of it winding like a snail cap.
1801Farmer's Mag. Apr. 158 The defective principles, adopted when the *turnpike system was first introduced, are completely avoided. 1895Westm. Gaz. 28 Oct., The last of the turnpike system... The turnpike gates, which will enjoy the honour of thus being last in the field, belong to that portion of the Shrewsbury and Holyhead-road which traverses the island of Anglesea, the trust for which was continued by a special Act of Parliament until November 1, 1895.
1843Penny Cycl. XXV. 429/1 *Turnpike trusts. Turnpike-roads are..highways placed..under the management of trustees or commissioners.
Hence ˈturnpike v., trans. to erect turnpikes on (a road); to make into a turnpike road; turnpiker, one who frequents the turnpike or turnpike road; hence (a) a foot-traveller; (b) = turnpike sailor (see 9 above).
1791J. Hiltzheimer Diary 17 Sept. (1893) 172, I took Mr. Francis..to view the road, from Vine Street to Vanderen's Mill, six miles, which it is proposed to *turn-pike. 1806Webster, Turnpike,..to form or erect a turnpike. 1825Amer. St. Papers, Post-office (1834) 137 The road from Elkton to Staunton has been turnpiked. 1903H. T. Crofton Old Moss Side 6 The lane was but little altered even after Acts are passed in 1749 and 1793 for turnpiking and improving it.
1812Boston Gaz. 27 Aug. (Thornton), The heroes, who were to have mounted the heights of Abram, are yet in the garb of *turnpikers, unaccoutred and undisciplined. 1896Clark Russell What Cheer! xi. 189 When it came to lee shores and frightful cliffs resounding the thunder of the tempest of the Atlantic..the turnpikers bent their backs and pulled with a will.
▸ turnpike v. trans. U.S. To resurface or build up the crown of (a road). Occas. with up. Now rare.
1817Ann. 14th Congr. II. 860 [This road] is generally turnpiked, and by incorporated companies, who own the road. 1857J. K. Angell & T. Durfee Treat. on Law of Highways iv. ii. 166 A provision which authorized the mayor and common council to cause the streets therein to be paved or turnpiked at the expense of the estates fronting such streets. 1890Hornellsville (N.Y.) Weekly Tribune 17 Jan. 12/3 The roadmaster concluded that the road ought to be raised or ‘turnpiked’ up. 1930Bismarck (N. Dakota) Tribune 7 Mar. 9/2 Burleigh county during the last fifteen years has either graded or turnpiked approximately 1,000 miles of road of which approximately thirty miles have been graveled. 1961Ironwood (Mich.) Daily Globe 28 Aug. 7/4 Poor drainage has made the roads all but impassable. The road should be turnpiked and graveled.
▸ 'turnpiked adj.
1874Daily Evening Tribune (Oakland, Calif.) (Electronic text) 13 Oct. Any one who has ever driven over a newly-*turnpiked road can readily understand how easily an upset might occur! 2000Scunthorpe Evening Telegraph (Nexis) 28 Mar. 8 Lindsey's first turnpiked highway was that from Lincoln to Rugby,..established under usual form of private Act of Parliament, 1738/39. |